Pub Date : 2021-10-02DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2022.2147369
S. Murphy, L. Wheeler, E. Valencia
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Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2022.2087403
Cheryl L Anderson
{"title":"First Filings and False Judgments: Is the First-to-File Rule Jurisdictional and Can a Medical Opinion be \"False\" Under the False Claims Act?","authors":"Cheryl L Anderson","doi":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2087403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2022.2087403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44014,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":"41 3-4","pages":"123-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10303930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2022.2147365
As we delve into Issue 1 of 2023, I’d like to highlight several papers in this issue. Gao et al and Stefanowicz et al both published manuscripts examining the impact of toxicant exposures (gold and silver nanoparticles in Gao et al, and acetaminophen by Stefanowicz et al) in isolated cell monocultures vs co-cultures with organ-relevant cells. In the case of Gao et al, the researchers noted that the cytotoxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles to rat dorsal root ganglion cells was greatly mitigated when the neurons were co-cultured with glial (Schwann) cells. In addition, neuronal markers such as synapsin I were better-preserved in the co-cultured neurons compared to isolated neurons alone. Stefanowicz et al similarly examined the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in primary hepatocytes alone, compared to hepatocytes co-cultured with hepatic non-parenchymal cells; these investigators similarly demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity in response to acetaminophen exposure in the hepatocyte co-cultures, compared to hepatocytes alone. While neither of these systems capture the complexity of microphysiological systems such as “organs on chips” (reviewed recently), they do demonstrate that by simulating an intact organ with multiple cell types in coculture, compared to single cell populations alone, laboratory scientists can use “off the shelf” reagents such as commercially-available (or freshly isolated) cell lines to examine organ toxicity under more realistic organ-specific physiological conditions. Looking back to 2022, we were happy to participate in a faceto-face American College of Toxicology (ACT) annual meeting, following 2 years of virtual annual meetings. As has been our practice in the past, the abstracts of posters that had not been previously published are included in this issue of International Journal of Toxicology. We had another year of over 400 manuscript submissions to the Journal. So many manuscripts necessitate a lot of peer review, so I want to thank my Editorial Board members for their tireless efforts, as well as the dozens of ad hoc reviewers who contributed their time and expertise to assist with review of submitted manuscripts. The Editorial Board members are listed in each issue of the printed version of the Journal and on the ACTwebsite. I also compile a list of ad hoc reviewers each year, with my thanks, which appears for 2022 ad hoc reviewers on page 103 of this issue of International Journal of Toxicology. Finally, it’s my great pleasure to recognize the recipients of the award for the Best Paper published in International Journal of Toxicology in 2021. For those unfamiliar with this award, all papers published in the previous calendar year in International Journal of Toxicology are eligible to be nominated for the annual Best Paper award. So, for the 2022 award, nominators selected from among all International Journal of Toxicology publications in 2021. The 2022 award went to Dr. Brian Welsh and collaborators for their publicati
{"title":"Editor's Note.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2147365","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2147365","url":null,"abstract":"As we delve into Issue 1 of 2023, I’d like to highlight several papers in this issue. Gao et al and Stefanowicz et al both published manuscripts examining the impact of toxicant exposures (gold and silver nanoparticles in Gao et al, and acetaminophen by Stefanowicz et al) in isolated cell monocultures vs co-cultures with organ-relevant cells. In the case of Gao et al, the researchers noted that the cytotoxicity of gold and silver nanoparticles to rat dorsal root ganglion cells was greatly mitigated when the neurons were co-cultured with glial (Schwann) cells. In addition, neuronal markers such as synapsin I were better-preserved in the co-cultured neurons compared to isolated neurons alone. Stefanowicz et al similarly examined the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in primary hepatocytes alone, compared to hepatocytes co-cultured with hepatic non-parenchymal cells; these investigators similarly demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity in response to acetaminophen exposure in the hepatocyte co-cultures, compared to hepatocytes alone. While neither of these systems capture the complexity of microphysiological systems such as “organs on chips” (reviewed recently), they do demonstrate that by simulating an intact organ with multiple cell types in coculture, compared to single cell populations alone, laboratory scientists can use “off the shelf” reagents such as commercially-available (or freshly isolated) cell lines to examine organ toxicity under more realistic organ-specific physiological conditions. Looking back to 2022, we were happy to participate in a faceto-face American College of Toxicology (ACT) annual meeting, following 2 years of virtual annual meetings. As has been our practice in the past, the abstracts of posters that had not been previously published are included in this issue of International Journal of Toxicology. We had another year of over 400 manuscript submissions to the Journal. So many manuscripts necessitate a lot of peer review, so I want to thank my Editorial Board members for their tireless efforts, as well as the dozens of ad hoc reviewers who contributed their time and expertise to assist with review of submitted manuscripts. The Editorial Board members are listed in each issue of the printed version of the Journal and on the ACTwebsite. I also compile a list of ad hoc reviewers each year, with my thanks, which appears for 2022 ad hoc reviewers on page 103 of this issue of International Journal of Toxicology. Finally, it’s my great pleasure to recognize the recipients of the award for the Best Paper published in International Journal of Toxicology in 2021. For those unfamiliar with this award, all papers published in the previous calendar year in International Journal of Toxicology are eligible to be nominated for the annual Best Paper award. So, for the 2022 award, nominators selected from among all International Journal of Toxicology publications in 2021. The 2022 award went to Dr. Brian Welsh and collaborators for their publicati","PeriodicalId":44014,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":"41 3-4","pages":"121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10528951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2022.2147366
Cathleen London
The primary narrative directing opioid policy is that the overdose epidemic is driven by clinician overprescribing, creating patient addicts. This has led to draconian laws and the use of invasive prescription monitoring programs that have harmed patients with chronic pain throughout the country. 1 The black box algorithms mine data and have never been subjected to independent verification. 2 Patients and prescribers alike are flagged as sus-picious. 3 Although opioid prescribing has dropped dramatically since the introduction of prescription monitoring, overdose deaths have risen expo-nentially, driven by the illicit fentanyl market. Despite this, law enforcement continues to focus on the diversion of prescription medication. The drug prohibition policy set by the Department of Justice (DOJ) is a mis-guided attempt to address skyrocketing opioid overdoses. It is their way of trying to fix the issue of the unchecked distribution of opioids. The blame for that falls on the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), Congress, and lobbyists. 4 This focus on limiting the prescribing of legal opioids has led to an increasingly lethal illicit opiate supply. The DOJ continues to erroneously cite diversion of licit legitimate prescriptions of opioids as the problem. As a result, doctors have been imprisoned for terms ranging from 20 years to life without parole, all for practicing medicine. Others have had their careers and reputations irreparably harmed.
{"title":"DOJ Overreach: The Criminalization of Physicians.","authors":"Cathleen London","doi":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2147366","DOIUrl":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2147366","url":null,"abstract":"The primary narrative directing opioid policy is that the overdose epidemic is driven by clinician overprescribing, creating patient addicts. This has led to draconian laws and the use of invasive prescription monitoring programs that have harmed patients with chronic pain throughout the country. 1 The black box algorithms mine data and have never been subjected to independent verification. 2 Patients and prescribers alike are flagged as sus-picious. 3 Although opioid prescribing has dropped dramatically since the introduction of prescription monitoring, overdose deaths have risen expo-nentially, driven by the illicit fentanyl market. Despite this, law enforcement continues to focus on the diversion of prescription medication. The drug prohibition policy set by the Department of Justice (DOJ) is a mis-guided attempt to address skyrocketing opioid overdoses. It is their way of trying to fix the issue of the unchecked distribution of opioids. The blame for that falls on the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), Congress, and lobbyists. 4 This focus on limiting the prescribing of legal opioids has led to an increasingly lethal illicit opiate supply. The DOJ continues to erroneously cite diversion of licit legitimate prescriptions of opioids as the problem. As a result, doctors have been imprisoned for terms ranging from 20 years to life without parole, all for practicing medicine. Others have had their careers and reputations irreparably harmed.","PeriodicalId":44014,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":"41 3-4","pages":"191-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10528952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2022.2087406
Jacey DuBois, Lawson Hamilton
{"title":"In The Supreme Court of the United States: Docket No. 21-1967.","authors":"Jacey DuBois, Lawson Hamilton","doi":"10.1080/01947648.2022.2087406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2022.2087406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44014,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":"41 3-4","pages":"161-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10527417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2021.1914483
Nilsha Khurana, A. Bedi, W. Havins
Mortality of COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza in Southern Nevada and the United States Nilsha Khurana, OMS-II; nkhurana@student.touro.edu Avneet Bedi, OMS-II; abedi2@student.touro.edu Weldon E Havins, MD, JD, LLM, FCLM, Professor Emeritus Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine In early March 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a national pandemic by the World Health Organization. Many have claimed that COVID-19 is no more serious than the influenza. Although influenza and COVID-19 have some symptoms in common, COVID-19 is a more destructive virus. Because the virus that causes COVID-19 is newly introduced in human populations, there is an urgent need to know more about how the disease impacts human populations. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare mortality rates between COVID-19 and influenza in Southern Nevada and in the United States. Data for Southern Nevada was collected from Southern Nevada Health District (SNHD) and covered COVID-19 and influenza deaths from 2016-2020. Nationwide data was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and covered 2016-2020 for both COVID-19 and influenza. Deaths per 100,000 people, which were attributable to influenza and Coronavirus, were calculated for the Southern Nevada population and for the United States population. After analyzing the data, it was found that there has been an average of 113.19/100,000 COVID deaths in Nevada since the discovery of the virus. On the other hand, for influenza, there has been an average of 1.8/100,000 deaths in Nevada for the past four flu seasons, which typically peaks between December and February. A similar trend is observed nationally. According to the CDC data, it was calculated that nationwide, there are about 111.55/100,000 COVID deaths. Contrarily, there are about 12.46/100,000 influenza-related deaths nationwide. According to the calculations, COVID-19 has a mortality rate higher than reported for influenza, both in Nevada and in the nation. The differences in mortality rates are linked to other important ways that COVID-19 differs from influenza. Because COVID-19 is novel, every individual is therefore susceptible to the virus. Awareness that COVID-19 is not just the flu needs to be made more vigorously. COVID-19 will be a more lethal virus than the influenza strains that seasonally affect world populations. References upon request 2021 American College of Legal Medicine JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 2021, VOL. 41, NO. S1, 31 https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2021.1914483
{"title":"Mortality of COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza in Southern Nevada and the United States","authors":"Nilsha Khurana, A. Bedi, W. Havins","doi":"10.1080/01947648.2021.1914483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2021.1914483","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality of COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza in Southern Nevada and the United States Nilsha Khurana, OMS-II; nkhurana@student.touro.edu Avneet Bedi, OMS-II; abedi2@student.touro.edu Weldon E Havins, MD, JD, LLM, FCLM, Professor Emeritus Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine In early March 2020, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a national pandemic by the World Health Organization. Many have claimed that COVID-19 is no more serious than the influenza. Although influenza and COVID-19 have some symptoms in common, COVID-19 is a more destructive virus. Because the virus that causes COVID-19 is newly introduced in human populations, there is an urgent need to know more about how the disease impacts human populations. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare mortality rates between COVID-19 and influenza in Southern Nevada and in the United States. Data for Southern Nevada was collected from Southern Nevada Health District (SNHD) and covered COVID-19 and influenza deaths from 2016-2020. Nationwide data was obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and covered 2016-2020 for both COVID-19 and influenza. Deaths per 100,000 people, which were attributable to influenza and Coronavirus, were calculated for the Southern Nevada population and for the United States population. After analyzing the data, it was found that there has been an average of 113.19/100,000 COVID deaths in Nevada since the discovery of the virus. On the other hand, for influenza, there has been an average of 1.8/100,000 deaths in Nevada for the past four flu seasons, which typically peaks between December and February. A similar trend is observed nationally. According to the CDC data, it was calculated that nationwide, there are about 111.55/100,000 COVID deaths. Contrarily, there are about 12.46/100,000 influenza-related deaths nationwide. According to the calculations, COVID-19 has a mortality rate higher than reported for influenza, both in Nevada and in the nation. The differences in mortality rates are linked to other important ways that COVID-19 differs from influenza. Because COVID-19 is novel, every individual is therefore susceptible to the virus. Awareness that COVID-19 is not just the flu needs to be made more vigorously. COVID-19 will be a more lethal virus than the influenza strains that seasonally affect world populations. References upon request 2021 American College of Legal Medicine JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 2021, VOL. 41, NO. S1, 31 https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2021.1914483","PeriodicalId":44014,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"31 - 31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90452431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1080/01947648.2021.1914488
S. Poole, Benjamin Selander, Joseph P. Hardy, W. Havins
Ethical Dilemma of Physicians Informing Patients of Foreign Organ Transplant Alternatives Sean Poole, OMS-II; spoole3@student.touro.edu Benjamin Selander, OMS-II; Touro bselande@student.touro.edu Joseph P. Hardy, MD, Associate Dean for Clinical Education Weldon Havins, MD, JD, LLM, FCLM, Emeritus Professor Touro University Nevada College of Osteopathic Medicine, NV Ever since the introduction of transplant surgery in the latter half of the 20th century, organ transplantation has improved the lives of thousands of people around the world. However, the demand for organs is steadily rising while the supply remains limited. This inevitably leads well-to-do individuals, placed on lengthy organ waiting lists, to seek organ transplants abroad in less ethical and less legal ways. Many procure these organs in China, where it is believed that non-consenting Falun Gong practitioners are persecuted, placed in detention centers or labor camps and illegally harvested for their organs. There are also issues of illegal brokers taking advantage of vulnerable individuals in developing nations, such as the Philippines and Moldova. However, regardless of how the organs are acquired, “organ tourists” are met with virtually no legal repercussions. The increasing need for organs has created a global issue. This practice, called “organ tourism”, has been condemned, but not criminalized, by the greater international community in the Declaration of Istanbul, created in 2008 and supported by over 150 countries. Though internationally condemned, engagement in “organ tourism” has seen an increase in recent years. There are currently no U.S. laws prohibiting organ tourism, nor are there any mandates requiring physicians to report patients who have participated in organ tourism. Therefore, physicians are faced with an ethical dilemma; in what capacity, if any, to advise their patients regarding organ transplantation abroad. This review utilizes the Army’s 7 Steps in Problem Solving Model to provide a concise and conclusive framework to determine if there exists an ethical obligation for physicians to advise their patients of foreign transplant alternatives. By following the Army’s 7 Steps in Problem Solving Model, certain guiding criteria are established, such as: non-judgmental regard and fiduciary responsibility for patients who return with transplanted organs, deterring hopeful transplant patients from involving 2021 American College of Legal Medicine JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE 2021, VOL. 41, NO. S1, 36–37 https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2021.1914488 themselves in organ transplant systems engaged in crimes against humanity, and considering the greater societal impact of the benefits of organ tourism. This review concludes it is the physicians ethical duty to advise their patients of foreign options to obtain organ transplantation. However, there should be no obligation to inform patients of transplant organ systems which take part in highly unethical practices, such as thos
医师告知患者国外器官移植选择的伦理困境spoole3@student.touro.edu本杰明·塞兰德，OMS-II;Touro bselande@student.touro.edu Joseph P. Hardy，医学博士，临床教育副院长Weldon Havins，医学博士，法学硕士，FCLM，荣誉教授Touro University of Osteopathic Medicine, NV自从移植手术在20世纪下半叶引入以来，器官移植已经改善了全世界成千上万人的生活。然而，对器官的需求正在稳步上升，而供应仍然有限。这不可避免地导致那些排在漫长的器官等待名单上的富裕人士，以不那么道德和不那么合法的方式在国外寻求器官移植。许多人在中国获得这些器官，据信，在那里，未经同意的法轮功学员受到迫害，被关押在拘留中心或劳教所，并被非法摘取器官。在菲律宾和摩尔多瓦等发展中国家，也存在非法经纪人利用弱势群体牟利的问题。然而，不管器官是如何获得的，“器官游客”几乎没有受到任何法律制裁。对器官日益增长的需求已经成为一个全球性问题。这种被称为“器官旅游”的做法在2008年制定并得到150多个国家支持的《伊斯坦布尔宣言》中受到了更大的国际社会的谴责，但没有被定为犯罪。尽管受到国际社会的谴责，但近年来，“器官旅游”的活动有所增加。目前美国没有禁止器官旅游的法律，也没有任何强制要求医生报告参与器官旅游的病人。因此，医生面临着一个伦理困境;以何种身份(如果有的话)建议患者进行国外器官移植。本综述利用美国陆军的“问题解决的7个步骤”模型，提供了一个简明而结论性的框架，以确定医生是否有道德义务向患者建议国外移植的替代方案。通过遵循陆军解决问题的7个步骤模型，建立了一些指导标准，例如:对移植器官返回的患者的非判断性考虑和信托责任，阻止有希望的移植患者参与2021年美国法律医学学院法律医学杂志2021,VOL. 41, NO。S1, 36-37 https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648.2021.1914488他们自己在器官移植系统中从事反人类罪，并考虑到器官旅游带来的更大的社会影响。本综述的结论是，医生有道德责任向患者推荐国外的器官移植选择。然而，没有义务告知患者参与高度不道德做法的移植器官系统，例如那些被认为参与危害人类罪的移植器官系统。提供并鼓励未来的研究课题。可索取参考资料37
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