Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.127
B. Smith
This article looks at civil society in 1950s Mexico. To do so, it examines the popular responses to the murder of a local taxi driver, Juan Cereceres. It argues that both newspapers and civil-society organizations took the murder seriously, interrogated government findings, attempted to discover the real culprits, and sought a degree of justice. In all, the story asks historians to reassess both the extent and the force of civil society under the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).
{"title":"Killing a Cabby","authors":"B. Smith","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.127","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at civil society in 1950s Mexico. To do so, it examines the popular responses to the murder of a local taxi driver, Juan Cereceres. It argues that both newspapers and civil-society organizations took the murder seriously, interrogated government findings, attempted to discover the real culprits, and sought a degree of justice. In all, the story asks historians to reassess both the extent and the force of civil society under the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"127-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46344662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.10
P. Gillingham
Abstract:This essay analyzes citizenship in Latin America, providing both comparative context and a schema for the phenomenon in Mexico. It identifies a region-wide “century of citizenship” that ran from the rise of liberal regimes in the 1850s to the eclipse of populist government in the 1960s, using concepts from historical sociology to discuss the common outlines of citizenship and the extent to which they apply or fail to apply to Mexican history. Key among those outlines are the prevalence of the ideas and practices of citizenship, both inside and outside of the state’s formal structures, and the spaces and places where those ideas and practices are developed and perpetuated. It concludes with the exploratory typology of the “four Bs,” the processes through which historical actors build, form boundaries, bicker over, and break citizenship.Abstract:Este artículo analiza la ciudadanía en América Latina, proporcionando un contexto comparativo y esquemático para este fenómeno en México. Identifica un “siglo de ciudadanía” que empieza con el surgimiento de los regímenes liberales de los años 1850 y termina con el eclipse de los gobiernos populistas en los años 1960, utilizando algunos conceptos de la sociología histórica al analizar los rasgos comunes de la ciudadanía para comprender en qué medida la historia mexicana sigue o desafía estos rasgos. Destaca en estos rasgos la prevalencia de las ideas y las prácticas sobre ciudadanía, dentro y afuera de las estructuras formales del Estado, y los espacios y lugares en donde esas ideas y prácticas son desarrolladas y perpetuadas. Concluye con una tipología exploratoria sobre los procesos a través de los cuales los actores históricos construyen, forman límites, confrontan, y rompen la ciudadanía.
{"title":"Thoughts on Citizenship in Latin America, with Particular Reference to Mexico","authors":"P. Gillingham","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This essay analyzes citizenship in Latin America, providing both comparative context and a schema for the phenomenon in Mexico. It identifies a region-wide “century of citizenship” that ran from the rise of liberal regimes in the 1850s to the eclipse of populist government in the 1960s, using concepts from historical sociology to discuss the common outlines of citizenship and the extent to which they apply or fail to apply to Mexican history. Key among those outlines are the prevalence of the ideas and practices of citizenship, both inside and outside of the state’s formal structures, and the spaces and places where those ideas and practices are developed and perpetuated. It concludes with the exploratory typology of the “four Bs,” the processes through which historical actors build, form boundaries, bicker over, and break citizenship.Abstract:Este artículo analiza la ciudadanía en América Latina, proporcionando un contexto comparativo y esquemático para este fenómeno en México. Identifica un “siglo de ciudadanía” que empieza con el surgimiento de los regímenes liberales de los años 1850 y termina con el eclipse de los gobiernos populistas en los años 1960, utilizando algunos conceptos de la sociología histórica al analizar los rasgos comunes de la ciudadanía para comprender en qué medida la historia mexicana sigue o desafía estos rasgos. Destaca en estos rasgos la prevalencia de las ideas y las prácticas sobre ciudadanía, dentro y afuera de las estructuras formales del Estado, y los espacios y lugares en donde esas ideas y prácticas son desarrolladas y perpetuadas. Concluye con una tipología exploratoria sobre los procesos a través de los cuales los actores históricos construyen, forman límites, confrontan, y rompen la ciudadanía.","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"10 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45800728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.298
Luis de Pablo Hammeken
Este ensayo analiza las experiencias de exilio de Adolfo Salazar y Miguel de Molina, dos hombres homosexuales que se vieron forzados a abandonar España para escapar de la violencia de la Guerra Civil (1936–39) y de la intolerancia del franquismo y buscar refugio en la ciudad de México con el fin de rehacer sus vidas y carreras profesionales, cada uno tomando caminos diferentes. El objetivo de este artículo es brindar un primer acercamiento a una dimensión de la vida de algunos refugiados españoles que hasta ahora ha sido escasamente estudiada, a saber: su identidad sexual. El artículo muestra que, como exiliados, la identidad sexual fue un elemento central a la hora de construir o reconstruir redes de sociabilidad en la sociedad receptora, un factor determinante para el éxito o fracaso de sus experiencias profesionales individuales.
{"title":"Rojos y maricones","authors":"Luis de Pablo Hammeken","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.298","url":null,"abstract":"Este ensayo analiza las experiencias de exilio de Adolfo Salazar y Miguel de Molina, dos hombres homosexuales que se vieron forzados a abandonar España para escapar de la violencia de la Guerra Civil (1936–39) y de la intolerancia del franquismo y buscar refugio en la ciudad de México con el fin de rehacer sus vidas y carreras profesionales, cada uno tomando caminos diferentes. El objetivo de este artículo es brindar un primer acercamiento a una dimensión de la vida de algunos refugiados españoles que hasta ahora ha sido escasamente estudiada, a saber: su identidad sexual. El artículo muestra que, como exiliados, la identidad sexual fue un elemento central a la hora de construir o reconstruir redes de sociabilidad en la sociedad receptora, un factor determinante para el éxito o fracaso de sus experiencias profesionales individuales.","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"298-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41354277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.216
Anne Rubenstein
Alongside all the other functions of movie theaters over the past century, in Mexico City men have used them as sexual spaces. A few cinemas like the Cine Teresa became notorious as sites in which men could find male sex partners. Yet even there, behaviors of and narratives by men who had sex with men mirrored those by men who had sex with women. This article focuses on the history of masculine sexuality in Mexico City movie houses from 1920 to 2010. The presence of women in these houses, either as workers, on the screen, or in men’s memories, along with the presence of men who went there to watch heterosexual sex on the movie screen, suggests that moviegoing in Mexico City can be analyzed through the lens of gender history as much as through that of the history of sexuality. Despite major social, cultural and technological changes over the twentieth century, examining movie audiences in terms of the histories of sexuality and gender reveals a startling amount of continuity in movie theaters as spaces of male sexuality.
{"title":"A Sentimental and Sexual Education","authors":"Anne Rubenstein","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.216","url":null,"abstract":"Alongside all the other functions of movie theaters over the past century, in Mexico City men have used them as sexual spaces. A few cinemas like the Cine Teresa became notorious as sites in which men could find male sex partners. Yet even there, behaviors of and narratives by men who had sex with men mirrored those by men who had sex with women. This article focuses on the history of masculine sexuality in Mexico City movie houses from 1920 to 2010. The presence of women in these houses, either as workers, on the screen, or in men’s memories, along with the presence of men who went there to watch heterosexual sex on the movie screen, suggests that moviegoing in Mexico City can be analyzed through the lens of gender history as much as through that of the history of sexuality. Despite major social, cultural and technological changes over the twentieth century, examining movie audiences in terms of the histories of sexuality and gender reveals a startling amount of continuity in movie theaters as spaces of male sexuality.","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"216-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.216","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46089480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.167
G. Cano
El artículo caracteriza las balmoreadas –fiestas efectuadas en domicilios privados de la ciudad de México entre 1925 y 1931– como espacios de sociabilidad bohemia. Estas fiestas tenían un fin moralizante: exhibir los efectos nocivos de la ambición económica que movía a muchas personas en la sociedad urbana posrevolucionaria. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, las veladas servían como espacios privados de diversión, esparcimiento y aceptación de la diversidad sexual, que desafiaban las convenciones del género y la sexualidad en espacios públicos. El artículo se centra en los significados de expresión de esta diversidad sexual que han sido escasamente analizados en la literatura historiográfica anterior.
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Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.43
Ben Fallaw
Abstract:In October 1931, Governor Bartolomé García Correa and Socialist Party activists violently closed Carlos R. Menéndez’s Diario de Yucatán for being reactionary. Defenders of the Diario denounced the governor for illegally silencing the voice of what today we would understand to be civil society. After a seventeen-month struggle in the courts, the national press, and in Mexico City’s bureaucracy, Menéndez prevailed. This article closely examines the conflict, using regional and national archives and abundant contemporary press coverage, paying careful attention to discursive expression of socioethnic inequalities. It reveals significant limits on the regional independent press and the concept of civil society during the formative period in postrevolutionary Mexico known as the Maximato (the 1928–35 era dominated by Plutarco Elías Calles as hyperexecutive or Jefe Máximo). During the Maximato, the postrevolutionary state employed authoritarian measures to centralize power. The Maximato state, however, could not govern without acknowledging both the Constitution of 1917’s classical liberal civil rights, such as freedom of the press and guarantees of associational life, and the revolutionary political legacy of popular action against “reaction.” In the Yucatecan case, the muzzling of the regional independent press was not simply top-down illiberalism. Yucatecan socialists believed it would help create a more egalitarian and inclusive socio-political order to supplant civil society. The Diario’s exclusivist definition of civil society and the national press’s personal attacks on García Correa reflected widespread beliefs that people of indigenous and African descent were incapable of taking part in civic life. While Menéndez eventually prevailed in the courts, it was due more to his economic and cultural capital and prominent Mexico City allies than to legal protections for press freedom or civil-society resistance. The case helps us to understand how the latter two varied so significantly over place and time in postrevolutionary Mexico, and why Tocquevillian notions of civil society require careful qualification when applied to poor, overwhelmingly indigenous regions of Mexico.Abstract:En octubre de 1931, el gobernador Bartolomé García Correa y activistas del partido socialista de Yucatán cerraron violentamente el Diario de Yucatán, perteneciente a Carlos R. Menéndez, por ser reaccionario. Los defensores del Diario denunciaron el acto como un intento ilegal para callar la voz de lo que actualmente consideramos la sociedad civil. Después de una lucha de diecisiete meses en los tribunales, la prensa nacional y la burocracia federal en México, Menéndez prevaleció. Este artículo examina de cerca el conflicto, utilizando archivos regionales y nacionales y la abundante cobertura de la prensa de aquellos años, poniendo especial atención a la expresión discursiva de las desigualdades socioétnicas. Este artículo revela los límites significativos de la p
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Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.192
J. I. García
La Glorieta de Insurgentes –una importante plaza y estación de metro de la ciudad de México– es punto de sociabilidad para diferentes sujetos marginados, entre ellos grupos de personas LGBT+. En este ensayo analizo la relación entre la producción social de este lugar, las sociabilidades que ahí surgieron y el proceso de gentrificación actual en la zona que buscan expulsar a estas poblaciones. La discusión se centra en las formas en que la aparición pública –quién puede y quién no puede ser visto en el espacio público– se conducen como un proceso de place making, entendido como un proceso abierto, participativo y de disputa en la producción y mantenimiento de espacios públicos. El artículo analiza algunas de las disputas alrededor de esta glorieta, mostrando cómo las trasgresiones al orden de género, clase e identidad sexual pueden ser marginadas, negociadas o segregadas a ciertos espacios donde se toleran o incluso se aprovechan comercialmente.
{"title":"La conquista de la Glorieta de Insurgentes de la Ciudad de México","authors":"J. I. García","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.192","url":null,"abstract":"La Glorieta de Insurgentes –una importante plaza y estación de metro de la ciudad de México– es punto de sociabilidad para diferentes sujetos marginados, entre ellos grupos de personas LGBT+. En este ensayo analizo la relación entre la producción social de este lugar, las sociabilidades que ahí surgieron y el proceso de gentrificación actual en la zona que buscan expulsar a estas poblaciones. La discusión se centra en las formas en que la aparición pública –quién puede y quién no puede ser visto en el espacio público– se conducen como un proceso de place making, entendido como un proceso abierto, participativo y de disputa en la producción y mantenimiento de espacios públicos. El artículo analiza algunas de las disputas alrededor de esta glorieta, mostrando cómo las trasgresiones al orden de género, clase e identidad sexual pueden ser marginadas, negociadas o segregadas a ciertos espacios donde se toleran o incluso se aprovechan comercialmente.","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"192-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47320413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.243
S. Reyes, Pamela J. Fuentes
This article examines debates about the bodies and souls of women prostitutes in Mexico City that confronted the revolutionary Mexican government with the Catholic Church in the 1920s. We analyze the philanthropic activities of women’s organizations such as the Damas Católicas through the Ejército de Defensa de la Mujer and the ways in which they engaged in political roles at a time of fierce political struggle between the Catholic Church and the Mexican government. For both the government and Catholic women, it was deemed necessary to isolate and seclude the prostitutes’ bodies to cure them of venereal diseases and rehabilite them morally. While the government interned them at Hospital Morelos, Catholic women established a private assistance network, as well as so-called casas de regeneración, where former prostitutes had to work to sustain themselves while repenting for their sins and receiving the sacraments. By exploring the tension-filled interaction about women prostitutes between the Mexican government and the Catholic Church, we seek to contribute to the understanding of sexuality and prostitution in Mexico City in the 1920s.
本文考察了20世纪20年代墨西哥革命政府与天主教会之间关于墨西哥城妓女身体和灵魂的争论。我们通过ejacricito de Defensa de la Mujer分析了Damas Católicas等妇女组织的慈善活动，以及她们在天主教会和墨西哥政府之间激烈的政治斗争中参与政治角色的方式。政府和天主教妇女都认为有必要隔离和隔离妓女的身体，以治疗她们的性病并使她们在道德上康复。政府将她们关押在莫雷洛斯州医院(Hospital Morelos)期间，天主教妇女建立了一个私人援助网络，以及所谓的casas de regeneración，在那里，曾经的妓女必须工作维持自己的生活，同时为自己的罪行忏悔并接受圣礼。通过探索墨西哥政府和天主教会之间关于妓女的紧张互动，我们试图对20世纪20年代墨西哥城的性和卖淫的理解做出贡献。
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Pub Date : 2020-08-12DOI: 10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.97
J. Pérez
Abstract:Los esfuerzos bélicos en Norteamérica en la costa del Pacífico durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial reavivaron el flujo turístico hacia la ciudad de Tijuana. Pero el protagonismo que habían mantenido los negocios turísticos, desde la llamada “era de las prohibiciones”, respecto a la organización del espacio se vio mermado ante las demandas de la creciente población mexicana entre las décadas de 1940 y 1950. El propósito de este artículo es describir cómo en esta nueva concentración urbana las facultades ciudadanas empezaron a manifestarse mediante la participación colectiva en acciones y discursos que pugnaron siempre por mantener la cohesión social a través del mejoramiento social, material y moral de la ciudad.Abstract:The war efforts in North America on the Pacific coast during World War II rekindled the tourist flow to the city of Tijuana. However, the prominence that tourism businesses had maintained, since the so-called era of Prohibition, regarding the organization of space was diminished due to of the demands of the growing Mexican population between the decades of the 1940s and 1950s. The purpose of this article is to describe how, in this new urban concentration, citizen groups began to manifest themselves through collective participation in actions and discourses that always struggled to maintain social cohesion through the social, material and moral improvement of the city.
{"title":"Participación y movilizaciones ciudadanas como mecanismos de cohesión social en la frontera norte: Tijuana, 1942–1956","authors":"J. Pérez","doi":"10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.97","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Los esfuerzos bélicos en Norteamérica en la costa del Pacífico durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial reavivaron el flujo turístico hacia la ciudad de Tijuana. Pero el protagonismo que habían mantenido los negocios turísticos, desde la llamada “era de las prohibiciones”, respecto a la organización del espacio se vio mermado ante las demandas de la creciente población mexicana entre las décadas de 1940 y 1950. El propósito de este artículo es describir cómo en esta nueva concentración urbana las facultades ciudadanas empezaron a manifestarse mediante la participación colectiva en acciones y discursos que pugnaron siempre por mantener la cohesión social a través del mejoramiento social, material y moral de la ciudad.Abstract:The war efforts in North America on the Pacific coast during World War II rekindled the tourist flow to the city of Tijuana. However, the prominence that tourism businesses had maintained, since the so-called era of Prohibition, regarding the organization of space was diminished due to of the demands of the growing Mexican population between the decades of the 1940s and 1950s. The purpose of this article is to describe how, in this new urban concentration, citizen groups began to manifest themselves through collective participation in actions and discourses that always struggled to maintain social cohesion through the social, material and moral improvement of the city.","PeriodicalId":44006,"journal":{"name":"MEXICAN STUDIES-ESTUDIOS MEXICANOS","volume":"36 1","pages":"126 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1525/msem.2020.36.1-2.97","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47252105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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