Pub Date : 2019-11-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.619
Irkwon Jeong, Hyoungkoo Khang
The current study examined cognitive and behavioral factors of online discussion as antecedents of attitudes toward opposing views and two aspects of social norms, perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance. Employing surveys in South Korea, United Kingdom and United States, this study found that adjustment motive and discussion heterogeneity are positively associated with perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance in all three countries. As compared to their American and British counterparts, Koreans tend to participate in an online discussion to strengthen their preexisting political views rather than to seek facts or to scan varied opinions surrounding those issues. Thus, in South Korea, polarization between groups having differing opinions on an issue could be more conspicuous among those who are frequently involved in the online discussion activities such as reading comments and posting their thoughts in the public sphere. Further implications from the results are discussed.
{"title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Factors of Online Discussion as Antecedents of Deliberation and Tolerance Evidence from South Korea, United Kingdom and United States","authors":"Irkwon Jeong, Hyoungkoo Khang","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.619","url":null,"abstract":"The current study examined cognitive and behavioral factors of online discussion as antecedents of attitudes toward opposing views and two aspects of social norms, perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance. Employing surveys in South Korea, United Kingdom and United States, this study found that adjustment motive and discussion heterogeneity are positively associated with perceived importance of public deliberation and social tolerance in all three countries. As compared to their American and British counterparts, Koreans tend to participate in an online discussion to strengthen their preexisting political views rather than to seek facts or to scan varied opinions surrounding those issues. Thus, in South Korea, polarization between groups having differing opinions on an issue could be more conspicuous among those who are frequently involved in the online discussion activities such as reading comments and posting their thoughts in the public sphere. Further implications from the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":"11 1","pages":"619-646"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89402397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.505
Daekwon Son
This paper aims to explore the peace treaties that North Korea has sought with the United States and/or South Korea historically and how Sino-DPRK relations have influenced these treaty proposals. By exploring North Korea''s various treaty proposals in chronological order and scrutinizing Sino-DPRK relations behind the proposals, this paper argues that North Korea''s peace treaty proposals have been considerably opportunistic and situational, consistently changing to achieve strategic goals, and that Sino-DPRK relations invariably have been a significant factor behind the changes. Based on this observation, this paper concludes that North Korea''s primary goal, after the end of the Cold War, fundamentally shifted from forceful reunification of the Korean peninsula to regime survival, and that China increasingly has been taking an active role in signing a peace treaty.
{"title":"Evolution of North Korea's Peace Treaty Proposals and Sino-DPRK Relations Behind the Scenes","authors":"Daekwon Son","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.4.505","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore the peace treaties that North Korea has sought with the United States and/or South Korea historically and how Sino-DPRK relations have influenced these treaty proposals. By exploring North Korea''s various treaty proposals in chronological order and scrutinizing Sino-DPRK relations behind the proposals, this paper argues that North Korea''s peace treaty proposals have been considerably opportunistic and situational, consistently changing to achieve strategic goals, and that Sino-DPRK relations invariably have been a significant factor behind the changes. Based on this observation, this paper concludes that North Korea''s primary goal, after the end of the Cold War, fundamentally shifted from forceful reunification of the Korean peninsula to regime survival, and that China increasingly has been taking an active role in signing a peace treaty.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":"73 1","pages":"505-533"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87038380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.419
Seong-Ho Lim, Kyongjae Song
Do ICTs bring precious momentum and consolidation to social capital, or do they rather inflict a damaging blow? This question has fueled the alarmist/optimist debate. This article intends to enrich the debate by exploring the question in the South Korean context. Our analyses resulted in complex and mixed messages. Internet-users showed a higher level of social trust than non-users, but the two groups did not reveal particularly outstanding differences in other social capital-related components. It is therefore difficult to take a clear and definitive position on whether the relationship between ICT and social capital is positive or negative. This murky picture in South Korea suggests that the alarmist/optimist debate may be too simplistic. Future discussion thus requires more in-depth interpretations on specific contexts before generalizations can be made regarding the issue of social capital in the information network society.
{"title":"Social Capital and the Information Network Society in South Korea: Do Internet Users and Non-Users Significantly Differ?","authors":"Seong-Ho Lim, Kyongjae Song","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.419","url":null,"abstract":"Do ICTs bring precious momentum and consolidation to social capital, or do they rather inflict a damaging blow? This question has fueled the alarmist/optimist debate. This article intends to enrich the debate by exploring the question in the South Korean context. Our analyses resulted in complex and mixed messages. Internet-users showed a higher level of social trust than non-users, but the two groups did not reveal particularly outstanding differences in other social capital-related components. It is therefore difficult to take a clear and definitive position on whether the relationship between ICT and social capital is positive or negative. This murky picture in South Korea suggests that the alarmist/optimist debate may be too simplistic. Future discussion thus requires more in-depth interpretations on specific contexts before generalizations can be made regarding the issue of social capital in the information network society.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46811992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.395
Hayam Kim
Are international organizations (IOs) an effective facilitator of economic openness? Policymakers have assumed that joining regional IOs helps enhance exposure to international export and financial markets and thereby promote economic development. As a result, these organizations have been used as a tool to expand openness, and the number of IOs has grown substantially over the past decades. However, while the literature presents different theoretical perspectives about why these organizations are created and how they operate, relatively little research has empirically tested their efficacy in promoting economic openness. This study provides a multivariate analysis of the impact of regional IOs on trade and financial liberalization of South Korea over the 1971-2005 period. Using different measures of openness and estimation techniques, no evidence is found that joining regional IOs leads to increases in trade and financial openness. I conclude with a discussion of policy implications.
{"title":"International Organizations and Economic Openness in South Korea: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Hayam Kim","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.395","url":null,"abstract":"Are international organizations (IOs) an effective facilitator of economic openness? Policymakers have assumed that joining regional IOs helps enhance exposure to international export and financial markets and thereby promote economic development. As a result, these organizations have been used as a tool to expand openness, and the number of IOs has grown substantially over the past decades. However, while the literature presents different theoretical perspectives about why these organizations are created and how they operate, relatively little research has empirically tested their efficacy in promoting economic openness. This study provides a multivariate analysis of the impact of regional IOs on trade and financial liberalization of South Korea over the 1971-2005 period. Using different measures of openness and estimation techniques, no evidence is found that joining regional IOs leads to increases in trade and financial openness. I conclude with a discussion of policy implications.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46607681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.443
Eunmi Lee, Xiufeng Li, Kwangho Jung
This study explores those factors that induce policy innovation among Korean local governments after democratization. While centralism in South Korea prevailed over community democracy after democratization in 1987, since the first local elections in 1995, Korean local governments have experienced a smooth democratic transition and the consolidation of democracy. We attempt to introduce a synthetic application of fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) and event history analysis (EHA) to the actual process for policy decision in policy innovation of police system in Korean local government. This paper collects massive descriptive data derived from police related ordinance diffusion across Korean local governments 2002 to 2012 in order to identify various causal conditions of policy innovation and illustrate synthesis of qualitative and quantitative findings. Our empirical results show that top-down policymaking in the central government still influences the adoption of innovation by Korean local governments and that the emergence of innovation in local governments involving policy competition and bandwagon effects has a significant impact on neighboring local governments.
{"title":"Policy Innovation across Korean Local Governments after Democratization: Community Safety Committee and Municipal Police System","authors":"Eunmi Lee, Xiufeng Li, Kwangho Jung","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.443","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores those factors that induce policy innovation among Korean local governments after democratization. While centralism in South Korea prevailed over community democracy after democratization in 1987, since the first local elections in 1995, Korean local governments have experienced a smooth democratic transition and the consolidation of democracy. We attempt to introduce a synthetic application of fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) and event history analysis (EHA) to the actual process for policy decision in policy innovation of police system in Korean local government. This paper collects massive descriptive data derived from police related ordinance diffusion across Korean local governments 2002 to 2012 in order to identify various causal conditions of policy innovation and illustrate synthesis of qualitative and quantitative findings. Our empirical results show that top-down policymaking in the central government still influences the adoption of innovation by Korean local governments and that the emergence of innovation in local governments involving policy competition and bandwagon effects has a significant impact on neighboring local governments.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41345191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.331
Hannes B Mosler, Hee Kyoung Chang
This article investigates how mass media in South Korea frame political polarization. As an extreme form of political conflict political polarization is characterized by antagonistic and divisive effects on politics and society. In South Korea, political polarization is not only negatively affecting its democracy in general but also inhibiting domestic consensus on rapprochement and reconciliation towards North Korea in particular. This is reflected in depicting political polarization as namnamgaldung or South-South conflict referring to two ''Souths'' - progressives and rightist-conservatives - polarized in their position regarding how to deal with North Korea. Based on the empirical analysis of newspaper editorials in 2016 this article argues that a partisan framing of South-South conflict in the media is contributing to what the term supposedly is purely describing - political polarization.
{"title":"Namnamgaldŭng - Partisan Media Framing of Political Polarization in South Korea","authors":"Hannes B Mosler, Hee Kyoung Chang","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.331","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates how mass media in South Korea frame political polarization. As an extreme form of political conflict political polarization is characterized by antagonistic and divisive effects on politics and society. In South Korea, political polarization is not only negatively affecting its democracy in general but also inhibiting domestic consensus on rapprochement and reconciliation towards North Korea in particular. This is reflected in depicting political polarization as namnamgaldung or South-South conflict referring to two ''Souths'' - progressives and rightist-conservatives - polarized in their position regarding how to deal with North Korea. Based on the empirical analysis of newspaper editorials in 2016 this article argues that a partisan framing of South-South conflict in the media is contributing to what the term supposedly is purely describing - political polarization.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49295648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.373
Seongji Woo, Buhm-Suk Baek
This article proposes a pluralist approach of mixing various methods and soliciting various actors in solving rampant human rights problems in North Korea. Human rights issues in Pyongyang need to be tackled simultaneously with other concerns of the Korean peninsula such as peace building and economic growth without prioritizing one norm or task over others. Realism, liberalism, and constructivism all help us understand and improve North Korea''s human rights problems. We should continue our efforts to increase the sensitivity of North Korea to human rights issues with sticks and carrots. International organizations, non-governmental organizations, and states should make concerted efforts to compel North Korea to observe human rights norms. While North Korea''s human rights issues should be approached resolutely by holding the perpetrators accountable for their crimes, the complicated dynamic also requires dialogue and communication, humanitarian aid, investment, mutual education, and cultural exchanges by multiple actors.
{"title":"Making North Korea Human Rights Compliant with a Pluralist Approach:Beyond the Commission of Inquiry Processes","authors":"Seongji Woo, Buhm-Suk Baek","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.373","url":null,"abstract":"This article proposes a pluralist approach of mixing various methods and soliciting various actors in solving rampant human rights problems in North Korea. Human rights issues in Pyongyang need to be tackled simultaneously with other concerns of the Korean peninsula such as peace building and economic growth without prioritizing one norm or task over others. Realism, liberalism, and constructivism all help us understand and improve North Korea''s human rights problems. We should continue our efforts to increase the sensitivity of North Korea to human rights issues with sticks and carrots. International organizations, non-governmental organizations, and states should make concerted efforts to compel North Korea to observe human rights norms. While North Korea''s human rights issues should be approached resolutely by holding the perpetrators accountable for their crimes, the complicated dynamic also requires dialogue and communication, humanitarian aid, investment, mutual education, and cultural exchanges by multiple actors.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43920701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-30DOI: 10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.355
Sangbeom Yoo
The author tries to find an asymmetry of perception regarding threats and alliance robustness, especially a non-linear relationship between how people perceive threat and alliance coherence in the small state, with a linear one in the strong state, in an asymmetric alliance. In an effort to find a possible explanation for this question, this project hypothesizes an inverted U-Shaped relationship between threat level and alliance coherence, and tests it through survey data, offering a framework to explain the decoupling phenomena caused by asymmetric fear. The results of a statistical model supports the hypothesis and the author argues that there is a decoupling concern about the ROK-US alliance in South Korean people''s perception, while there is no observable trend in the perceptions of people in the U.S. The inverted U-shape relationship between threat and alliance coherence of people''s perception can be accounted for in explaining NK behaviors more comprehensively.
{"title":"Asymmetric Fear and its Effects on the Alliance :Comparative Studies Between the Perceptions of Koreans and Americans","authors":"Sangbeom Yoo","doi":"10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/koiks.2019.50.3.355","url":null,"abstract":"The author tries to find an asymmetry of perception regarding threats and alliance robustness, especially a non-linear relationship between how people perceive threat and alliance coherence in the small state, with a linear one in the strong state, in an asymmetric alliance. In an effort to find a possible explanation for this question, this project hypothesizes an inverted U-Shaped relationship between threat level and alliance coherence, and tests it through survey data, offering a framework to explain the decoupling phenomena caused by asymmetric fear. The results of a statistical model supports the hypothesis and the author argues that there is a decoupling concern about the ROK-US alliance in South Korean people''s perception, while there is no observable trend in the perceptions of people in the U.S. The inverted U-shape relationship between threat and alliance coherence of people''s perception can be accounted for in explaining NK behaviors more comprehensively.","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46224551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-30DOI: 10.29152/KOIKS.2019.50.2.269
Jun-Hyeok Kwak
{"title":"Republican Liberation and Non-domination Democratic Republicanism and the March First Movement","authors":"Jun-Hyeok Kwak","doi":"10.29152/KOIKS.2019.50.2.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29152/KOIKS.2019.50.2.269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43950,"journal":{"name":"Korea Observer","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45548741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：