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Between Belonging and Identity in Ancient Judaism: The Role of Emotion in the Production of Identity 在古代犹太教的归属与认同之间:情感在认同产生中的作用
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.4
Ari Mermelstein
Abstract This essay considers the vexed relationship between belonging and identity. Belonging is not an objective or unreflective association but rather an emotional assertion of attachment. That emotional connection is an indispensable component of identity, which, as Joseph David argues in Kinship, Law and Politics: An Anatomy of Belonging, is a relationship charged with meaning. Accordingly, the distinction between belonging as a privately held sentiment and the politics of belonging overlooks the fact that the emotions associated with belonging define group membership. Belonging is not a private matter but an emotional relationship that shapes social life, reinforces a group’s identity politics, and finds expression in a group’s practices. Analysis of two case studies from ancient Judaism—the writings of Philo of Alexandria and the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls—demonstrates the emotional, social, and discursive dimensions of belonging and the role it plays in producing identity. Belonging is not a stable concept but is rather one that assumes different forms depending on the emotional orientation of the group and the particulars of identity politics. For Philo, belonging reflects a universalistic love for all humanity that helps shape an identity embracing Jewish practice and Greek virtue. By contrast, the Dead Sea sect’s antipathy toward all other Jews requires that a sense of belonging express not only love for fellow sectarians but also hate for all outsiders.
摘要本文探讨了归属与身份之间的矛盾关系。归属感不是一种客观的或不经思考的联系,而是一种情感上的依恋。这种情感联系是身份不可或缺的组成部分,正如约瑟夫·大卫(Joseph David)在《亲属关系、法律与政治:对归属的剖析》(Kinship, Law and Politics: an Anatomy of Belonging)中所说,身份是一种充满意义的关系。因此,作为私人持有的情感归属和政治归属之间的区别忽略了一个事实,即与归属相关的情感定义了群体成员资格。归属感不是一件私事,而是一种情感关系,它塑造了社会生活,强化了一个群体的身份政治,并在一个群体的实践中找到了表达。对古代犹太教的两个案例分析——亚历山大的菲罗的著作和宗派的死海卷轴——展示了归属感的情感、社会和话语维度,以及它在产生身份认同中所起的作用。归属感不是一个稳定的概念,而是一个根据群体的情感取向和身份政治的特殊性而呈现出不同形式的概念。对菲洛来说,归属感反映了一种对全人类的普遍爱,这种爱有助于塑造一种包容犹太习俗和希腊美德的身份。相比之下,死海教派对所有其他犹太人的反感需要一种归属感,这种归属感不仅表达了对教派同胞的爱,也表达了对所有局外人的仇恨。
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引用次数: 1
Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. By Ahmet T. Kuru. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. 316. $99.99 (cloth); $34.99 (paper); $28.00 (digital). ISBN: 9781108409476.
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.7
Hakkı Taş
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引用次数: 0
Belonging in the Land and the Law: A Reading of Joseph David on Nahmanides’s Territorial Exegesis 土地与律法的归属:约瑟夫·大卫解读那赫曼尼德的领土解经
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.9
Nina Caputo
Abstract Joseph E. David’s Kinship, Law and Politics: An Anatomy of Belonging provides an erudite demonstration of how an analytical approach that directs attention to negotiations of belonging in exegetical and legal thinking can yield crucial insight into how social boundaries are defined and defended in throughout human history in a broad array of contexts. Among the examples he brings to illustrate premodern efforts to delineate belonging is Nahmanides’s interpretation of territory based commandments. David shows that Nahmanides made the radical claim that the covenant was firmly linked to the land, so that any people inhabiting the land were obliged to follow it, and complete compliance with divine law could be achieved only in the Land of Israel. This essay examines David’s discussion of Nahmanides’s interpretation of law in the Land of Israel and considers the implications of extending an analysis of conceptions of belonging into other corners of Nahmanides’s career as a commentator, community leader, and teacher.
约瑟夫·e·大卫的《亲属关系、法律和政治:归属的剖析》提供了一个博学的论证,说明一种分析方法如何将注意力集中在训诂学和法律思维中的归属谈判上,从而对人类历史上各种背景下的社会边界是如何定义和捍卫的产生至关重要的见解。他列举了一些例子来说明前现代社会对归属的界定,其中一个例子是纳赫曼尼德对基于领土的戒律的解释。大卫表明,那赫曼尼德激进地宣称,契约与土地紧密相连,因此,任何居住在土地上的人都有义务遵守它,完全遵守神圣的法律只能在以色列土地上实现。这篇文章考察了大卫对Nahmanides在以色列土地上对法律的解释的讨论,并考虑了将对归属概念的分析扩展到Nahmanides作为评论员、社区领袖和教师的职业生涯的其他角落的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Great, Gray City of Light 伟大的灰色之光之城
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.25
Nadia Marzouki
Abstract This essay analyzes one of James Baldwin’s least commented-upon essays, “Equal in Paris,” through the lens of current debates about transatlantic differences regarding race, equality, and citizenship. In his essay, Baldwin narrates how he was imprisoned in Paris for several days a year after his arrival in France. Baldwin constructs his essay not as a political manifesto about race, citizenship, and equality. Rather, through a powerful and cinematographic description, he leads the reader to share the narrator’s distressing experience of disjunction and terror he had while in prison. This literary choice can be understood in the context of Baldwin’s rejection of theologies of damnation and redemption that, according to him, motivate protest writings.
本文通过当前关于大西洋两岸种族、平等和公民身份差异的辩论,分析了詹姆斯·鲍德温(James Baldwin)最少被评论的文章之一《平等在巴黎》(Equal in Paris)。在他的文章中,鲍德温叙述了他在抵达法国后如何在巴黎被囚禁了几天。鲍德温并没有把他的文章构建成一篇关于种族、公民权和平等的政治宣言。相反,通过一种强有力的电影般的描述,他引导读者分享叙述者在监狱中经历的分离和恐怖的痛苦经历。这种文学选择可以在鲍德温拒绝诅咒和救赎神学的背景下理解,根据他的说法,这些神学激发了抗议作品。
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引用次数: 1
Faking Liberties: Religious Freedom in American-Occupied Japan. By Jolyon Baraka Thomas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2019. Pp. 336. $32.50 (paper); $31.99 (digital). ISBN: 9780226618791. 伪造自由:美国占领下的日本的宗教自由。乔里昂·巴拉卡·托马斯著。芝加哥:芝加哥大学出版社,2019。336页。32.50美元(纸);31.99美元(数字)。ISBN: 9780226618791。
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.3
Frank S. Ravitch
Faking Liberties is an impeccably researched and compelling account of the development of religious freedom in Japan both before and during the US occupation. Jolyon Baraka Thomas does amasterful job researching and analyzing an array of Japanese and US sources from the Meiji Era through the US occupation. He argues that there wasmore religious liberty inMeiji Era Japan than manyWestern and Japanese scholars have suggested and that the concept of religious freedom that came to the fore during theUS occupation, which is reflected not only in Japan today but also in many Western democracies, was invented somewhat on the fly. The story he weaves is historically and theoretically compelling. Moreover, Thomas grapples with the underlying problem of defining what constitutes “religion” and what constitutes “not religion,” and with the myth that “religious freedom” exists as a metaphysical concept for which there is some Archimedean point outside of given societies, periods of time, or contexts that can demonstrate true religious freedom. On the first topic—religious liberty during the Meiji Era—Thomas makes many compelling points. First, he argues that contrary to many accounts there was robust debate about religious freedomduring theMeiji Era, and that various stakeholders both inside and outside of government took the concept of religious liberty seriously. Second, he argues that despite the many abuses of religious liberty, especially by modern standards, Meiji Era conceptions of religion and religious liberty were par for the course in many European countries and elsewhere at that time. Thirdly, he argues that “State Shinto” was an invention of the US occupiers.Without denying themany abuses by Japanese authorities during the colonial and wartime periods, he argues that the Meiji Era government’s view of what later became known as “State Shinto”was secularist practically and perhaps theoretically. This is the least convincing argument in the book both at a practical and at a theoretical level, but there are still important insights in Thomas’s discussion of the malleable and theoretically troubling line between the secular and the religious, and the historical sources he masterfully assembles and discusses. In fact, one of the great strengths of this book is that one can agree or disagree with a given point and yet come away far more knowledgeable about all sides of an issue and with fresh, important insights.
《虚假的自由》对美国占领之前和期间日本宗教自由的发展进行了无可挑剔的研究,令人信服。joolyon Baraka Thomas在研究和分析日本和美国从明治时代到美国占领的一系列资料方面做得非常出色。他认为,在明治时代的日本,宗教自由比许多西方和日本学者所认为的要多,而且在美国占领期间出现的宗教自由概念,不仅反映在今天的日本,也反映在许多西方民主国家,在某种程度上是在匆忙中发明的。他编织的故事在历史上和理论上都是引人注目的。此外,托马斯努力解决了定义什么构成“宗教”和什么构成“非宗教”的潜在问题,以及“宗教自由”作为一种形而上学概念存在的神话,在特定的社会、时期或背景之外,存在一些阿基米德点,可以证明真正的宗教自由。关于第一个话题——明治时期的宗教自由,托马斯提出了许多令人信服的观点。首先,他认为,与许多说法相反,在明治时代,关于宗教自由的争论非常激烈,政府内外的各种利益相关者都认真对待宗教自由的概念。其次,他认为,尽管有许多对宗教自由的滥用,特别是以现代标准来看,明治时代的宗教和宗教自由观念在当时的许多欧洲国家和其他地方都是司空见惯的。第三,他认为“国家神道教”是美国占领者的发明。他不否认日本当局在殖民和战争时期的许多虐待行为,但他认为,明治时代政府对后来被称为“国家神道教”的看法实际上是世俗主义的,或许在理论上也是如此。无论从实践层面还是理论层面来看,这都是本书中最不令人信服的论点,但托马斯对世俗与宗教之间可延展性和理论上令人不安的界限的讨论,以及他巧妙地汇集和讨论的历史资料,仍然有重要的见解。事实上,这本书最大的优点之一是,你可以同意或不同意一个给定的观点,但离开后,你对一个问题的各个方面都有了更多的了解,并获得了新的、重要的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Belonging and Identity: Past and Present 归属与身份:过去与现在
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.23
Joseph David
Abstract Like many others, I believe that the information revolution is a constitutive moment in human history, and not only because of the development of technologies that change our habits and improve the quality of our lives. More than anything else, it is because the information revolution profoundly and dramatically changes our self-concept. That revolution is changing our understanding of the place we occupy in the universe (the erosion of anthropocentrism), forcing us to rethink our uniqueness as human beings and our human essence. I believe that the preconditions of our existence are changing dramatically nowadays, and consequently, our notions of belonging and identity require revision.
和许多人一样,我相信信息革命是人类历史上的一个重要时刻,这不仅是因为技术的发展改变了我们的习惯,提高了我们的生活质量。最重要的是,信息革命深刻而戏剧性地改变了我们的自我概念。这场革命正在改变我们对我们在宇宙中所处位置的理解(人类中心主义的侵蚀),迫使我们重新思考我们作为人类的独特性和人类的本质。我认为,我们存在的先决条件如今正在发生巨大变化,因此,我们的归属感和身份观念需要修正。
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引用次数: 1
Sovereignty, Reason, and Will: Carl Schmitt and Hasidic Legal Thought 主权、理性与意志:卡尔·施密特与哈西德派法律思想
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.14
Zalman Rothschild
Abstract The decisionistic strand in Jewish legal philosophy is often neglected by scholars focused on the more common rational explanations for Jewish law. This article brings attention to decisionism in Jewish legal thought by analyzing the legal philosophy of Shneur Zalman of Lyady, the founder of the Habad Hasidic movement. The author uses the legal and political thought of Carl Schmitt—arguably modernity’s most influential decisionist—to help elucidate Shneur Zalman’s decisionistic legal thought and thereby put into sharper focus an otherwise underappreciated current in Jewish legal philosophy.
犹太法哲学中的决策主义倾向往往被关注犹太法的普遍理性解释的学者所忽视。本文通过分析哈西德派运动创始人莱亚迪的沙尔·扎尔曼(Shneur Zalman)的法律哲学,来关注犹太法律思想中的决策主义。作者运用卡尔·施密特(Carl schmitt)——可以说是现代最有影响力的决策学家——的法律和政治思想,来帮助阐明Shneur Zalman的决策主义法律思想,从而更清晰地关注犹太法律哲学中一个被低估的潮流。
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引用次数: 0
In God’s Image: An Anthropology of the Spirit.By Michael Welker. Translated by Douglas W. Stott. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2021. Pp. 167. $29.00 (cloth); $21.00 (paper); $19.95 (digital). ISBN: 9780802878748.
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.21
William Schweiker
The publication of the Gifford Lectures by renowned thinkers is always an intellectual event. The reader turns to the volume not only with the expectation of insight into the author ’ s mind, but also to gain perspective on the religious tenor of our time. In this respect, and others to be mentioned, the reader will not be disappointed by Michael Welker ’ s slim, yet profound, book, In God ’ s Image: An Anthropology of the Spirit. Addressing some of the most pressing issues confronting people around the world, from justice to peace and freedom to truth, the work outlines a picture of human beings focused on the spirit. The reader is also taken into classical problems in Christian theology and is introduced to new ideas and ways of thinking about the human condition. The work aims, as Welker puts it, “ at a deeper and more nuanced understanding of the human spirit and the divine Spirit as a sound basis for natural theology and theology in general ” (ix). The task is nothing less than to show how humanity can be “ transformed into a joyful and loving ‘ image of God ’” (x). Exploring how to be transformed into the image of God also provides, on Welker ’ account, the grounds of ethics and the shape of life within diverse social and cultural realms. Some will be taken back by such claims about the imago Dei while others will find new energy in the theological task. Every reader, I judge, will be challenged and enlightened.
著名思想家的《吉福德讲稿》的出版总是思想界的大事。读者读这本书,不仅是为了了解作者的思想,也是为了对我们这个时代的宗教思潮有一个新的认识。在这方面,以及其他要提到的方面,读者不会对迈克尔·威尔克那本短小精深的书《上帝的形象:精神人类学》感到失望。从正义到和平,从自由到真理,这部作品探讨了世界各地人们面临的一些最紧迫的问题,勾勒出一幅专注于精神的人类图景。读者也考虑到基督教神学的经典问题,并介绍了新的想法和思考人类状况的方式。工作目标,正如威尔克所说,“更深入、更细致的理解人类精神和神圣精神的声音自然神学和神学的基础”(ix)。任务只不过是说明人类可以”变成了喜悦和爱的上帝形象”(x)探索如何被转换为上帝的形象还提供,在左轮的伦理和账户,因为生活在不同的社会和文化领域的形状。一些人会被这种关于上帝形象的主张所吸引,而另一些人会在神学任务中找到新的能量。我认为,每一位读者都会受到挑战和启发。
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引用次数: 0
Michael Perry: A Pioneer Integrating Traditions in Law and Religion 迈克尔·佩里:融合法律和宗教传统的先驱
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.26
M. C. Kaveny
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引用次数: 0
Law and the Rule of God: A Christian Engagement with Sharī'a. By Joshua Ralston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. 352. $99.99 (cloth); $80.00 (digital). ISBN: 9781108489829.
0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2022-05-01 DOI: 10.1017/jlr.2022.13
Andrew F. March
With Law and the Rule of God: A Christian Engagement with Shar ī ʿ a , Joshua Ralston aims to fill what he sees as a lacuna in recent Christian theological writing about Islam: Christian theologians do not seem to know what to say about the Islamic shar ī ʿ a from a theological perspective. Seeking to eschew both “ outright polemics or essentializing apologetics of shar ī ʿ a , ” Ralston proposes “ an approach that that engages in honest, nuanced, and critical ways with the diverse debates and visions that Muslims and the Islamic legal-theological traditions them-selves have and are having on shar ī ʿ a , sovereignty, justice, and the rule of God ” (10). But what does it mean to “ engage ”
约书亚·拉尔斯顿(Joshua Ralston)在《律法与神的统治:基督徒与沙尔尼亚的接触》一书中,旨在填补他所认为的最近基督教神学著作中关于伊斯兰教的空白:基督教神学家似乎不知道从神学的角度如何看待伊斯兰教的沙尔尼亚。拉尔斯顿试图避免“直接的争论或本质上对沙尔尼亚的辩护”,他提出了“一种方法,以诚实、细致和批判性的方式参与穆斯林和伊斯兰法律神学传统本身对沙尔尼亚、主权、正义和上帝统治的各种辩论和愿景”(10)。但是“参与”是什么意思呢?
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Law and Religion
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