In a study of how ten to eleven year old children understand program representations based on comic strips, it turned out that narrative interpretations were more common when using a low fidelity paper prototype than when using a high fidelity computer prototype. One explanation for this is that a computer prototype "sets the rules" to a much greater extent than a paper prototype, thus narrowing the set of plausible interpretations.
{"title":"How children understand concurrent comics: experiences from LOFI and HIFI prototypes","authors":"Mikael Kindborg","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995264","url":null,"abstract":"In a study of how ten to eleven year old children understand program representations based on comic strips, it turned out that narrative interpretations were more common when using a low fidelity paper prototype than when using a high fidelity computer prototype. One explanation for this is that a computer prototype \"sets the rules\" to a much greater extent than a paper prototype, thus narrowing the set of plausible interpretations.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114877186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents an approach to the specification of visual language syntax. Based on attributed graphs as the notion of abstract syntax, syntactical correctness is specified by a set of predicates over that structure. The proposed technique facilitates the natural embedding of other visual and textual notations, the definition of complex syntactic and static-semantic properties, as well as a precise error diagnosis and localization. An editing environment supporting this technique is briefly discussed.
{"title":"A predicate-based approach to defining visual language syntax","authors":"J. Janneck, R. Esser","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995232","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an approach to the specification of visual language syntax. Based on attributed graphs as the notion of abstract syntax, syntactical correctness is specified by a set of predicates over that structure. The proposed technique facilitates the natural embedding of other visual and textual notations, the definition of complex syntactic and static-semantic properties, as well as a precise error diagnosis and localization. An editing environment supporting this technique is briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116496331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a visual approach to the representation and validation of multimedia document structures specified in XML and transformation of one structure to another. The underlying theory of our approach is a context-sensitive graph grammar formalism. The paper demonstrates the conciseness and expressiveness of the graph grammar formalism. An example XML structure is provided and its graph grammar representation, validation and transformation to a multimedia representation are presented.
{"title":"A visual approach to XML document design and transformation","authors":"Kang Zhang, Da-Qian Zhang, Yi Deng","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995279","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a visual approach to the representation and validation of multimedia document structures specified in XML and transformation of one structure to another. The underlying theory of our approach is a context-sensitive graph grammar formalism. The paper demonstrates the conciseness and expressiveness of the graph grammar formalism. An example XML structure is provided and its graph grammar representation, validation and transformation to a multimedia representation are presented.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122803790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dataflow based visual programming languages have become an important topic of research in recent years, yielding a variety of research systems and commercial applications. As with any programming language, visual or textual, dataflow programs may contain faults. Thus, to ensure the coma functioning of dataflow programs, and increase confidence in the quality of these programs, testing is required. Despite this valid observation, we find that the casting criteria found in the literature mainly addressed imperative, declarative, and form-based languages. However, we did not find any discussion that specifically addressed testing criteria for dataflow programs. In this paper, we investigate, from a testing perspective, differences between dataflow and imperative languages. The results reveal opportunities for adapting code-based control-flow testing criteria to test dataflow languages. We show that our proposed testing methodology is well suited for dataflow programs. In particular, the "all-branches" criterion provides important error detection ability, and can be applied to dataflow programs. We implemented a testing system that allows users to visually and empirically investigate the testability of programs written in the visual programming language Prograph. Our empirical results confirm that, analogous to imperative languages, the all-branches criterion cannot detect all the errors in a dataflow program. Thus, to catch those undetected errors, more rigorous testing should be applied.
{"title":"A testing methodology for a dataflow based visual programming language","authors":"M. Karam, Trevor J. Smedley","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995275","url":null,"abstract":"Dataflow based visual programming languages have become an important topic of research in recent years, yielding a variety of research systems and commercial applications. As with any programming language, visual or textual, dataflow programs may contain faults. Thus, to ensure the coma functioning of dataflow programs, and increase confidence in the quality of these programs, testing is required. Despite this valid observation, we find that the casting criteria found in the literature mainly addressed imperative, declarative, and form-based languages. However, we did not find any discussion that specifically addressed testing criteria for dataflow programs. In this paper, we investigate, from a testing perspective, differences between dataflow and imperative languages. The results reveal opportunities for adapting code-based control-flow testing criteria to test dataflow languages. We show that our proposed testing methodology is well suited for dataflow programs. In particular, the \"all-branches\" criterion provides important error detection ability, and can be applied to dataflow programs. We implemented a testing system that allows users to visually and empirically investigate the testability of programs written in the visual programming language Prograph. Our empirical results confirm that, analogous to imperative languages, the all-branches criterion cannot detect all the errors in a dataflow program. Thus, to catch those undetected errors, more rigorous testing should be applied.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123745604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computer Aided Design software is a class of application where the need for specialized versions of functions is especially important. These added functionalities are usually made by computer experts. The GIPSE system has been designed to allow end-users to specialize themselves their application to their need by removing or adding new functions. The creation of a new functionality is done by the way of Programming by Demonstration techniques, without any use of textual programming language. This allows GIPSE to be used by non computer literate.
{"title":"End-user programming in a structured dialogue environment: the GIPSE project","authors":"G. Patry, P. Girard","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995261","url":null,"abstract":"Computer Aided Design software is a class of application where the need for specialized versions of functions is especially important. These added functionalities are usually made by computer experts. The GIPSE system has been designed to allow end-users to specialize themselves their application to their need by removing or adding new functions. The creation of a new functionality is done by the way of Programming by Demonstration techniques, without any use of textual programming language. This allows GIPSE to be used by non computer literate.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127931934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ever-growing amount of heterogeneous data exchanged via the Internet, combined with the popularity of XML, makes structured document transformations an increasingly important application domain. Most of the existing solutions for expressing XML transformations are textual languages, such as XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) or DOM (Document Object Model), combined with a general-purpose programming language. Several tools build on top of these languages, providing a graphical environment and debugging facilities. Transformations are, however, still specified in a textual way using the underlying language (often XSLT), thus requiring users to learn it. We believe that visual programming techniques are well-suited to representing XML structures and make the specification of transformations simpler. We propose a visual language, called VXT (Visual XML Transformer), for the specification of XML transformations in an interactive environment based on a zoomable user interface toolkit and on two target languages specialised in structure transformations: Circus and XSLT.
{"title":"VXT: Visual XML Transformer","authors":"Emmanuel Pietriga, Jean-Yves Vion-Dury","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995300","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-growing amount of heterogeneous data exchanged via the Internet, combined with the popularity of XML, makes structured document transformations an increasingly important application domain. Most of the existing solutions for expressing XML transformations are textual languages, such as XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) or DOM (Document Object Model), combined with a general-purpose programming language. Several tools build on top of these languages, providing a graphical environment and debugging facilities. Transformations are, however, still specified in a textual way using the underlying language (often XSLT), thus requiring users to learn it. We believe that visual programming techniques are well-suited to representing XML structures and make the specification of transformations simpler. We propose a visual language, called VXT (Visual XML Transformer), for the specification of XML transformations in an interactive environment based on a zoomable user interface toolkit and on two target languages specialised in structure transformations: Circus and XSLT.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129094537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Availability of precise, yet usable modeling languages is essential to the construction of multimedia systems based on software engineering principles and methods. Although several languages have been proposed for the specification of isolated multimedia system aspects, there not yet exists an integrated modeling language that adequately supports multimedia software development in practice. We propose an extension of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for the integrated specification of multimedia systems based on an object-oriented development method. Since integration of co-existing timed procedural and interactive behavior is at the heart of multimedia systems, we focus on UML-based specification of behavior in this paper. In addition, we outline how these behavioral aspects are to be integrated with media, presentation, and software architecture modeling to achieve a coherent and consistent model.
{"title":"UML-based behavior specification of interactive multimedia applications","authors":"Stefan Sauer, G. Engels","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995271","url":null,"abstract":"Availability of precise, yet usable modeling languages is essential to the construction of multimedia systems based on software engineering principles and methods. Although several languages have been proposed for the specification of isolated multimedia system aspects, there not yet exists an integrated modeling language that adequately supports multimedia software development in practice. We propose an extension of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for the integrated specification of multimedia systems based on an object-oriented development method. Since integration of co-existing timed procedural and interactive behavior is at the heart of multimedia systems, we focus on UML-based specification of behavior in this paper. In addition, we outline how these behavioral aspects are to be integrated with media, presentation, and software architecture modeling to achieve a coherent and consistent model.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125355478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Costagliola, V. Deufemia, F. Ferrucci, C. Gravino
The widespread use of visual languages has motivated the need for grammar-based tools to support designers in the definition and implementation of graphical environments. The effective use of such systems requires efficient parsing techniques. The VLCC system makes use of a suitable LR-like methodology that allows us to efficiently parse visual sentences. However there exist particular grammars which are non pLR parsable because they can produce run-time conflicts during the parsing of some sentences. In this paper we will introduce an algorithm that statically verifies the pLR parsability of a positional grammar by detecting whether or not it would produce run-time conflicts.
{"title":"On the pLR parsability of visual languages","authors":"G. Costagliola, V. Deufemia, F. Ferrucci, C. Gravino","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995234","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread use of visual languages has motivated the need for grammar-based tools to support designers in the definition and implementation of graphical environments. The effective use of such systems requires efficient parsing techniques. The VLCC system makes use of a suitable LR-like methodology that allows us to efficiently parse visual sentences. However there exist particular grammars which are non pLR parsable because they can produce run-time conflicts during the parsing of some sentences. In this paper we will introduce an algorithm that statically verifies the pLR parsability of a positional grammar by detecting whether or not it would produce run-time conflicts.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126564910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We introduce a new drawing technique called HyperSnapping. In many drawing editors, various operations are provided for object alignment, and snapping is one of the most frequently used techniques, with which users can snap the mouse cursor or dragged objects to existing objects or square grids. HyperSnapping is an extension to snapping operations, where users can control the behavior of snapping grids and the constraints between objects only by dragging objects, without explicitly changing drawing modes. With HyperSnapping, simple constraints and drawing macros can easily be constructed and used for further editing without explicit end-user programming.
{"title":"HyperSnapping","authors":"T. Masui","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995258","url":null,"abstract":"We introduce a new drawing technique called HyperSnapping. In many drawing editors, various operations are provided for object alignment, and snapping is one of the most frequently used techniques, with which users can snap the mouse cursor or dragged objects to existing objects or square grids. HyperSnapping is an extension to snapping operations, where users can control the behavior of snapping grids and the constraints between objects only by dragging objects, without explicitly changing drawing modes. With HyperSnapping, simple constraints and drawing macros can easily be constructed and used for further editing without explicit end-user programming.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127066498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This p a j w presents partial resultsfrom o case sludy of a full application of end user programming in an industrial prcduct Reseorch & Development (R&D) organization. Scientists and engineers developing large idustrial w h i n e s built all applicotion sofiare, with programmers (including the author) in o support role. In interviews, the project team ond its managers described o sophisticated and complex integration of programming into their w k activitiq similm to th0Je described in other end user programming environments.
{"title":"End user programming in an industrial research and development group","authors":"H. Goodell","doi":"10.1109/HCC.2001.995302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/HCC.2001.995302","url":null,"abstract":"This p a j w presents partial resultsfrom o case sludy of a full application of end user programming in an industrial prcduct Reseorch & Development (R&D) organization. Scientists and engineers developing large idustrial w h i n e s built all applicotion sofiare, with programmers (including the author) in o support role. In interviews, the project team ond its managers described o sophisticated and complex integration of programming into their w k activitiq similm to th0Je described in other end user programming environments.","PeriodicalId":438014,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings IEEE Symposia on Human-Centric Computing Languages and Environments (Cat. No.01TH8587)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129543668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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