Pub Date : 2022-01-06DOI: 10.2174/2666121702666220106102156
T. Emami, A. Shirvan, M. Jaafari, R. Madani, F. Golchinfar, N. M. Dounighi, M. Samianifard
Development of antivenom or antidote requires the repetition of immunization of large animals, such as horses and goats, which ultimately releases the IgG immunoglobulin produced in the serum specimen. As snake venom involves a variety of proteins and enzymes getting administered into the animal, this process can inflict significant harm to the animal, therefore choosing carriers that can deliver the least amount of venom could be a safer option for animal immunization In this research, nanoliposomes were used to encapsulate venom as a protected cargo for immunization. We used two distinct liposomal formulations to entrap the venom: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) associated with cholesterol in one formulation and dimethyldioctadecylamonium (Bromide salt) paired with cholesterol in the other. Liposomal formulations prepared by solvent evaporation method and the venom was encapsulated in liposomes and evaluated for size and zeta potential. Meanwhile, encapsulation efficiency, venom release percentage, and phospholipase activity have all been analyzed. The findings revealed that dimethyldioctadecylamonium (Bromide salt) combined with cholesterol had the highest encapsulation efficiency. In this formulation, the venom release rate had a steady-state profile. The lack of phospholipase activity in this formulation may be due to a bromide group in the liposomal structure that could be useful for immunization. Liposomal formulations, which do not have the active site of the snake venom enzymes, could be used for venom encapsulation.
{"title":"Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoliposomes Containing Snake Venom of Pseudocereaster percius","authors":"T. Emami, A. Shirvan, M. Jaafari, R. Madani, F. Golchinfar, N. M. Dounighi, M. Samianifard","doi":"10.2174/2666121702666220106102156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121702666220106102156","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Development of antivenom or antidote requires the repetition of immunization of large animals, such as horses and goats, which ultimately releases the IgG immunoglobulin produced in the serum specimen. As snake venom involves a variety of proteins and enzymes getting administered into the animal, this process can inflict significant harm to the animal, therefore choosing carriers that can deliver the least amount of venom could be a safer option for animal immunization\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this research, nanoliposomes were used to encapsulate venom as a protected cargo for immunization. We used two distinct liposomal formulations to entrap the venom: 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) associated with cholesterol in one formulation and dimethyldioctadecylamonium (Bromide salt) paired with cholesterol in the other.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Liposomal formulations prepared by solvent evaporation method and the venom was encapsulated in liposomes and evaluated for size and zeta potential. Meanwhile, encapsulation efficiency, venom release percentage, and phospholipase activity have all been analyzed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The findings revealed that dimethyldioctadecylamonium (Bromide salt) combined with cholesterol had the highest encapsulation efficiency. In this formulation, the venom release rate had a steady-state profile. The lack of phospholipase activity in this formulation may be due to a bromide group in the liposomal structure that could be useful for immunization.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Liposomal formulations, which do not have the active site of the snake venom enzymes, could be used for venom encapsulation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131565276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.2174/2666121701666211213100634
S. Okyere, Yanchun Hu
{"title":"Stability of Parkinson's Diseased Animal Models Induced by Neurotoxins; a Serious Drawback to Success of Parkinson’s Disease Therapeutic Studies","authors":"S. Okyere, Yanchun Hu","doi":"10.2174/2666121701666211213100634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121701666211213100634","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"2675 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114424319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.2174/2666121701666211124151529
Soodeh Omidi, M. Mehrpouya, M. Oladnabi, A. Azadmehr, F. Kazemi-Lomedasht, N. Yardehnavi
Venom toxins have specific molecular targets that result in envenomated complications such as neurotoxicity. During evolution, the composition of the venom has been evolved synchronously with the evolution of molecular targets. Venom is an important tool for humans from two different perspectives; venom advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, clinical and pharmacological applications of venoms due to their specific targeting and modulation of physiological elements or targets are notable in various disorders. The better understanding of venoms and their composition will improve the practical applications of some toxin-based drugs in drugstoresin the future.
{"title":"Evaluation of venom as a promising tool for drug discovery [focusing on Neurological disorders]","authors":"Soodeh Omidi, M. Mehrpouya, M. Oladnabi, A. Azadmehr, F. Kazemi-Lomedasht, N. Yardehnavi","doi":"10.2174/2666121701666211124151529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121701666211124151529","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Venom toxins have specific molecular targets that result in envenomated complications such as neurotoxicity. During evolution, the composition of the venom has been evolved synchronously with the evolution of molecular targets. Venom is an important tool for humans from two different perspectives; venom advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile, clinical and pharmacological applications of venoms due to their specific targeting and modulation of physiological elements or targets are notable in various disorders. The better understanding of venoms and their composition will improve the practical applications of some toxin-based drugs in drugstoresin the future. \u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130319853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-24DOI: 10.2174/2666121701666211124154216
Sofiene Tlili, Raoua Ben Brahim, J. Sabatier, I. Regaya
A diversity of marine invertebrates, such as cnidarians are rich sources of large bio-active molecules. This chemo-diversity of bio-active compounds has a promising potential in several biotechnological and therapeutic applications. On the basis of a comparative bibliographic approach, we intend in this review to present and discuss an overview of: i) the diversity of marine invertebrates as a candidate for bio-active molecules production; ii) the diversity of bio-active compounds and venom derived from these organisms; iii) the relationship between, the diversity of these marine organisms and the structure of the toxins they secrete. In this bibliographic study, a focus is going to be made on protein neurotoxins targeting ion channels. We also discuss the potential link between the bioecological characteristics of cnidarians and the diversity of toxins.
{"title":"Toxins and venoms from marine cnidarians and gastropods: diversity and potential drugs targeting the ion channels","authors":"Sofiene Tlili, Raoua Ben Brahim, J. Sabatier, I. Regaya","doi":"10.2174/2666121701666211124154216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121701666211124154216","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000A diversity of marine invertebrates, such as cnidarians are rich sources of large bio-active molecules. This chemo-diversity of bio-active compounds has a promising potential in several biotechnological and therapeutic applications. On the basis of a comparative bibliographic approach, we intend in this review to present and discuss an overview of: i) the diversity of marine invertebrates as a candidate for bio-active molecules production; ii) the diversity of bio-active compounds and venom derived from these organisms; iii) the relationship between, the diversity of these marine organisms and the structure of the toxins they secrete. In this bibliographic study, a focus is going to be made on protein neurotoxins targeting ion channels. We also discuss the potential link between the bioecological characteristics of cnidarians and the diversity of toxins.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132047668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-06DOI: 10.2174/2666121701999201104163407
S. Okyere, Chao-rong Zeng, Dong Yue, Yanchun Hu
Parkinson’s disease (PD) has caused most economies to lose their active human capital. Due to poor understanding of the pathophysiology of PD, PD animal models were developed to aid the investigation of PD pathogenesis and therapy. Currently, the toxin-induced and the genetic animal models are being used for most PD research. Most neurotoxin animal model studies on PD are focused on the motor features and economic importance associated with dopamine depletion; however, the molecular pathways for cell loss by these models and its usefulness in PD drug development have not been reported fully. In this review, we have provided a summary of the toxic mechanism and shortcomings of four neurotoxins (6-OHDA, MPTP, Rotenone and, Paraquat) that are frequently used to mimic PD in animal models. This review will give readers basic knowledge for selecting the best toxin for a specific PD experiment and also provide information that will help in the future development of toxins with fewer shortcomings. This review also summarizes the mechanism and features of some PD genetic models.
{"title":"Neurotoxic Mechanism and Shortcomings of MPTP, 6-OHDA, Rotenone and Paraquat-induced Parkinson’s Disease Animal Models","authors":"S. Okyere, Chao-rong Zeng, Dong Yue, Yanchun Hu","doi":"10.2174/2666121701999201104163407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2666121701999201104163407","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Parkinson’s disease (PD) has caused most economies to lose their active human capital.\u0000Due to poor understanding of the pathophysiology of PD, PD animal models were developed to aid\u0000the investigation of PD pathogenesis and therapy. Currently, the toxin-induced and the genetic animal\u0000models are being used for most PD research.\u0000Most neurotoxin animal model studies on PD are focused on the motor features and economic importance\u0000associated with dopamine depletion; however, the molecular pathways for cell loss by\u0000these models and its usefulness in PD drug development have not been reported fully. In this review,\u0000we have provided a summary of the toxic mechanism and shortcomings of four neurotoxins (6-OHDA,\u0000MPTP, Rotenone and, Paraquat) that are frequently used to mimic PD in animal models. This review\u0000will give readers basic knowledge for selecting the best toxin for a specific PD experiment and\u0000also provide information that will help in the future development of toxins with fewer shortcomings.\u0000This review also summarizes the mechanism and features of some PD genetic models.\u0000","PeriodicalId":438678,"journal":{"name":"Venoms and Toxins","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128598762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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