Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135035
Joseph Pisano, Yixiao Li, José S. Madalengoitia
Tertiary allylic amines tethered to primary amines react with thiophosgene in the presence of NaHCO3 to afford cyclic S-allylic isothioureas through a proposed cationic 1-thia-3-aza-Claisen rearrangement. Yields for the 2-carbon tether substrates range from 48 % to 65 %, while yields for the 3-carbon tether substrates range from 56 % to 99 %. Substrate scope studies indicate tolerance for a range of non-migrating groups on the tertiary amine while a range of allylic groups are tolerated as the migrating group. Competition studies between a crotyl and allyl group on the tertiary allylic amine show chemoselective rearrangement of the crotyl group over the allyl group. DFT calculations are consistent with the proposed cationic 1-thia-3-aza-Claisen rearrangement and the chemo selective rearrangement of a crotyl group over an allyl group.
{"title":"Cationic 1-thia-3-aza-Claisen rearrangement entry to cyclic S-allylic isothioureas","authors":"Joseph Pisano, Yixiao Li, José S. Madalengoitia","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tertiary allylic amines tethered to primary amines react with thiophosgene in the presence of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> to afford cyclic <em>S</em>-allylic isothioureas through a proposed cationic 1-thia-3-aza-Claisen rearrangement. Yields for the 2-carbon tether substrates range from 48 % to 65 %, while yields for the 3-carbon tether substrates range from 56 % to 99 %. Substrate scope studies indicate tolerance for a range of non-migrating groups on the tertiary amine while a range of allylic groups are tolerated as the migrating group. Competition studies between a crotyl and allyl group on the tertiary allylic amine show chemoselective rearrangement of the crotyl group over the allyl group. DFT calculations are consistent with the proposed cationic 1-thia-3-aza-Claisen rearrangement and the chemo selective rearrangement of a crotyl group over an allyl group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135035"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135026
Ian Merski, Jinya Yin, Ryan T. Vanderlinden, Jon D. Rainier
Described in this manuscript are intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of readily available 2° vinylogous imidonaphthoquinones. In contrast to the reactivity of 3° vinylogous imidonaphthoquinones, subjecting the corresponding 2° substrates to 419 nm light results in the formation of novel bridged tetracyclic aza-anthraquinones from rare crossed [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions.
{"title":"Vinylogous imidonaphthoquinone [2+2] photocycloadditions to bridged aza-anthraquinones","authors":"Ian Merski, Jinya Yin, Ryan T. Vanderlinden, Jon D. Rainier","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Described in this manuscript are intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of readily available 2° vinylogous imidonaphthoquinones. In contrast to the reactivity of 3° vinylogous imidonaphthoquinones, subjecting the corresponding 2° substrates to 419 nm light results in the formation of novel bridged tetracyclic aza-anthraquinones from rare crossed [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135026"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135029
Olajide B. Omoyeni , Temitope O. Olomola , Nusrat O. Omisore , Taiwo F. Ojo , Craig A. Obafemi
A series of eight spirocyclic oxindole derivatives 1a–1d, 2a–2d was synthesized according to established methods; this included the previously unreported compound, 2c. The structures of all compounds were unequivocally characterised by spectroscopic analysis (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed against representative Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus anthracis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The compounds exhibited a range of bactericidal effects. Notably, derivative 2c demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum activity against B. subtilis, B. anthracis, and E. coli. Furthermore, both 2b and 2c exhibited significant efficacy against a clinically resistant strain of P. aeruginosa. In contrast, compounds 1a and 1d showed negligible antibacterial activity. These results underscore the potential of the spirocyclic oxindole scaffold in the development of novel antibacterial agents. This study provides a foundation for future work to optimize the structure-activity relationship and elucidate the precise mechanism of action of these compounds.
{"title":"Exploring the antibacterial potential of spirocyclic oxindole derivatives: Synthesis and biological evaluation","authors":"Olajide B. Omoyeni , Temitope O. Olomola , Nusrat O. Omisore , Taiwo F. Ojo , Craig A. Obafemi","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A series of eight spirocyclic oxindole derivatives <strong>1a–1d</strong>, <strong>2a–2d</strong> was synthesized according to established methods; this included the previously unreported compound, <strong>2c</strong>. The structures of all compounds were unequivocally characterised by spectroscopic analysis (IR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, <sup>13</sup>C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed against representative Gram-positive (<em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>Bacillus anthracis</em>) and Gram-negative (<em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>) bacterial strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The compounds exhibited a range of bactericidal effects. Notably, derivative <strong>2c</strong> demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum activity against <em>B. subtilis</em>, <em>B. anthracis</em>, and <em>E. coli</em>. Furthermore, both <strong>2b</strong> and <strong>2c</strong> exhibited significant efficacy against a clinically resistant strain of <em>P. aeruginosa</em>. In contrast, compounds <strong>1a</strong> and <strong>1d</strong> showed negligible antibacterial activity. These results underscore the potential of the spirocyclic oxindole scaffold in the development of novel antibacterial agents. This study provides a foundation for future work to optimize the structure-activity relationship and elucidate the precise mechanism of action of these compounds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135029"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145475105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135039
Jia-Le Fu , Jia-Lun Luo , Xue-Feng Zhao , Dan Zhang , Tao Wu , Hongwei Si , Peng-Fei Dai
The oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acids catalyzed by tetra-n-butylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) under visible light in CH3CN or H2O have been realized for the first time. Mono-aldehydes and dialdehydes, especially aldehydes bearing with electron-withdrawing groups (e.g.: –NO2, –CO2R, –CHO, –COR, –CN, –CF3, etc.) and vulnerable groups (e.g.: –OH, -SMe, etc.) are well compatible with in moderate to good yields. And detailed mechanistic investigations have revealed the catalytic role of TBADT in the oxidation. A gram-scale synthesis has been implemented with a gas-liquid flow reaction model. Meanwhile, economical and environmentally friendly reagents make this transformation more possible for the industrial applications.
{"title":"Visible-light catalytic aerobic oxidation of aldehydes","authors":"Jia-Le Fu , Jia-Lun Luo , Xue-Feng Zhao , Dan Zhang , Tao Wu , Hongwei Si , Peng-Fei Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acids catalyzed by tetra-<em>n</em>-butylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) under visible light in CH<sub>3</sub>CN or H<sub>2</sub>O have been realized for the first time. Mono-aldehydes and dialdehydes, especially aldehydes bearing with electron-withdrawing groups (e.g.: –NO<sub>2</sub>, –CO<sub>2</sub>R, –CHO, –COR, –CN, –CF<sub>3</sub>, etc.) and vulnerable groups (e.g.: –OH, -SMe, etc.) are well compatible with in moderate to good yields. And detailed mechanistic investigations have revealed the catalytic role of TBADT in the oxidation. A gram-scale synthesis has been implemented with a gas-liquid flow reaction model. Meanwhile, economical and environmentally friendly reagents make this transformation more possible for the industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135039"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135033
Musarrat Fatma, Faiz Ahmed Khan
Herein, we present an intramolecular palladium catalyzed cascade electrochemical reaction in an undivided cell at room temperature to afford benzoazepine-tethered acrylate derivatives. The reaction pathway is proposed to occur initially via selective iodination followed by 7-endo-dig selective cyclization followed by Heck coupling at room temperature using palladium catalyst. The reaction features broad substrate scope with good yields under mild condition and effectively underlines the role of expanding palladium assisted electrochemical transformation.
{"title":"Electrochemically driven benzoazepine-tethered acrylate synthesis","authors":"Musarrat Fatma, Faiz Ahmed Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, we present an intramolecular palladium catalyzed cascade electrochemical reaction in an undivided cell at room temperature to afford benzoazepine-tethered acrylate derivatives. The reaction pathway is proposed to occur initially <em>via</em> selective iodination followed by 7-<em>endo-</em>dig selective cyclization followed by Heck coupling at room temperature using palladium catalyst. The reaction features broad substrate scope with good yields under mild condition and effectively underlines the role of expanding palladium assisted electrochemical transformation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135033"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135027
Zhen-Ye Wu , Jiang-Hong Liu , Qing Liu , Li Hai , Zhong-Zhen Yang , Yong Wu
Under visible-light irradiation, a metal-free photocatalytic system enables the generation of reactive silicon-centered radicals from a silicate reagent. The radicals undergo efficient addition to olefins, followed by polarity inversion, elimination of the leaving group, and strain-driven cyclization to afford cyclopropane-functionalized silicon products. Notably, this protocol avoids transition-metal catalysts and exhibits broad functional group tolerance. The reaction provides a sustainable strategy for constructing strained carbocycles under mild conditions.
{"title":"Photoinduced cyclopropanation of olefins via silicoborate-mediated radical transfer","authors":"Zhen-Ye Wu , Jiang-Hong Liu , Qing Liu , Li Hai , Zhong-Zhen Yang , Yong Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under visible-light irradiation, a metal-free photocatalytic system enables the generation of reactive silicon-centered radicals from a silicate reagent. The radicals undergo efficient addition to olefins, followed by polarity inversion, elimination of the leaving group, and strain-driven cyclization to afford cyclopropane-functionalized silicon products. Notably, this protocol avoids transition-metal catalysts and exhibits broad functional group tolerance. The reaction provides a sustainable strategy for constructing strained carbocycles under mild conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135027"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-27DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135025
YunXia Yang, Xingang Xie, Xuegong She
In recent years, cage-like compounds have attracted extensive attention in chemistry, biology and drug discovery due to their unique spatial structures and remarkable bioactive properties. This paper systematically reviewed the structurally diverse cage-like sesquiterpenoids discovered and isolated from natural drug resources during the 2017–2025 period, focusing on their novel backbone features, extensive bioactivity profiles, and in-depth discussion of the latest advances in their total synthetic works. By analyzing the construction strategies and methodologies for these complex molecules, we aimed to provide some perspective theoretical insights and practical guidance for the total synthesis of this type of intricate natural products.
{"title":"Recent advances in total syntheses of cage-like sesquiterpenoids","authors":"YunXia Yang, Xingang Xie, Xuegong She","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, cage-like compounds have attracted extensive attention in chemistry, biology and drug discovery due to their unique spatial structures and remarkable bioactive properties. This paper systematically reviewed the structurally diverse cage-like sesquiterpenoids discovered and isolated from natural drug resources during the 2017–2025 period, focusing on their novel backbone features, extensive bioactivity profiles, and in-depth discussion of the latest advances in their total synthetic works. By analyzing the construction strategies and methodologies for these complex molecules, we aimed to provide some perspective theoretical insights and practical guidance for the total synthesis of this type of intricate natural products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135025"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low steric hindrance of small-substituent 2,4-diketones presents a significant challenge for effective asymmetric induction.An efficient and highly enantioselective catalytic system was developed for the Biginelli reaction to access chiral 4,5,6-trisubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrimidinethiones. Through catalyst screening, chiral imidodiphosphoric acid was found to outperform conventional chiral phosphoric acids. Under the optimized conditions, up to 99 % ee and 52–92 % isolated yields were achieved. This method offers a valuable strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive pyrimidine derivatives with potential pharmaceutical applicatioins.
{"title":"Asymmetric synthesis of chiral 4,5,6-trisubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrimidinethiones catalyzed by chiral Brønsted acid","authors":"Lingkai Kong, Zhe Li, Chunzhi Ju, Peng Wang, Guangliang Zhang, Suoqin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.134999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The low steric hindrance of small-substituent 2,4-diketones presents a significant challenge for effective asymmetric induction.An efficient and highly enantioselective catalytic system was developed for the Biginelli reaction to access chiral 4,5,6-trisubstituted-3,4-dihydropyrimidinethiones. Through catalyst screening, chiral imidodiphosphoric acid was found to outperform conventional chiral phosphoric acids. Under the optimized conditions, up to 99 % ee and 52–92 % isolated yields were achieved. This method offers a valuable strategy for the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive pyrimidine derivatives with potential pharmaceutical applicatioins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 134999"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this work the electrooxidation of verbascoside (VB), the primary active component in Aloysia citrodora leaf extract, was investigated. The research focuse on how VB's electrooxidation, specifically its participation in a Michael addition with aryl sulfinic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis has revealed the electrochemical synthesis of two sulfinic acid derivatives (mono- and bis-) using verbascoside as a core molecule. This study also proposes a plausible mechanism for the electrooxidation of verbascoside in the presence of 4-chlorosulfinic acid, which can be useful for predicting the oxidative pathway of verbascoside.
{"title":"A green electrochemical synthesis in the Aloysia citrodora leaf extract substrate","authors":"Mohadese Mohtaji , Ameneh Amani , Sadegh Khazalpour","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work the electrooxidation of verbascoside (<strong>VB</strong>), the primary active component in <em>Aloysia citrodora</em> leaf extract, was investigated. The research focuse on how VB's electrooxidation, specifically its participation in a Michael addition with aryl sulfinic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis has revealed the electrochemical synthesis of two sulfinic acid derivatives (mono- and bis-) using verbascoside as a core molecule. This study also proposes a plausible mechanism for the electrooxidation of verbascoside in the presence of 4-chlorosulfinic acid, which can be useful for predicting the oxidative pathway of verbascoside.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 135021"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145414371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2025.135023
Hanrong Liu, Junhui Jia
Mechanochromic luminescent (MCL) materials are a class of novel intelligent materials that exhibit reversible change in luminescence color and/or intensity upon external mechanical force stimulation, demonstrating significant application potential in fields of force sensors, anti-counterfeiting materials, optical storage, bioimaging, and inkless printing, etc. Over the past few decades, in sharp contrast to the traditional fluorescence quenching phenomenon, MCL materials with enhanced luminescence effects have attracted considerable attention due to their unique “off-on” or “turn-on” behavior, where the luminescence intensity or efficiency significantly increased under mechanical force. Focusing on this intriguing property, this review summarizes the latest advances in “turn-on” MCL organic luminophores, categorizing them based on structural features and associated luminescence mechanisms. It emphasizes the critical roles of intermolecular interactions and packing modes in regulating mechanochromic behavior and mechanical force-induced luminescence enhancement performance. Furthermore, this review prospects future development directions and challenges for mechanical force-induced chromic materials with luminescence enhancement, including the development of novel high-efficiency materials, exploration of practical application potential, and in-depth investigation of underlying luminescence mechanisms.
{"title":"Mechanical force-induced luminescence enhancement and chromism of organic luminogens: synthesis, recent advances and perspectives","authors":"Hanrong Liu, Junhui Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.tet.2025.135023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanochromic luminescent (MCL) materials are a class of novel intelligent materials that exhibit reversible change in luminescence color and/or intensity upon external mechanical force stimulation, demonstrating significant application potential in fields of force sensors, anti-counterfeiting materials, optical storage, bioimaging, and inkless printing, <em>etc</em>. Over the past few decades, in sharp contrast to the traditional fluorescence quenching phenomenon, MCL materials with enhanced luminescence effects have attracted considerable attention due to their unique “off-on” or “turn-on” behavior, where the luminescence intensity or efficiency significantly increased under mechanical force. Focusing on this intriguing property, this review summarizes the latest advances in “turn-on” MCL organic luminophores, categorizing them based on structural features and associated luminescence mechanisms. It emphasizes the critical roles of intermolecular interactions and packing modes in regulating mechanochromic behavior and mechanical force-induced luminescence enhancement performance. Furthermore, this review prospects future development directions and challenges for mechanical force-induced chromic materials with luminescence enhancement, including the development of novel high-efficiency materials, exploration of practical application potential, and in-depth investigation of underlying luminescence mechanisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":437,"journal":{"name":"Tetrahedron","volume":"190 ","pages":"Article 135023"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145384502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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