{"title":"Gladys Daniel and Andrew R. Holmes: The Oxford Handbook of Religion in Modern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2024; pp. xxxiv + 589.","authors":"James Kelly","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.70000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"414-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Issue “Gender and Emotion in Early Japanese Christianity” – Introduction*","authors":"Linda Zampol D'Ortia, Jessica O'Leary","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 2","pages":"131-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Elochukwu E. Uzukwu: Memorializing the Unsung: Slaves of the Church and the Making of Kongo Catholicism., University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2024; pp. ix + 234.","authors":"Paul V. Kollman","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"409-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anand Venkatkrishnan: Love in the Time of Scholarship: The Bhāgavata Purāṇa in Indian Intellectual History. New York: Oxford University Press; 2024; pp. 256.","authors":"Kiyokazu Okita","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13175","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"411-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Melissa Vise: The Unruly Tongue: Speech and Violence in Medieval Italy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2025; pp. ix + 331.","authors":"Christopher Heath","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"407-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Jesuit Luís Fróis's 1585 <i>Tratado das contradições e diferenças de costumes</i> (Treatise on the contradictions and differences in customs), a text that summarised the dissimilarities between Japan and Southern Europe for newly arrived missionaries, discussed in this manner abortions and infanticides. Thanks to more than 600 couplets that contrasted European and Japanese practices, this text is commonly described as normalising numerous aspects of Japanese culture and, therefore, as striving to relativise culture in general.2 The apparently neutral tone of these quoted couplets however dissembles the history of Jesuit endeavours to eradicate both practices in the country.</p><p>Even if Jesuit literature from Japan stated that abortions and infanticides were commonplace, like Fróis did, it did not report often about it.3 This article uses these accounts as a case study to analyse the strategies of knowledge production about Japan, by European Jesuit missionaries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It analyses the references to abortions and infanticides to identify which narratives the missionaries created about them, how they changed through time, and why. To do so, it considers the Catholic worldview that the Jesuits brought from Europe, but also the wider discourse they were creating on Japanese people, and their strategies of evangelisation.</p><p>Although the Jesuit corpus often featured children as relevant actors,4 discourses on abortions and infanticides focused almost exclusively on the women involved, ignoring the foetuses and only very rarely considering the infants. Indeed, the missionaries' narratives discussed Japanese women as “mothers,” and, in time, attributed practices of abortion and infanticide to their unwillingness to raise children, their poverty, their incorrect beliefs, and, finally, to their incorrect emotional practices of motherly love.5 While the precise reasons behind this phenomena were complex, scholarly consensus nowadays is that affection (or lack thereof) had little to do with these acts, which were far from being an exception worldwide.6</p><p>Practices of abortions and especially infanticide in Japan have been the object of much debate, although research suggests that they were not quantitatively significant as previously believed.7 While references to these practices can be traced back at least to tenth century, the Edo period (ca. 1603–1868) might have seen a significant increment of their incidence.8 Most of the relevant historical documents date to this latter era, when the Tokugawa shogunate and many domains issued bans against them.9 An overview of the vocabulary used for the phenomena approximately during the decades of 1860–1870s indicates that different attitudes towards abortion and infanticides existed in Japan, even if they were carried out in most of the country.10 Traditionally, poverty had been singled out as their cause,11 especially due to famines, but maintaining the family's soci
耶稣会Luís Fróis 1585年的Tratado das contradições e differentienas de costumes（关于习俗的矛盾和差异的论述），这篇文章总结了日本和南欧新到达的传教士之间的不同之处，以这种方式讨论了堕胎和杀婴。由于600多对对联对比了欧洲和日本的做法，这篇文章通常被描述为正常化日本文化的许多方面，因此，作为一般文化相对化的努力然而，这些引用的对联明显中性的语气掩盖了耶稣会在该国根除这两种做法的努力的历史。即使来自日本的耶稣会文献说堕胎和杀婴是司空见惯的，就像Fróis一样，它也不经常报道这一点本文以这些记载为个案，分析16、17世纪欧洲耶稣会传教士对日本的知识生产策略。它分析了关于堕胎和杀婴的参考文献，以确定传教士创造了哪些关于它们的叙述，它们是如何随着时间而变化的，以及为什么。为了做到这一点，它考虑了耶稣会士从欧洲带来的天主教世界观，以及他们在日本人身上创造的更广泛的话语，以及他们的福音传播策略。虽然耶稣会的文集经常以儿童为相关角色，但关于堕胎和杀婴的论述几乎完全集中在所涉妇女身上，忽略了胎儿，很少考虑到婴儿。事实上，传教士的叙述将日本妇女称为“母亲”，并及时将堕胎和杀婴的行为归因于她们不愿抚养孩子、贫穷、错误的信仰，最后，归咎于她们对母爱的错误情感实践虽然这一现象背后的确切原因很复杂，但如今学术界的共识是，情感（或缺乏情感）与这些行为几乎没有关系，这在世界范围内远非例外。在日本，堕胎，尤其是杀婴的做法一直是争论的对象，尽管研究表明，它们在数量上并不像以前认为的那样重要虽然这些习俗的记载至少可以追溯到10世纪，但江户时代（约1603-1868年）可能已经看到了它们发生率的显著增加大多数相关的历史文件都可以追溯到后一个时代，当时德川幕府和许多地区对他们颁布了禁令对大约在1860 - 1870年间用于描述这一现象的词汇的概述表明，日本对堕胎和杀婴的态度不同，尽管这些行为在全国大部分地区都有发生传统上，贫穷被认为是造成这些问题的原因，特别是由于饥荒，但通过控制开支来维持家庭的社会地位和财产也是重要的当务之急宗教和民间传说的研究提供了更多的解释，例如，隐藏通奸的愿望，或者在堕胎的情况下对妇女健康的担忧在接受这些做法的地区，人们认为婴儿可以回到他们所来的卡米的精神世界，用modosu(来表示杀婴佛教的宇宙观也可以为这些实践提供信息：根据所谓的丧葬佛教，日本的干家族只需要一个后代就可以给其成员一个好的来世，把他们当作祖先来崇拜这就是为什么这种做法似乎不是基于性别进行选择，而是为了在活着的孩子之间取得平衡。后来的儿子和女儿可能被认为是家庭资源的消耗，所以对男孩家庭的正确和负责任的做法是“把他们瘦下来”（mabiki），让他们回到轮回中，等待更好的生活机会如果说江户时代堕胎和杀婴的影响很难衡量，那么对16世纪内战时期的研究就更加复杂了。在这个时期，丧葬佛教关于死亡的一些关键叙述已经存在，这表明，茎家族的观点也已经流行起来据我所知，没有人对中世纪Kyūshū做过具体的研究，耶稣会士在那里写了大部分关于这些做法的参考资料。然而，东方Kyūshū （Buzen， Bungo和Hyūga）在流行文化中因杀婴而臭名昭著。当耶稣会传教士把日本的堕胎和杀婴视为一种反常现象时，他们运用了源自他们文化背景的先入为主的观念。 学术研究表明，堕胎和杀婴在历史上的许多文化中都很常见不管Fróis和其他耶稣会士的观点如何，这些做法自古以来就在西欧进行，尽管基督教神学努力寻找一个单一的，连贯的解读这种现象。杀婴首先与妇女、犹太人和异教徒联系在一起，因此很容易与魔鬼联系在一起。如果吃孩子的“可怕的”犹太妇女是一个反复出现的比喻，那么在基督教的想象中，杀人的母亲（或助产士）的形象与女巫的形象结合在一起事实上，从16世纪初到17世纪末，欧洲天主教和新教对杀婴和堕胎的担忧呈指数级增长。在将罪恶等同于犯罪的倾向之后，神圣罗马帝国皇帝查理五世1538年的法律改革将胎动（即母亲感觉到胎儿移动，认为胎儿获得灵魂的那一刻）后堕胎定为可判处死刑的罪行，与杀婴相当日益严格的社会控制刺激了对这些行为的迫害的加剧：杀婴，以前被认为极难证明，因此很少起诉，成为死罪，并及时相当于故意谋杀这种系统的起诉支持了母爱的自然化，认为母爱是无限的，因此是所有文化中发现的共同的人类特征。任何不希望优先考虑孩子的妇女都被要求努力捍卫自己的决定，甚至可能因为选择精神生活而被指控为残忍。26由于本文将分析耶稣会传教士在日本创造关于堕胎和杀婴知识的策略，重要的是要注意到，尽管考虑到这两种罪行，他们清楚地区分了这两种做法。Fróis上面的引用很容易说明这一点，为每个人奉献了不同的对联。然而，就像当时的日本人一样，传教士并不认为出生是一个特殊的区别时刻。如果说欧洲人认为胎动是杀死灵魂（胎儿或婴儿）的那一刻，那么属于杀婴文化的日本人则认为，“孩子获得人类地位是一个循序渐进的过程，前提是父母决定养育他”，而出生的那一刻起着次要的作用。27 .耶稣会在日本关于堕胎和杀婴的知识的发展很难在接下来的六年里描绘出来，因为缺乏和有些相互矛盾的资料来源人们的看法似乎在1550年发生了变化，当时这群人第一次到达山口。在1580年代的《日本史》（Historia de Japam）中，34位资深传教士Fróis指出，耶稣会士在街头布道时，将日本人的三大罪定义为：偶像崇拜、鸡奸和“妇女在生下孩子时杀死他们，而不是抚养他们；或者喝药打掉他们，这是一种极大的残忍和不人道。这条消息的可靠性是值得怀疑的，它是三十多年后写的一篇文章，当时它的参与者都已不在人世。事实上，没有其他耶稣会的经文记载在这个节期有任何反对杀婴和堕胎的讲道Fróis的《历史》可能是这一趋势的例外，因为它的来源单一：托雷斯的同伴胡安·法萨姆南德斯修士的一些口述，以及在《历史》撰写时发现的同一修士的一份书面文件，现已丢失Fróis对这些证词的使用因此支持了这样一种解释，即耶稣会士在1551年得出结论，杀婴和堕胎在日本也由平信徒进行，并认为它们足够相关，可以被确定为日本人的三大罪之一。相反，所使用的特定词汇似乎是从后来的时期借来的：残忍的概念在1565年之后才出现在这个上下文中，包括Fróis写的一封信，如下所示。这表明它是《历史》写作年代的产物，而不是沙维尔的个人意见与此同时，自中世纪以来，“残忍”一直是对杀害婴儿的妇女和一般非基督教民族的常用描述。39残忍的概念与文化有关，自中世纪末期以来在西方得到了更新，特别是在性领域和同类相食方面。当受到谴责时，残忍是“非理性和非人类的暴力”，比如恶魔和动物的暴力；从积极的角度看，这是法庭行使的暴力。 如果说最初这是由反对敌对宗教专家的论战提供的，那么后来来自大名的支持使他们能够在经营弃婴之家的努力中，将日本杀婴行为的知识框架起来。从情感的角度对杀婴现象的审视似乎突然出现在这里。然而，在1557年至1559年间三次访问日本的贡萨洛修士Fernández的后一封信中，他表明，在那些年里，传教士们对日本人爱的能力的关注总体上在上升。写信给另外两个兄弟，Fernández总结了他对杀婴行为的简短描述，宣称“因为在这片土地上，外邦人不觉得彼此相爱，他们宣称最令他们
{"title":"Unloving Mothers: Jesuit Knowledge Production on Abortion and Infanticide in Japan in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries*","authors":"LINDA ZAMPOL D'ORTIA","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13170","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jesuit Luís Fróis's 1585 <i>Tratado das contradições e diferenças de costumes</i> (Treatise on the contradictions and differences in customs), a text that summarised the dissimilarities between Japan and Southern Europe for newly arrived missionaries, discussed in this manner abortions and infanticides. Thanks to more than 600 couplets that contrasted European and Japanese practices, this text is commonly described as normalising numerous aspects of Japanese culture and, therefore, as striving to relativise culture in general.2 The apparently neutral tone of these quoted couplets however dissembles the history of Jesuit endeavours to eradicate both practices in the country.</p><p>Even if Jesuit literature from Japan stated that abortions and infanticides were commonplace, like Fróis did, it did not report often about it.3 This article uses these accounts as a case study to analyse the strategies of knowledge production about Japan, by European Jesuit missionaries in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It analyses the references to abortions and infanticides to identify which narratives the missionaries created about them, how they changed through time, and why. To do so, it considers the Catholic worldview that the Jesuits brought from Europe, but also the wider discourse they were creating on Japanese people, and their strategies of evangelisation.</p><p>Although the Jesuit corpus often featured children as relevant actors,4 discourses on abortions and infanticides focused almost exclusively on the women involved, ignoring the foetuses and only very rarely considering the infants. Indeed, the missionaries' narratives discussed Japanese women as “mothers,” and, in time, attributed practices of abortion and infanticide to their unwillingness to raise children, their poverty, their incorrect beliefs, and, finally, to their incorrect emotional practices of motherly love.5 While the precise reasons behind this phenomena were complex, scholarly consensus nowadays is that affection (or lack thereof) had little to do with these acts, which were far from being an exception worldwide.6</p><p>Practices of abortions and especially infanticide in Japan have been the object of much debate, although research suggests that they were not quantitatively significant as previously believed.7 While references to these practices can be traced back at least to tenth century, the Edo period (ca. 1603–1868) might have seen a significant increment of their incidence.8 Most of the relevant historical documents date to this latter era, when the Tokugawa shogunate and many domains issued bans against them.9 An overview of the vocabulary used for the phenomena approximately during the decades of 1860–1870s indicates that different attitudes towards abortion and infanticides existed in Japan, even if they were carried out in most of the country.10 Traditionally, poverty had been singled out as their cause,11 especially due to famines, but maintaining the family's soci","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 2","pages":"230-244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9809.13170","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144514651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peter Johnson: Revisions and Reconstructions in the Thought of R. G. Collingwood: From Pre-History to Economics. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2025; pp. xii + 221.","authors":"Philip Irving Mitchell","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13171","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"405-406"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":", Michelle D. Brock: Plagues of the Heart: Crisis and Covenanting in a Seventeenth-Century Scottish Town., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2024; pp. 240.","authors":"Laura A.M. Stewart","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"403-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Matthew J. Tuininga: The Wars of the Lord: The Puritan Conquest of America's First People., New York: Oxford University Press, 2025; pp. xxiv + 429.","authors":"Christoph Strobel","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"401-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bernard F. Reillyand , Simon Doubleday: León and Galicia under Queen Sancha and King Fernando I. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2024; pp. xix + 233.","authors":"Lucy K Pick","doi":"10.1111/1467-9809.13167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.13167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44035,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY","volume":"49 3","pages":"399-400"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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