Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.17925/OHR.2018.14.1.16
E. Andreopoulou
Support: No funding was received in the publication of this article. Q. Could you tell us a little about the latest research in organoids and biomimetic platforms in precision medicine? Precision medicine aims to utilize information about a patient’s tumor, including gene alterations that may aid in the identification of effective therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to combine genomic analysis with ex vivo drug screens. The opportunity to develop preclinical models that retain the tumor’s basic characteristics provides a platform for biomarker discovery and highthroughput drug screening. Patient-derived tumor xenografts have emerged as powerful systems to study many cancer types by growing tumor cells in immunocompromised mice. Advances in this area have focused on trying to improve engraftment rates and introduce the patient’s own immune cells. For more rapid and less costly screens, the patient’s tumor cells are now also cultured in the laboratory in 3D as organoids, allowing us to screen thousands of candidate drugs and drug combinations that have the potential to be used in the clinic. The future of personalized medicine resides in being able to incorporate cells of the microenvironment in state-of-the-art biomimetic platforms. This method of screening will better account for the influence of the cells that are adjacent to the tumor, known to influence the growth of cancers and their response to treatment.
{"title":"Concepts of Precision Medicine in Breast Cancer","authors":"E. Andreopoulou","doi":"10.17925/OHR.2018.14.1.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17925/OHR.2018.14.1.16","url":null,"abstract":"Support: No funding was received in the publication of this article. Q. Could you tell us a little about the latest research in organoids and biomimetic platforms in precision medicine? Precision medicine aims to utilize information about a patient’s tumor, including gene alterations that may aid in the identification of effective therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to combine genomic analysis with ex vivo drug screens. The opportunity to develop preclinical models that retain the tumor’s basic characteristics provides a platform for biomarker discovery and highthroughput drug screening. Patient-derived tumor xenografts have emerged as powerful systems to study many cancer types by growing tumor cells in immunocompromised mice. Advances in this area have focused on trying to improve engraftment rates and introduce the patient’s own immune cells. For more rapid and less costly screens, the patient’s tumor cells are now also cultured in the laboratory in 3D as organoids, allowing us to screen thousands of candidate drugs and drug combinations that have the potential to be used in the clinic. The future of personalized medicine resides in being able to incorporate cells of the microenvironment in state-of-the-art biomimetic platforms. This method of screening will better account for the influence of the cells that are adjacent to the tumor, known to influence the growth of cancers and their response to treatment.","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"14 1","pages":"16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67597210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-13DOI: 10.1215/10679847-6868183
Kathryn L. Nasstrom
In this second issue of Volume 44 of the Oral History Review, the editors are pleased to publish a set of articles that reflect the increasing internationalization of the journal. The issue begins in Brazil, as Oscar de la Torre uses oral histories about slavery and the postemancipation period to explore the “good master narrative” and its contemporary meaning. We then move to the western coast of Australia, where Andrea Gaynor and Joy McCann deploy the concept of a “responsible anthropomorphism” to raise ethical issues regarding human relationships with marine environments and animals. Our next stop—Costa Rica—is the venue for Atalia Shragai to consider a narrative of what she calls “coincidental migration” which US ex patriots used to explain and justify their privileged status in Costa Rica in the face of growing criticism of the US presence in that country. Amber Abbas then takes us to the Indian subcontinent for an examination of memories of the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan; she examines the way those memories reveal a “fear of not belonging” among Muslims who remained in India after 1947, especially in light of a rising Hindu nationalism in an India officially committed to secularism. We end with Erin Jessee’s consideration of the dangers of oral history fieldwork, both for interviewers and narrators. Her examples range around the globe and are drawn in part from her own work in postgenocide Rwanda. Oral history is not always, she reminds us, “an inherently positive endeavor that results in good relationships and positive outcomes.” This issue also features the annual pedagogy section. In it, Charlotte Nunes offers an extended reflection on the ways that involving undergraduate students in the practical work of digitally archiving oral histories can lead to their thoughtful engagement with “the ideologies that surround us.” Rounding out the issue, book and media review sections offer once again a look at an astonishingly wide range of scholarship and creativity related in one way or another to the practice and theory of oral history. Among these are two sets of reviews which present multiple perspectives on two significant books in our field. The first, Michael Frisch’s A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History, published in 1990, is insightfully reexamined in essays by Brooke Bryan, Amy Starecheski, and David Cline. Sharon
{"title":"Editor's Introduction","authors":"Kathryn L. Nasstrom","doi":"10.1215/10679847-6868183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-6868183","url":null,"abstract":"In this second issue of Volume 44 of the Oral History Review, the editors are pleased to publish a set of articles that reflect the increasing internationalization of the journal. The issue begins in Brazil, as Oscar de la Torre uses oral histories about slavery and the postemancipation period to explore the “good master narrative” and its contemporary meaning. We then move to the western coast of Australia, where Andrea Gaynor and Joy McCann deploy the concept of a “responsible anthropomorphism” to raise ethical issues regarding human relationships with marine environments and animals. Our next stop—Costa Rica—is the venue for Atalia Shragai to consider a narrative of what she calls “coincidental migration” which US ex patriots used to explain and justify their privileged status in Costa Rica in the face of growing criticism of the US presence in that country. Amber Abbas then takes us to the Indian subcontinent for an examination of memories of the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan; she examines the way those memories reveal a “fear of not belonging” among Muslims who remained in India after 1947, especially in light of a rising Hindu nationalism in an India officially committed to secularism. We end with Erin Jessee’s consideration of the dangers of oral history fieldwork, both for interviewers and narrators. Her examples range around the globe and are drawn in part from her own work in postgenocide Rwanda. Oral history is not always, she reminds us, “an inherently positive endeavor that results in good relationships and positive outcomes.” This issue also features the annual pedagogy section. In it, Charlotte Nunes offers an extended reflection on the ways that involving undergraduate students in the practical work of digitally archiving oral histories can lead to their thoughtful engagement with “the ideologies that surround us.” Rounding out the issue, book and media review sections offer once again a look at an astonishingly wide range of scholarship and creativity related in one way or another to the practice and theory of oral history. Among these are two sets of reviews which present multiple perspectives on two significant books in our field. The first, Michael Frisch’s A Shared Authority: Essays on the Craft and Meaning of Oral and Public History, published in 1990, is insightfully reexamined in essays by Brooke Bryan, Amy Starecheski, and David Cline. Sharon","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"i - ii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42719730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Practicing Oral History with Immigrant Narrators. By Carol McKirdy","authors":"Anne Spry Rush","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohx045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohx045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"429 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohx045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61387239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
tories, which are in many cases self-authored to an extent in their works of fiction. What Conversations does do exceedingly well is to help connect the missing pieces of these writers’ lives, through the author’s studied curiosity and persistent provocations. Any reader of this book will surely be stirred to read the works charted in its pages, if only to draw out further cultural insights from the minds of the luminaries that fill its pages.
{"title":"Mounting Frustration: Art Museums in the Age of Black Power. By Susan E. Cahan","authors":"Benji de la Piedra","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohx041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohx041","url":null,"abstract":"tories, which are in many cases self-authored to an extent in their works of fiction. What Conversations does do exceedingly well is to help connect the missing pieces of these writers’ lives, through the author’s studied curiosity and persistent provocations. Any reader of this book will surely be stirred to read the works charted in its pages, if only to draw out further cultural insights from the minds of the luminaries that fill its pages.","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"397 - 399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohx041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61387211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Oral histories about slavery and the postemancipation period in Brazil and other regions of the Americas often contain descriptions of masters who were kind and humane to their slaves. This article takes one such testimony as a point of departure to analyze why descendants of slaves depicted former masters in a positive light. It argues that, instead of indicating forms of false consciousness and naiveté, narratives of good masters often reflect two operations taking place in the oral memories of Afro-Brazilians: the creation of sites of memory and the occurrence of time slips. As identified by Pierre Nora, sites of memory are entities that condense a community’s symbolic heritage. Time slips, a concept borrowed from science-fiction literature, are a type of anachronism that applies to specific individuals. While these two concepts probably do not exhaust the whole range of explanations for the good-master narrative, they do contribute to depicting Afro-descendants as historical actors capable of discussing their own experiences in a nuanced and multi-faceted way.
{"title":"Sites of Memory and Time Slips: Narratives of the “Good Master” and the History of Brazilian Slavery","authors":"Oscar de la Torre","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohx039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohx039","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Oral histories about slavery and the postemancipation period in Brazil and other regions of the Americas often contain descriptions of masters who were kind and humane to their slaves. This article takes one such testimony as a point of departure to analyze why descendants of slaves depicted former masters in a positive light. It argues that, instead of indicating forms of false consciousness and naiveté, narratives of good masters often reflect two operations taking place in the oral memories of Afro-Brazilians: the creation of sites of memory and the occurrence of time slips. As identified by Pierre Nora, sites of memory are entities that condense a community’s symbolic heritage. Time slips, a concept borrowed from science-fiction literature, are a type of anachronism that applies to specific individuals. While these two concepts probably do not exhaust the whole range of explanations for the good-master narrative, they do contribute to depicting Afro-descendants as historical actors capable of discussing their own experiences in a nuanced and multi-faceted way.","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"237 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohx039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61387074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The New York Preservation Archives Project, 174 East 80th Street, New York, NY","authors":"C. Taylor","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohx064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohx064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"365 - 368"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohx064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61387275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-05-24DOI: 10.1515/9780823296033-002
Kathryn L. Nasstrom
{"title":"Editor's Introduction","authors":"Kathryn L. Nasstrom","doi":"10.1515/9780823296033-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823296033-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":" ","pages":"i - ii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46151771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
employment, and the right to self-determination” (188). They want more support for childcare and the elderly and an end to harassment and violence against women. Her interviewees consistently reported that despite the challenges of the transition, Tunisia had a solid reform tradition rooted in gender equity, “and will end up finding its own path toward democracy and human rights for all Tunisians” (191). Honwana’s conclusions sober the advocates of democracy and civil society. Youth created new democratic forms in civil society, but they have not been able to translate them into formal political power. Young Tunisians who played the central role in overthrowing the country’s dictatorship simply “have not been integrated into political parties or taken an active role in formal politics” (192). Samir, a twenty-seven-year-old from the coastal city of Sousse, asserted that youth will overcome this: “The youth is the future and we will steer the development of our own society...Just give us time” (193). Honwana makes it clear that neither the traditional political parties nor those who emerged in the wake of the overthrow have spoken to the key concerns of youth: unemployment, social justice, and civil liberties. Instead, campaigns (and then governance) have centered on diversionary debates between secularism and Islamism, rather than the central challenge of neoliberal economic failures and establishing a climate where civil society could flourish. This is not unusual: as the eminent scholar of social movements, Lawrence Goodwyn, once reflected, the burden organic to the creation of large-scale democratic movements is that they need to stay accountable to the movement’s mass base. Too often, he reflected, those who govern in the wake of overthrow take an imperial or condescending stance, rather than a relational one, to those youth or farmers or workers who made the overthrow possible. Governance often proves a hollow echo of the early, heady days of democratic promise. Honwana’s work gives us a front-row seat to view these processes.
{"title":"We Are the Face of Oaxaca: Testimony and Social Movements. By Lynn Stephen","authors":"Luis van Isschot","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohw102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohw102","url":null,"abstract":"employment, and the right to self-determination” (188). They want more support for childcare and the elderly and an end to harassment and violence against women. Her interviewees consistently reported that despite the challenges of the transition, Tunisia had a solid reform tradition rooted in gender equity, “and will end up finding its own path toward democracy and human rights for all Tunisians” (191). Honwana’s conclusions sober the advocates of democracy and civil society. Youth created new democratic forms in civil society, but they have not been able to translate them into formal political power. Young Tunisians who played the central role in overthrowing the country’s dictatorship simply “have not been integrated into political parties or taken an active role in formal politics” (192). Samir, a twenty-seven-year-old from the coastal city of Sousse, asserted that youth will overcome this: “The youth is the future and we will steer the development of our own society...Just give us time” (193). Honwana makes it clear that neither the traditional political parties nor those who emerged in the wake of the overthrow have spoken to the key concerns of youth: unemployment, social justice, and civil liberties. Instead, campaigns (and then governance) have centered on diversionary debates between secularism and Islamism, rather than the central challenge of neoliberal economic failures and establishing a climate where civil society could flourish. This is not unusual: as the eminent scholar of social movements, Lawrence Goodwyn, once reflected, the burden organic to the creation of large-scale democratic movements is that they need to stay accountable to the movement’s mass base. Too often, he reflected, those who govern in the wake of overthrow take an imperial or condescending stance, rather than a relational one, to those youth or farmers or workers who made the overthrow possible. Governance often proves a hollow echo of the early, heady days of democratic promise. Honwana’s work gives us a front-row seat to view these processes.","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"165 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohw102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61386711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lynton Keith Caldwell: An Environmental Visionary and the National Environmental Protection Act. By Wendy Read Wertz","authors":"Nicholas Di Taranto","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohw125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohw125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"148 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohw125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61386533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making Good Neighbors: Civil Rights, Liberalism, and Integration in Postwar Philadelphia. By Abigail Perkiss","authors":"Stanley Keith Arnold","doi":"10.1093/ohr/ohx013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohx013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44122,"journal":{"name":"Oral History Review","volume":"21 1","pages":"131 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ohr/ohx013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61386934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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