Pub Date : 2024-01-12DOI: 10.2174/0126661217272344231208060944
Luiz Carlos Simas Pereira Junior, Nayanna de Melo Amorim, Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira, Eladio Flores Sanchez, Vitor Francisco Ferreira, Gabriel Alves Souto de Aquino, Sabrina Baptista Ferreira, André Lopes Fuly
Snakebites are a health problem worldwide that produce pathological symptoms, as hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, blood coagulation disorder, edema, and death. Although serum therapy protects victims of death, it does not prevent amputation of the affected limb. Thus, alternative treatments deserve attention. To test a new series of twelve dissubstituted triazoles TRI 02, TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 11, TRI 14, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 against hemorrhagic, edematogenic, hemolytic, coagulant or proteolytic activities of L. muta venom. To test a new series of twelve dissubstituted triazoles TRI 02, TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 11, TRI 14, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 against hemorrhagic, edematogenic, hemolytic, coagulant or proteolytic activities of L. muta venom. The derivatives were incubated with L. muta venom (protocol of incubation), and, then, the toxic activities were performed. Moreover, L. muta venom was injected before (protocol of treatment) or after (protocol of prevention) the derivatives. Most of the derivatives inhibited proteolytic or hemolytic, but only TRI 17 inhibited coagulation activity of L. muta venom. The derivatives TRI 03, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 14 or TRI 17 inhibited hemorrhage; while TRI 07, TRI 08 or TRI 16 inhibited edema. The derivatives TRI 03, TRI 07 or TRI 11 inhibited hemorrhage even if they were given after or before L. muta venom. According to in silico, the derivatives TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 were not toxic. The derivatives did not violate the Lipinksi´s rule of five. Thus, these new series of triazoles may help the development of molecules able to improve the treatment of L. muta envenoming. none
蛇咬伤是世界性的健康问题，会产生出血、组织坏死、血液凝固障碍、水肿和死亡等病理症状。虽然血清疗法能保护受害者免于死亡，但并不能防止患肢截肢。对十二种新系列的异构三唑类化合物 TRI 02、TRI 03、TRI 04、TRI 05、TRI 07、TRI 08、TRI 09、TRI 11、TRI 14、TRI 16、TRI 17 或 TRI 18 进行试验，以检测其对 L. muta 毒液的出血、致水肿、溶血、凝血或蛋白水解活性的影响。将这些衍生物与 L. muta 毒液进行孵育（孵育方案），然后进行毒性活性测试。此外，在使用这些衍生物之前（治疗方案）或之后（预防方案）注射鲎毒。大多数衍生物都能抑制鲎毒的蛋白水解或溶血活性，但只有 TRI 17 能抑制鲎毒的凝血活性。衍生物 TRI 03、TRI 05、TRI 07、TRI 14 或 TRI 17 可抑制出血；而 TRI 07、TRI 08 或 TRI 16 可抑制水肿。TRI 03、TRI 07 或 TRI 11 衍生物可抑制出血，即使它们是在 L. muta 毒液之后或之前给药也是如此。根据硅学研究，TRI 03、TRI 04、TRI 07、TRI 08、TRI 09、TRI 16、TRI 17 或 TRI 18 衍生物没有毒性。因此，这些新系列的三唑类化合物可能有助于开发出能更好地治疗鼠螨螫伤的分子。
{"title":"Novel 1,2,3-triazoles as Inhibitors of the Toxic Effects of the Venom of the Snake Lachesis muta muta","authors":"Luiz Carlos Simas Pereira Junior, Nayanna de Melo Amorim, Eduardo Coriolano de Oliveira, Eladio Flores Sanchez, Vitor Francisco Ferreira, Gabriel Alves Souto de Aquino, Sabrina Baptista Ferreira, André Lopes Fuly","doi":"10.2174/0126661217272344231208060944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126661217272344231208060944","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Snakebites are a health problem worldwide that produce pathological symptoms, as hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, blood coagulation disorder, edema, and death. Although serum therapy protects victims of death, it does not prevent amputation of the affected limb. Thus, alternative treatments deserve attention.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To test a new series of twelve dissubstituted triazoles TRI 02, TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 11, TRI 14, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 against hemorrhagic, edematogenic, hemolytic, coagulant or proteolytic activities of L. muta venom.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To test a new series of twelve dissubstituted triazoles TRI 02, TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 11, TRI 14, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 against hemorrhagic, edematogenic, hemolytic, coagulant or proteolytic activities of L. muta venom.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The derivatives were incubated with L. muta venom (protocol of incubation), and, then, the toxic activities were performed. Moreover, L. muta venom was injected before (protocol of treatment) or after (protocol of prevention) the derivatives.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Most of the derivatives inhibited proteolytic or hemolytic, but only TRI 17 inhibited coagulation activity of L. muta venom. The derivatives TRI 03, TRI 05, TRI 07, TRI 14 or TRI 17 inhibited hemorrhage; while TRI 07, TRI 08 or TRI 16 inhibited edema. The derivatives TRI 03, TRI 07 or TRI 11 inhibited hemorrhage even if they were given after or before L. muta venom. According to in silico, the derivatives TRI 03, TRI 04, TRI 07, TRI 08, TRI 09, TRI 16, TRI 17 or TRI 18 were not toxic. The derivatives did not violate the Lipinksi´s rule of five.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Thus, these new series of triazoles may help the development of molecules able to improve the treatment of L. muta envenoming.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000none\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139532367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.2174/0126661217183829231108105708
F. Kazemi-Lomedasht, D. Shahbazzadeh, M. Behdani
Venom allergens have been identified in the venom of scorpion, snake, bee, wasp, etc. Some allergy reactions in humans may refer to the venom allergens. Phylogenetic analysis of venom allergens from the transcriptome of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion was the main aim of the study. Seven venom allergens: HLAllergen1, HLAllergen2, HLAllergen3, HLAllergen4, HLAllergen5, HLAllergen6, and HLAllergen7 have been identified in the venom of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion using venom gland transcriptome analysis. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of the identified venom allergens were predicted using ExPASy ProtParam, PSIPRED, and SWISS MODEL servers. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 software through neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstraps. Structure analysis of identified venom allergens showed a molecular weight of between 46 to 52 kDa. Tertiary structure results showed that all predicted 3-D structures were in a normal range. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLAllergen 3, 4 and 5 were formed single clades and HLAllergen 1, 2, 7, and 6 other clades However, further studies using proteomic analysis of H. lepturus are needed to confirm and compare with transcriptome data. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLAllergen 3, 4 and 5 were formed single clade and HLAllergen 1, 2, 7, and 6 other clades.
{"title":"Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Venom Allergens from Transcriptome of Hemiscorpius lepturus Scorpion","authors":"F. Kazemi-Lomedasht, D. Shahbazzadeh, M. Behdani","doi":"10.2174/0126661217183829231108105708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126661217183829231108105708","url":null,"abstract":"Venom allergens have been identified in the venom of scorpion, snake, bee, wasp, etc. Some allergy reactions in humans may refer to the venom allergens. Phylogenetic analysis of venom allergens from the transcriptome of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion was the main aim of the study. Seven venom allergens: HLAllergen1, HLAllergen2, HLAllergen3, HLAllergen4, HLAllergen5, HLAllergen6, and HLAllergen7 have been identified in the venom of Hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion using venom gland transcriptome analysis. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of the identified venom allergens were predicted using ExPASy ProtParam, PSIPRED, and SWISS MODEL servers. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 11 software through neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstraps. Structure analysis of identified venom allergens showed a molecular weight of between 46 to 52 kDa. Tertiary structure results showed that all predicted 3-D structures were in a normal range. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLAllergen 3, 4 and 5 were formed single clades and HLAllergen 1, 2, 7, and 6 other clades However, further studies using proteomic analysis of H. lepturus are needed to confirm and compare with transcriptome data. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that HLAllergen 3, 4 and 5 were formed single clade and HLAllergen 1, 2, 7, and 6 other clades.","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139213714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.2174/0126661217243087231023093542
Rui Yan, Shan Zhang
Background: G. elegans is a highly useful medicinal plant with broad and superior clinical pharmacological effects. However, it also exhibits high toxicity to humans, so it must be used with extreme caution in clinical practice. Previous studies on G. elegans have mainly focused on its main ingredients from perspectives of pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The kinetic behavior of G. elegans' main metabolites in vivo has not yet been reported, which is also crucial for studying the herb's toxification and detoxification process. Aims: This study aimed to establish a quantitative method to describe the metabolic profile of the two main metabolites of koumine after oral administration of G. elegans to rats. Objective: The objective of this study was to test two major metabolites of G. elegans in rat urine after administration using a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method developed in advance. Methods: A Kromasil C18 column was used as the stationary phase for chromatographic separation, with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of mixture of water (2 mM ammonium formate), formic acid, and methanol (25:0.05:75, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in positive ionization mode, and detection was performed using a selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Detection was performed in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Protein precipitation was used to pretreat the rat urine samples before analysis, with acetonitrile as the precipitation solvent. In this study, a "relative quantification" strategy was employed, which avoided the expensive and time-consuming separation of standard substances. The assay was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, stability, recovery, and other aspects. Results: The intra- and inter-day precision values were less than 12.7%. The recoveries at three different concentrations were all above 73.1%. The stability study showed that the analytes were stable during the experiment. The method was then used to study the kinetic profiles of N-demethylkoumine and N-oxidatekoumine in rat urine for the first time. Conclusion: In this study, the established LC/MS method was fully validated and proven to be sensitive and accurate for the simultaneous determination of the two main metabolites of G. elegans in rats' urine samples. These results could provide references for the safe use of koumine and G. elegans in clinical applications.
{"title":"Simultaneous Determination of Two Metabolites of Gelsemium elegans by LC-MS/MS in Rat Urine and its Application to Pharmacokinetic Study","authors":"Rui Yan, Shan Zhang","doi":"10.2174/0126661217243087231023093542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0126661217243087231023093542","url":null,"abstract":"Background: G. elegans is a highly useful medicinal plant with broad and superior clinical pharmacological effects. However, it also exhibits high toxicity to humans, so it must be used with extreme caution in clinical practice. Previous studies on G. elegans have mainly focused on its main ingredients from perspectives of pharmaceutical analysis, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. The kinetic behavior of G. elegans' main metabolites in vivo has not yet been reported, which is also crucial for studying the herb's toxification and detoxification process. Aims: This study aimed to establish a quantitative method to describe the metabolic profile of the two main metabolites of koumine after oral administration of G. elegans to rats. Objective: The objective of this study was to test two major metabolites of G. elegans in rat urine after administration using a rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method developed in advance. Methods: A Kromasil C18 column was used as the stationary phase for chromatographic separation, with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of mixture of water (2 mM ammonium formate), formic acid, and methanol (25:0.05:75, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in positive ionization mode, and detection was performed using a selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Detection was performed in selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Protein precipitation was used to pretreat the rat urine samples before analysis, with acetonitrile as the precipitation solvent. In this study, a \"relative quantification\" strategy was employed, which avoided the expensive and time-consuming separation of standard substances. The assay was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, stability, recovery, and other aspects. Results: The intra- and inter-day precision values were less than 12.7%. The recoveries at three different concentrations were all above 73.1%. The stability study showed that the analytes were stable during the experiment. The method was then used to study the kinetic profiles of N-demethylkoumine and N-oxidatekoumine in rat urine for the first time. Conclusion: In this study, the established LC/MS method was fully validated and proven to be sensitive and accurate for the simultaneous determination of the two main metabolites of G. elegans in rats' urine samples. These results could provide references for the safe use of koumine and G. elegans in clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"31 9‐10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135873025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230914122512
Nor Suliana Mustafa, Mohd Nazri Mohd Daud, Nasir Mohamad, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Rusdi Abd Rashid, Liyana Hazwani Mohd Adnan
{"title":"Potential of Natural Products to Modulate Microglial Phenotypes in 3, 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Neurotoxicity","authors":"Nor Suliana Mustafa, Mohd Nazri Mohd Daud, Nasir Mohamad, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Rusdi Abd Rashid, Liyana Hazwani Mohd Adnan","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230914122512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230914122512","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title />\u0000<jats:p />\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134969918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-09DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230809145505
Brian Bush, Paul Singline
In Australia, until the late 1960s, the emergency first aid treatment for venomous snakebite included cutting to cause bleeding at the bite site in the mistaken belief that it would flush toxins from the wound, thus reducing the patient’s systemic envenoming. However, it failed in this regard and instead caused the patient additional discomfort. Today, again, cutting is used in hospitals during surgical fasciotomies when managing snakebite. The study aimed to report on the rare use of hand and forearm fasciotomies in Australia in October 2021 following snakebite, and highlight the resultant extended morbidity experienced by the patient. Common mulga snake (Pseudechis australis) bite has been reported in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. The incident has been reported by a 39-year-old male snakebite victim, with his narrative detailing the events prior to the snakebite until the completion of his outpatient treatment. The consensus worldwide is that antivenom is the primary treatment for venomous snakebite and, although a patient may present with symptoms mimicking compartment syndrome, this disease is extremely rare, especially in Australia, where the fangs of endemic snakes are generally too small to penetrate sufficiently deep to cause subcutaneous swelling. The avoidance of surgical intervention in snakebite treatment resulted in much better outcomes for the patient.
{"title":"Controversial Australian Snakebite Treatment: The Deepest Cut of all","authors":"Brian Bush, Paul Singline","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230809145505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230809145505","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000In Australia, until the late 1960s, the emergency first aid treatment for venomous snakebite included cutting to cause bleeding at the bite site in the mistaken belief that it would flush toxins from the wound, thus reducing the patient’s systemic envenoming. However, it failed in this regard and instead caused the patient additional discomfort. Today, again, cutting is used in hospitals during surgical fasciotomies when managing snakebite.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study aimed to report on the rare use of hand and forearm fasciotomies in Australia in October 2021 following snakebite, and highlight the resultant extended morbidity experienced by the patient.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Common mulga snake (Pseudechis australis) bite has been reported in the Pilbara region, Western Australia. The incident has been reported by a 39-year-old male snakebite victim, with his narrative detailing the events prior to the snakebite until the completion of his outpatient treatment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The consensus worldwide is that antivenom is the primary treatment for venomous snakebite and, although a patient may present with symptoms mimicking compartment syndrome, this disease is extremely rare, especially in Australia, where the fangs of endemic snakes are generally too small to penetrate sufficiently deep to cause subcutaneous swelling. The avoidance of surgical intervention in snakebite treatment resulted in much better outcomes for the patient.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133618873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-27DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230727092454
K. Sellahewa
Even though the Hump-nosed pit viper bite is the commonest venomous snake bite in Sri Lanka, antivenoms with specific activity against it are not available. Acute kidney injury (A.K.I.) is an important systemic complication accounting for mortality. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and fresh frozen plasma (F.F.P.) are two interventional options hypothesized to prevent A.K.I. This is by TPE attenuating venom antigenemia and F.F.P. by inhibiting nephrotoxic renal injury by immunomodulation, and the additional benefit of replenishment of depleted clotting factors triggered by venom-induced consumption coagulopathy implicated in the multifactorial mechanisms of renal injury. Routine interventions on all envenomed patients are not justifiable owing to the rarity and sporadic occurrence of systemic complications, and only patients with coagulopathy should be selected for interventions. The benefit of preventing A.K.I. is most likely with early intervention at the inception of coagulopathy.
{"title":"Hypothetical Interventions to prevent Acute Kidney Injury after Hump-nosed pit viper bite","authors":"K. Sellahewa","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230727092454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230727092454","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the Hump-nosed pit viper bite is the commonest venomous snake bite in Sri Lanka, antivenoms with specific activity against it are not available. Acute kidney injury (A.K.I.) is an important systemic complication accounting for mortality. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and fresh frozen plasma (F.F.P.) are two interventional options hypothesized to prevent A.K.I. This is by TPE attenuating venom antigenemia and F.F.P. by inhibiting nephrotoxic renal injury by immunomodulation, and the additional benefit of replenishment of depleted clotting factors triggered by venom-induced consumption coagulopathy implicated in the multifactorial mechanisms of renal injury. Routine interventions on all envenomed patients are not justifiable owing to the rarity and sporadic occurrence of systemic complications, and only patients with coagulopathy should be selected for interventions. The benefit of preventing A.K.I. is most likely with early intervention at the inception of coagulopathy.","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125538848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230613112851
S. Kampo, T. W. Anabah, Fidelis Bayor, Sam-Awortwi Wilfred
Various analgesic adjuvants, including opioids, have been tested and demonstrated to be clinically beneficial when added to local anesthetics to increase the duration of analgesia with the risk of various adverse effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a scorpion venom component, BmK AGAP, may have a synergistic effect with lidocaine. We performed partial sciatic nerve ligation on 84 rats to induce a rapid onset and long-lasting mechanical allodynia. An equal volume (600µl) of lidocaine and BmK AGAP were prepared with saline. The rats were randomly assigned to one of seven groups. Group A (n=12) received saline as the control; Group B (n=12) received lidocaine alone; Group C (n=12) received BmK AGAP alone; Group D, E, F and G (n= 12 each) received lidocaine and different concentrations of BmK AGAP combined. The von Frey filaments were used to assess mechanical allodynia in the rats. We observed a decrease in pain intensity and a prolonged duration of analgesia in rats that received BmK AGAP with lidocaine BmK AGAP with lidocaine decreased pain intensity and increased the duration of analgesia.
{"title":"Scorpion Venom Component; BmK AGAP Potentiates the analgesic effects of lidocaine during sciatic nerve block","authors":"S. Kampo, T. W. Anabah, Fidelis Bayor, Sam-Awortwi Wilfred","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230613112851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230613112851","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Various analgesic adjuvants, including opioids, have been tested and demonstrated to be clinically beneficial when added to local anesthetics to increase the duration of analgesia with the risk of various adverse effects. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that a scorpion venom component, BmK AGAP, may have a synergistic effect with lidocaine.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We performed partial sciatic nerve ligation on 84 rats to induce a rapid onset and long-lasting mechanical allodynia. An equal volume (600µl) of lidocaine and BmK AGAP were prepared with saline. The rats were randomly assigned to one of seven groups. Group A (n=12) received saline as the control; Group B (n=12) received lidocaine alone; Group C (n=12) received BmK AGAP alone; Group D, E, F and G (n= 12 each) received lidocaine and different concentrations of BmK AGAP combined. The von Frey filaments were used to assess mechanical allodynia in the rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We observed a decrease in pain intensity and a prolonged duration of analgesia in rats that received BmK AGAP with lidocaine\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000BmK AGAP with lidocaine decreased pain intensity and increased the duration of analgesia.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121062592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230605120559
Yanchun Hu, Samuel Kumi Okyere
Mycotoxins are known to cause contamination in food crops and animal feeds. Their existence in food sources has caused several health disorders. The intestine is the first line of defense against ingested mycotoxins. Numerous studies have reported that mycotoxins impair effective digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestinal structure, as well as affect the health and integrity of several animal species. However, the direct effect of many specific mycotoxins on the intestinal integrity factors such as the tight junction protein and gut microbiota has not been fully described. The impairment of the barrier function results in increased translocation of luminal antigens and pathogens and excessive activation of the immune system. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of the current evidence regarding the direct effects and mechanisms of Zearalenone, Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity, focusing on epithelial cells, tight junction proteins and gut microbiota as main contributors to the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects caused by mycotoxins in the intestine and targeted organs (such as liver and kidney) in the humans and animals.
{"title":"An overview of the toxic effects and mechanisms of Zearalenone, Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity damage in humans and animals: A comprehensive review","authors":"Yanchun Hu, Samuel Kumi Okyere","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230605120559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230605120559","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Mycotoxins are known to cause contamination in food crops and animal feeds. Their existence in food sources has caused several health disorders. The intestine is the first line of defense against ingested mycotoxins. Numerous studies have reported that mycotoxins impair effective digestion and absorption of nutrients in the intestinal structure, as well as affect the health and integrity of several animal species. However, the direct effect of many specific mycotoxins on the intestinal integrity factors such as the tight junction protein and gut microbiota has not been fully described. The impairment of the barrier function results in increased translocation of luminal antigens and pathogens and excessive activation of the immune system. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of the current evidence regarding the direct effects and mechanisms of Zearalenone, Aflatoxins, and Deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity, focusing on epithelial cells, tight junction proteins and gut microbiota as main contributors to the development of therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate the harmful effects caused by mycotoxins in the intestine and targeted organs (such as liver and kidney) in the humans and animals.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130329037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-15DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230515122901
D. P. Marchi-Salvador, Layssa Gualberto da Silva, Pierri Emanoel De Abreu Oliveira, Pedro Gabriel Nascimento dos Santos, Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza, Rafael Xavier Martins, Maria Caroline Lourenço de Lima, Erica de Souza Falcão, Davi Felipe Farias
Approximately 90% of reported and identified cases of snakebites in Brazil are caused by species belonging to the Bothrops genus. These snakes have clinical relevance due to their venom composition, which contains substances capable of triggering local and systemic effects, leading to morbidities and/or mortality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic and toxinological effects of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom on zebrafish embryos and larvae. The stability of B. jararacussu snake venom under the conditions used in the toxicity experiments in zebrafish embryos and larvae was evaluated on citrated human plasma. Zebrafish embryos and/or larvae mortality, morphological alterations, spontaneous tail movements and heartbeat caused by the venom were quantified within 96 hours. Toxicity parameters and activity of enzyme-related toxicity biomarkers were evaluated in zebrafish after 96 hours of semi-static exposure to the venom. The results indicated that the venom causes toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae, inducing embryonic mortality, alteration in the number of spontaneous tail movements and activity of biomarker enzymes. The results suggested that the toxic effects caused by the venom in the early stages of zebrafish development are mediated, in part, by neurotoxic action, induction of oxidative and metabolic stress caused by low molecular weight components, and proteins present in this venom. Toxinological evaluations using the zebrafish as a model are scarce; however, this study presented promising results that encourage the development of future research in toxinology using this animal as a model organism.
{"title":"Evaluation Of The Toxicological Effects From Bothrops Jararacussu Snake Venom \u0000On Zebrafish (Danio Rerio) Embryos And Larvae","authors":"D. P. Marchi-Salvador, Layssa Gualberto da Silva, Pierri Emanoel De Abreu Oliveira, Pedro Gabriel Nascimento dos Santos, Juliana Alves Costa Ribeiro Souza, Rafael Xavier Martins, Maria Caroline Lourenço de Lima, Erica de Souza Falcão, Davi Felipe Farias","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230515122901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230515122901","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Approximately 90% of reported and identified cases of snakebites in Brazil are caused by species belonging to the Bothrops genus. These snakes have clinical relevance due to their venom composition, which contains substances capable of triggering local and systemic effects, leading to morbidities and/or mortality.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxic and toxinological effects of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom on zebrafish embryos and larvae.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The stability of B. jararacussu snake venom under the conditions used in the toxicity experiments in zebrafish embryos and larvae was evaluated on citrated human plasma. Zebrafish embryos and/or larvae mortality, morphological alterations, spontaneous tail movements and heartbeat caused by the venom were quantified within 96 hours. Toxicity parameters and activity of enzyme-related toxicity biomarkers were evaluated in zebrafish after 96 hours of semi-static exposure to the venom.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results indicated that the venom causes toxicity in zebrafish embryos and larvae, inducing embryonic mortality, alteration in the number of spontaneous tail movements and activity of biomarker enzymes. The results suggested that the toxic effects caused by the venom in the early stages of zebrafish development are mediated, in part, by neurotoxic action, induction of oxidative and metabolic stress caused by low molecular weight components, and proteins present in this venom.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Toxinological evaluations using the zebrafish as a model are scarce; however, this study presented promising results that encourage the development of future research in toxinology using this animal as a model organism.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121122504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-07DOI: 10.2174/2666121703666230507184946
Charrid Resgalla Jr., Fabiana F M de Barba, Carla Camila Bazi, M. L. Pessatti
Olindias sambaquiensis, the most abundant species of jellyfish along the southern coast of Brazil, frequently stings bathers during the summer months, when the occurrence of this species usually reaches a peak. As jellyfish are rich in protein and carbohydrates, and as these biomolecules could provide a natural defense against stings, this study investigates whether any of the components present in the umbrella of jellyfish species occurring in the south of Brazil can inhibit the nematocyst discharge of the tentacles of 0. sambaquiensis. Sting tests were conducted in humans, with live tentacles of O. sambaquiensis, to evaluate different lyophilized extracts of different exumbrellar jellyfish tissues obtained at different times of the year to determine their capacity to reduce pain and alter skin color. Of all the species of jellyfish used in this study (O. sambaquiensis, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus and Tamoya haplonema), only the lyophilized extract of the cubozoa C. quadrumanus umbrella showed the capacity to inhibit the pain associated with nematocyst stings. Tests on a lyophilized extract obtained from organisms caught in summer and winter suggested that the biomolecule responsible for the biological activity is carbohydrate since this biomolecule would signal the recognition of the species.
Olindias sambaquiensis是巴西南部海岸数量最多的水母，它经常在夏季叮咬游泳者，而夏季通常是这种水母出现的高峰期。由于水母富含蛋白质和碳水化合物，并且这些生物分子可以提供天然的防御刺痛，因此本研究调查了巴西南部水母种类中存在的任何成分是否可以抑制线虫触手的刺丝囊排出。sambaquiensis。用sambaquiensis活触须对人进行刺痛试验，以评估在一年中的不同时间获得的不同伞状水母组织的不同冻干提取物，以确定其减轻疼痛和改变皮肤颜色的能力。在本研究中使用的所有水母物种(O. sambaquiensis, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus和Tamoya haplonema)中，只有cubozoa C. quadrumanus伞的冻干提取物显示出抑制与刺丝囊蜇伤相关的疼痛的能力。从夏季和冬季捕获的生物体中获得的冻干提取物的测试表明，负责生物活性的生物分子是碳水化合物，因为这种生物分子将标志着对物种的识别。
{"title":"Jellyfish tissue extract as inhibition effect of jellyfish Olindias sambaquiensis Müller (1861) sting","authors":"Charrid Resgalla Jr., Fabiana F M de Barba, Carla Camila Bazi, M. L. Pessatti","doi":"10.2174/2666121703666230507184946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121703666230507184946","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Olindias sambaquiensis, the most abundant species of jellyfish along the southern coast of Brazil, frequently stings bathers during the summer months, when the occurrence of this species usually reaches a peak.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000As jellyfish are rich in protein and carbohydrates, and as these biomolecules could provide a natural defense against stings, this study investigates whether any of the components present in the umbrella of jellyfish species occurring in the south of Brazil can inhibit the nematocyst discharge of the tentacles of 0. sambaquiensis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Sting tests were conducted in humans, with live tentacles of O. sambaquiensis, to evaluate different lyophilized extracts of different exumbrellar jellyfish tissues obtained at different times of the year to determine their capacity to reduce pain and alter skin color.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Of all the species of jellyfish used in this study (O. sambaquiensis, Chiropsalmus quadrumanus and Tamoya haplonema), only the lyophilized extract of the cubozoa C. quadrumanus umbrella showed the capacity to inhibit the pain associated with nematocyst stings.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Tests on a lyophilized extract obtained from organisms caught in summer and winter suggested that the biomolecule responsible for the biological activity is carbohydrate since this biomolecule would signal the recognition of the species.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127365552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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