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Abattoirs-Usines, the Modernizing Project for the French Meat Trade, and World War I 屠宰场-企业,法国肉类贸易的现代化项目,和第一次世界大战
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440308
K. Claflin
In the early twentieth century, French academic veterinarians launched a meattrade reform movement. Their primary objective was the construction of a network of regionalindustrial abattoirs equipped with refrigeration. These modern, efficient abattoirs-usineswould produce and distribute chilled dead meat, rather than livestock, to centers ofconsumption, particularly Paris. This system was hygienic and economical and intendedto replace the insanitary artisanal meat trade centered on the La Villette cattle market andabattoir in Paris. The first abattoirs-usines opened during World War I, but within 10 yearsthe experiment had begun to encounter serious difficulties. For decades afterward, theexperiment survived in the collective memory as a complete fiasco, even though someabattoirs-usines in fact persisted by altering their business models. This article examines theroadblocks of the interwar era and the effects of both the problems and their perceptionon the post-1945 meat trade.
二十世纪初,法国的学院派兽医发起了一场肉类贸易改革运动。他们的主要目标是建立一个配备冷藏设备的区域性工业屠宰场网络。这些现代化、高效的屠宰场将生产和分销冷死肉,而不是牲畜,并将其运往消费中心,尤其是巴黎。该系统既卫生又经济,旨在取代以巴黎拉维莱特牛市场和屠宰场为中心的不卫生手工肉类贸易。第一批屠宰场在第一次世界大战期间开业,但在10年内,这项实验开始遇到严重的困难。在那之后的几十年里,这个实验作为一场彻底的惨败留在了人们的记忆中,尽管一些屠宰场实际上通过改变商业模式而坚持了下来。本文考察了两次世界大战之间的障碍,以及这些问题和他们对1945年后肉类贸易的看法的影响。
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引用次数: 2
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2018.440305
W. Newsome
At the 2017 Annual Meeting of the Society for French Historical Studies,Willa Silverman and Kyri Claflin delivered presentations for a sessionentitled “Eating and Edifying: Perspectives on the Culinary History ofthe Third Republic.” Chaired by Janet Horne and with commentary by PaulFreedman, the panel offered innovative perspectives on French food history.Refined in response to Freedman’s suggestions, the contributions of Silvermanand Claflin form the nucleus of the present forum. Michael Garval hasjoined Silverman and Claflin with an article of his own, and all three havebenefited from the recommendations of two double-blind peer reviewers.The finished product—now two years in the making—is one that HistoricalReflections/Réflexions Historiques is pleased to present to its readers.
在法国历史研究学会2017年年会上,Willa Silverman和Kyri Claflin为题为“饮食与教化:第三共和国烹饪史的视角”的会议做了演讲。该小组由Janet Horne主持,PaulFreedman发表评论,就法国食品史提供了创新的视角。根据弗里德曼的建议,西尔弗曼和克拉夫林的贡献构成了本论坛的核心。Michael Garval与Silverman和Claflin一起发表了一篇自己的文章,三人都受益于两位双盲同行评审员的建议。成品——目前正在制作中——是HistoricalReflections/Réflexions Historiques很高兴向读者展示的产品。
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引用次数: 0
Of Traiteurs and Tsars 餐饮服务商和沙皇
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440307
W. Silverman
Between 1893 and 1901, the Parisian traiteur Potel et Chabot catered a series ofgala meals celebrating the recent Franco-Russian alliance, which was heralded in France asending its diplomatic isolation following the Franco-Prussian War. The firm was well adaptedto the particularities of the unlikely alliance between Tsarist Russia and republican France.On the one hand, it represented a tradition of French luxury production, including hautecuisine, that the Third Republic was eager to promote. On the other, echoing the Republic’schampioning of scientific and technological progress, it relied on innovative transportationand food conservation technologies, which it deployed spectacularly during a 1900 banquetfor over twenty-two thousand French mayors, a modern “mega-event.” Culinary discoursetherefore signaled, and palliated concerns about, the improbable nature of the alliance atthe same time as it revealed important changes taking place in the catering profession.
1893年至1901年间,巴黎开拓者Potel et Chabot为庆祝最近的法俄联盟提供了一系列美食,这在普法战争后法国结束了外交孤立。该公司很好地适应了沙俄和共和国法国之间不太可能结盟的特殊性。一方面,它代表了法国奢侈品生产的传统,包括第三共和国渴望推广的高级产品。另一方面,为了呼应共和国对科技进步的支持,它依靠创新的交通和食品保护技术,在1900年为22000多名法国市长举行的宴会上,这是一场现代的“大型活动”,它引人注目地部署了这些技术,联盟的不太可能的性质同时也揭示了餐饮业正在发生的重要变化。
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引用次数: 0
Montagnes Russes and Calicot 过山车和卡利科特
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440302
P. Davis
Restoration-era discourse on the montagnes russes—early roller coasters—revealshow leisure activity could become a lightning rod for perspectives on public space,tensions among social groups, and expressions of patriotism. Eager to profit from the montagnesrusses craze, boulevard theaters hosted a number of plays on the subject. Through thebuffoonish character M. Calicot, one such comedy—entitled The Battle of the Mountains—caricatured young clothing-trade salesclerks who frequented roller-coaster parks. The playprovoked the ire of some of these men, who “waged war” on the Variety Theater, where theplay was performed. The conflict in turn sparked satires in print, visual, and other media.These cultural productions both reflected the short-lived mania for roller coasters and shapedattitudes in their own right, all while employing laughter to deal with postwar trauma.
恢复时期关于早期过山车的讨论揭示了休闲活动如何成为看待公共空间、社会群体之间紧张关系和表达爱国主义的避雷针。林荫大道剧院急于从蒙塔涅罗斯热中获利,举办了许多关于这个主题的戏剧。通过愚蠢的角色M.Calicot,一部名为《山脉之战》的喜剧讽刺了经常去过山车公园的年轻服装贸易店员。这出戏激起了其中一些人的愤怒,他们在演出这出戏的综艺剧院“发动了战争”。这场冲突在印刷、视觉和其他媒体上引发了讽刺。这些文化作品都反映了人们对过山车和塑形曲的短暂狂热,同时用笑声来应对战后的创伤。
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引用次数: 1
Hygienic Promenades 卫生长廊
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440303
Sun-Young Park
Postrevolutionary Paris witnessed a brief flowering of commercial gardens, precursorsto the modern-day amusement park, which cultivated nature, exercise, and healthin an urbanizing context. Bridging the eighteenth-century jardin-spectacle and the SecondEmpire network of public parks, pleasure grounds such as the Grand Tivoli and the Beaujongarden offered a range of activities including gymnastic games, bicycling, and, moststrikingly of all, exhilarating rides on early roller coasters known as montagnes russes. Situatedon the periphery of a rapidly densifying city and abstracting natural forms for urbanconsumption, these rides integrated discourses of hygiene and recreation. Analyzing theseshort-lived curiosities from the vantage points of medical, cultural, and urban history, thisarticle argues that the montagnes russes helped disseminate modern conceptions of healthand gender in popular culture.
革命后的巴黎见证了商业花园的短暂繁荣,开创了现代游乐园,在城市化的背景下培养了自然、锻炼和健康。Grand Tivoli和Beaujongarden等游乐场将18世纪的喧闹场面和第二帝国的公共公园网络连接在一起,提供了一系列活动,包括体操比赛、骑自行车,最引人注目的是,在早期被称为俄罗斯山地车的过山车上进行令人兴奋的骑行。这些游乐设施位于一个快速密集的城市的边缘,为城市消费抽象了自然形式,融合了卫生和娱乐的话语。本文从医学、文化和城市历史的角度分析了这些短暂的好奇,认为俄罗斯山地人在流行文化中传播了现代健康和性别观念。
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引用次数: 0
An Intellectual Genealogy of the Revolt against “Esprit de Système” 反对“系统思维”起义的知识谱系
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440203
J. Burson
This article suggests the further resituating of the origins of the early EuropeanEnlightenment in what William J. Bouwsma has called the “waning Renaissance.” Thewaning Renaissance was more than simply a Neoplatonic reaction first against humanismand second against a moribund Aristotelianism. Instead, it bequeathed to the early Enlightenmenta chastened, initially less optimistic humanism among scholars whose workprepared the way for the eighteenth-century aversion to system-building, and a greater respectfor meticulously circumscribed, useful certainties. This article argues that the “waningRenaissance” derived from the increasingly pervasive perception by writers that eclecticsystems fusing Hermeticism, scholasticism, and humanism represented an overweeningconfidence in the ability of humankind to perfect the natural and human orders. In diverseways, this article contends that the reactions to such overconfidence by John Calvin, FrancisBacon, the Paduan Aristotelians, and Galileo foreshadowed early Enlightenment skepticismand empiricism.
这篇文章建议进一步追溯早期欧洲启蒙运动的起源,威廉·J·鲍斯马称之为“衰落的文艺复兴”。衰落的文艺复苏不仅仅是新柏拉图主义的反应,首先是对人性主义的反对,其次是对垂死的亚里士多德主义的反对。相反,它给早期启蒙运动留下了一种受过惩罚的、最初不那么乐观的学者人文主义,他们的工作为18世纪对制度建设的厌恶铺平了道路,并更加尊重精心限定的、有用的确定性。本文认为,“万宁文艺复兴”源于作家们日益普遍的看法,即融合了赫尔墨斯主义、经院哲学和人文主义的折衷主义体系代表了对人类完善自然和人类秩序的能力的过度自信。在不同的方面,本文认为,约翰·加尔文、弗朗西斯·培根、巴东亚里士多德和伽利略对这种过度自信的反应预示了早期启蒙运动的怀疑论和经验主义。
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引用次数: 0
Migration to the “First Large Suburban Ghetto” in America 移民到美国“第一个大型郊区贫民区”
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440206
Chanhaeng Lee
In this article, I argue that Korean immigrant merchants were active agents whoopened small businesses in South Central Los Angeles in order to overcome a range ofdisadvantages faced in American society. From a structural point of view, Korean immigrantmerchants constituted a middleman minority group that played the dual role of “oppressedand oppressor” in the suburban ghetto. Although these merchants made efforts tomaintain civil relations with their African American customers, they were often treated withhostile attitudes largely because of the exploitative relationship that existed between thetwo groups. However, I maintain that Korean American journalists and scholars have notonly misunderstood the identity of the middleman minority as an innocent buffer but havealso erroneously estimated that race relations with African Americans in Los Angeles werebetter than those in other areas of the United States.
在这篇文章中,我认为韩国移民商人是积极的代理人,他们在洛杉矶中南部开设小企业,以克服美国社会面临的一系列不利因素。从结构上看,韩裔商人构成了一个中间的少数民族群体,在郊区贫民窟中扮演着“被压迫者和压迫者”的双重角色。尽管这些商人努力与他们的非裔美国客户保持民事关系,但他们经常受到敌对态度的对待,这主要是因为两个群体之间存在着剥削关系。然而,我坚持认为,韩裔美国记者和学者不仅误解了中间少数民族作为无辜缓冲的身份,而且错误地估计了洛杉矶与非洲裔美国人的种族关系比美国其他地区要好。
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引用次数: 1
L’heure du laitier ou la contestation L 'heure du laitier ou la contest
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440205
Fabrice Usman
Dans les années 1940-1950 en France, trois types de guerres structurent le débatpolitique : guerre mondiale, guerre froide, guerre de décolonisation. De l’opposition àces conflits émergent la Résistance, la nouvelle gauche et l’anticolonialisme. Claude Bourdet(1909-1996), responsable du plus grand des mouvements de la Résistance intérieure,Combat, leader de la nouvelle gauche, et l’un des journalistes anticolonialistes français lesplus importants de l’après-guerre, est un organisateur singulier de ces luttes. À travers sesactivités et ses textes, et en s’appuyant sur la notion de contestation qu’il propose, cetteétude démontre la cohérence politique et morale de sa « résistance intellectuelle », conceptque l’auteur définit en ces termes : une critique raisonnée du pouvoir légal, étatique et institutionnel,une dénonciation organisée des abus et injustices actuels, et une aptitude àproposer des alternatives rationnelles.
在20世纪40- 50年代的法国,三种类型的战争构成了政治辩论:世界大战、冷战和非殖民化战争。反对这些冲突的是抵抗运动、新左派和反殖民主义。克劳德·布尔代(Claude Bourdet, 1909-1996)是这些斗争的独特组织者,他领导了最大的国内抵抗运动Combat,新左派领袖,战后法国最重要的反殖民主义记者之一。穿越活动及其文本的基础上,同时他提出抗议,概念一致性。本研究表明其政治和道德阻力«»智力、conceptque作者理性批判这些术语的定义为:一个国家法定代表人、体制、组织的检举和滥用和目前的不公,并有能力提供合理的替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
“Give Me Back My Son!” “把我的儿子还给我!”
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/HRRH.2018.440202
L. Mitchell
Medieval women, according to theorists whose positions were informed bystandard classical tropes, suffered from an “excess” of emotion, which barred them frompositions of political authority. Eleanor of Aquitaine—queen, countess, and mother ofkings—belies this categorization. As a political actor, especially in defense of her own territoriesand as regent of her sons’ kingdom of England, Eleanor deployed emotional expressionsstrategically in order to elicit patronage and support from other political leaders.Although many historians have discussed the career of Eleanor of Aquitaine, most emphasizeher anomalous position, based on the presentation of her made by contemporarychroniclers such as Roger of Hoveden and Ralph de Diceto. Unlike her husband, Henry II,whose emotional outbursts usually resulted in disaster—vide the Becket debacle—Eleanor’suse of emotion reinforced her position of authority and was underscored by her claimof legitimate emotional distress as mother and as regent.
根据理论家的说法,中世纪女性的立场是由标准的古典比喻决定的,她们患有“过度”的情绪,这使她们无法担任政治权威的职位。阿基坦的埃莉诺——王后、伯爵夫人和国王之母——否认了这种分类。作为一名政治演员,尤其是在捍卫自己的领土时,以及作为她儿子的英格兰王国的摄政王,埃莉诺运用了情感表达的策略,以获得其他政治领导人的庇护和支持。尽管许多历史学家都讨论过阿基坦的埃莉诺的职业生涯,但根据霍夫登的罗杰和拉尔夫·德·迪切托等当代编年史家对她的介绍,最强调的是她的反常地位。与她的丈夫亨利二世不同,她的情绪爆发通常会导致灾难——参见贝克特的崩溃——埃莉诺对情绪的使用强化了她的权威地位,并因她作为母亲和摄政王的合理情绪困扰而得到强调。
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引用次数: 1
Dedication 奉献
IF 0.2 3区 历史学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2018-06-01 DOI: 10.3167/hrrh.2018.440201
E. Macknight, B. Newsome, Vivian Berghahn
Linda E. Mitchell, the Martha Jane Phillips Starr Missouri DistinguishedProfessor of Women’s and Gender Studies and Professor of History at theUniversity of Missouri—Kansas City, is author of the lead article in this issueof Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques (HR/RH). That honor is most fitting.After many years of outstanding service, Linda has retired from her positionas senior editor of the journal. Linda’s connection with HR/RH is deep.She first published an article in the journal in 1991, when Stuart Campbellserved as editor. Linda joined Stuart Campbell and Dan Gordon as co-editorin 2004 and assumed leadership as senior editor upon Stuart’s retirement in2006. She subsequently recruited Brian Newsome as co-editor. She broughtnew scholars, such as Elizabeth Macknight, onto the editorial board. Andshe shepherded HR/RH into the fold of Berghahn Books.
琳达·e·米切尔,玛莎·简·菲利普斯·斯塔尔密苏里州妇女与性别研究杰出教授,密苏里大学堪萨斯城分校历史学教授,是本期《历史反思/历史变迁》(HR/RH)的主要文章作者。这个荣誉再合适不过了。经过多年的杰出服务,琳达已经从杂志的高级编辑职位上退休了。琳达和人力资源总监的关系很深。1991年,她首次在该杂志上发表了一篇文章,当时斯图尔特·坎贝尔(Stuart campbell)担任主编。2004年,琳达加入斯图尔特·坎贝尔和丹·戈登,担任联合编辑,并在斯图尔特2006年退休后担任高级编辑。随后,她聘请布莱恩·纽瑟姆(Brian Newsome)担任联合编辑。她将伊丽莎白·麦克奈特(Elizabeth Macknight)等新学者引入编委会。她还把HR/RH引入了伯格汉图书公司(Berghahn Books)。
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引用次数: 0
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HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS-REFLEXIONS HISTORIQUES
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