In this paper we theorize that there are specific musical features that contribute to a melody’s character which we define as melodiousness and conduct a large-scale corpus analysis to examine whether there are differences in the melodiousness of popular hit songs from the 1960s compared with present-day pop songs. To carry out the corpus analysis, we use a new approach for generating symbolic data for popular music melodies to overcome the lack of preexisting symbolic data. In addition, we attempt to answer the question of whether any key characteristics of melodiousness appear to have changed or shifted in notable ways over time.
{"title":"Is Melody “Dead?”: A Large-scale Analysis of Pop Music Melodies from 1960 through 2019","authors":"Beach Clark, Claire Arthur","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.8746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.8746","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we theorize that there are specific musical features that contribute to a melody’s character which we define as melodiousness and conduct a large-scale corpus analysis to examine whether there are differences in the melodiousness of popular hit songs from the 1960s compared with present-day pop songs. To carry out the corpus analysis, we use a new approach for generating symbolic data for popular music melodies to overcome the lack of preexisting symbolic data. In addition, we attempt to answer the question of whether any key characteristics of melodiousness appear to have changed or shifted in notable ways over time.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 120","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yixue Quan, Kirk N. Olsen, William Forde Thompson, Weiyi Ma
Student sojourners temporarily live in a foreign country to pursue higher education. Research has shown that student sojourners’ openness to new experience and cultural values predict their adaptation to the host culture. However, it is unclear whether music – a major medium of cultural communication – also plays a role in adaptation to a host culture. This study examined whether student sojourners’ world music open-earedness (a willingness to explore, listen to, tolerate, and learn about music from diverse cultures) and functions of music in intercultural settings (the psychosocial reasons people engage with music) predict psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Seventy-six student sojourners in Australia reported their musical inclinations and adaptation to Australian society. World music open-earedness was significantly correlated with psychological and sociocultural adaptation. However, multiple regression modelling revealed that after statistically controlling for personal characteristics (e.g., age, musical training), personality traits (e.g., openness), and acculturation strategies, psychological adaptation was predicted by the music functions ‘arousal and activation’ and ‘self-reflection’, whereas sociocultural adaptation was predicted by world music open-earedness and the music function ‘arousal and activation’. Mechanisms that account for these associations and implications for identifying at-risk international students are discussed.
{"title":"Openness to World Music Predicts Adaptation to a New Culture among Student Sojourners","authors":"Yixue Quan, Kirk N. Olsen, William Forde Thompson, Weiyi Ma","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9239","url":null,"abstract":"Student sojourners temporarily live in a foreign country to pursue higher education. Research has shown that student sojourners’ openness to new experience and cultural values predict their adaptation to the host culture. However, it is unclear whether music – a major medium of cultural communication – also plays a role in adaptation to a host culture. This study examined whether student sojourners’ world music open-earedness (a willingness to explore, listen to, tolerate, and learn about music from diverse cultures) and functions of music in intercultural settings (the psychosocial reasons people engage with music) predict psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Seventy-six student sojourners in Australia reported their musical inclinations and adaptation to Australian society. World music open-earedness was significantly correlated with psychological and sociocultural adaptation. However, multiple regression modelling revealed that after statistically controlling for personal characteristics (e.g., age, musical training), personality traits (e.g., openness), and acculturation strategies, psychological adaptation was predicted by the music functions ‘arousal and activation’ and ‘self-reflection’, whereas sociocultural adaptation was predicted by world music open-earedness and the music function ‘arousal and activation’. Mechanisms that account for these associations and implications for identifying at-risk international students are discussed.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this commentary, I discuss the key findings of Quan et al. (2022) and consider how their World Music Open-earedness Scale might contribute to future research and practice. I offer an alternative assessment of the relationship between world music open-earedness and sociocultural adaptation, and suggest how this may be investigated further. I extend this into a reinterpretation of the result linking specific functions of music to adaptation, adding greater emphasis to the role of music as an explicit expression of culture. I propose that these findings can be used to support an increased focus on culture and art in educational contexts, including an increase in intercultural content and encounters.
{"title":"World Music Open-earedness as a Possible Measure of Proteophilia and Connection to a Cultural Secure Base: A Commentary on Quan et al. (2022)","authors":"Alex Chilvers","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9554","url":null,"abstract":"In this commentary, I discuss the key findings of Quan et al. (2022) and consider how their World Music Open-earedness Scale might contribute to future research and practice. I offer an alternative assessment of the relationship between world music open-earedness and sociocultural adaptation, and suggest how this may be investigated further. I extend this into a reinterpretation of the result linking specific functions of music to adaptation, adding greater emphasis to the role of music as an explicit expression of culture. I propose that these findings can be used to support an increased focus on culture and art in educational contexts, including an increase in intercultural content and encounters.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is a commentary on Quan et al. (2022) about their paper on world music open earedness and functional uses of music in relationship with psychological and sociocultural adaptations in student sojourners in Australia. The strengths of the paper, including the significance of cross-cultural music research and its applications for mental well-being, are discussed. Additionally, comparing responses through control groups and providing clear definitions of “novel and unfamiliar” musical excerpts for future replications are suggested in more detail in this commentary.
{"title":"It’s time to open your ears to world music: Commentary on Quan et al. (2022)","authors":"Shafagh Hadavi","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9535","url":null,"abstract":"This is a commentary on Quan et al. (2022) about their paper on world music open earedness and functional uses of music in relationship with psychological and sociocultural adaptations in student sojourners in Australia. The strengths of the paper, including the significance of cross-cultural music research and its applications for mental well-being, are discussed. Additionally, comparing responses through control groups and providing clear definitions of “novel and unfamiliar” musical excerpts for future replications are suggested in more detail in this commentary.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 37","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this commentary, I discuss Verosky’s article, “Essen as a Corpus of Early Musical Experience” from my position as a developmental psychologist. I consider how Verosky’s findings connect to what is known about early cognitive development, discuss how the corpus fits into efforts to characterize early environments, and raise questions for future study.
{"title":"Developmental considerations in children’s song exposure: A commentary on Verosky (2022)","authors":"Haley E. Kragness","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9551","url":null,"abstract":"In this commentary, I discuss Verosky’s article, “Essen as a Corpus of Early Musical Experience” from my position as a developmental psychologist. I consider how Verosky’s findings connect to what is known about early cognitive development, discuss how the corpus fits into efforts to characterize early environments, and raise questions for future study.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 15","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article introduces the Mysterium corpus, the complete published oeuvre of Alexander Scriabin’s 207 solo piano works, and makes the corpus available in Humdrum’s kern format. Scriabin’s music presents distinct challenges, specifically in relation to his use of complex rhythmic and metric explorations and the idiosyncratic ways in which he notated his compositional ideas. While this sidetdataset is focused on Scriabin, the methodological challenges explored in the article may shed light on the encoding process for other related late-tonal and early post-tonal repertoires. As such, this article provides a case study of methodological considerations involved in systematically translating messy musical notations into a symbolic encoding of the musical data. Finally, this article provides descriptive statistics of the corpus, especially focusing on Scriabin’s treatment of meter and two harmonies (i.e., the dominant-seventh chord with lowered fifth, and the “Mystic” chord), and discusses the applicability of the Mysterium corpus for future research.
{"title":"Mysterium Corpus: The Solo Piano Music of Alexander Scriabin","authors":"Bryan Jacob Bell, Joshua Albrecht","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9281","url":null,"abstract":"This article introduces the Mysterium corpus, the complete published oeuvre of Alexander Scriabin’s 207 solo piano works, and makes the corpus available in Humdrum’s kern format. Scriabin’s music presents distinct challenges, specifically in relation to his use of complex rhythmic and metric explorations and the idiosyncratic ways in which he notated his compositional ideas. While this sidetdataset is focused on Scriabin, the methodological challenges explored in the article may shed light on the encoding process for other related late-tonal and early post-tonal repertoires. As such, this article provides a case study of methodological considerations involved in systematically translating messy musical notations into a symbolic encoding of the musical data. Finally, this article provides descriptive statistics of the corpus, especially focusing on Scriabin’s treatment of meter and two harmonies (i.e., the dominant-seventh chord with lowered fifth, and the “Mystic” chord), and discusses the applicability of the Mysterium corpus for future research.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 42","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study by Lee & Zaryab (this issue) investigated whether listening to high-groove music affects how heterosexual observers rate the attractiveness of people from the opposite sex. They found a very small positive effect of high-groove music on the male observers, but no effect on females. In my commentary, I argue for a more conservative interpretation of the results than the one offered by the authors.
Lee &Zaryab(本期)调查了听高节奏音乐是否会影响异性恋观察者对异性吸引力的评价。他们发现，高节奏音乐对男性观察者有非常小的积极影响，但对女性没有影响。在我的评论中，我主张对结果进行比作者提供的更保守的解释。
{"title":"Commentary on Lee & Zaryab","authors":"Olivier Senn","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9586","url":null,"abstract":"The study by Lee & Zaryab (this issue) investigated whether listening to high-groove music affects how heterosexual observers rate the attractiveness of people from the opposite sex. They found a very small positive effect of high-groove music on the male observers, but no effect on females. In my commentary, I argue for a more conservative interpretation of the results than the one offered by the authors.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135241402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Music is a stimulus that is known to have manipulative potential in different societal contexts. Misattributed arousal is one mechanism through which music may affect perception and behavior. Lee and Zaryab (this volume) present a study that examined the influence of groove on sexual selection in a simulated speed-dating paradigm, building upon research by Marin et al. (2017) and Chang et al. (2021). Their results indicate that groove ratings predicted sexual attraction among males, but not among females. This commentary discusses several methodological issues and suggests possible refinements for future studies on music-induced arousal transfer, which may ultimately enhance our understanding of how music can affect mate choice. Finally, I discuss the topic in the context of the origins of music and musicality.
众所周知，音乐是一种刺激，在不同的社会背景下具有操纵潜力。错误归因的觉醒是音乐可能影响感知和行为的一种机制。Lee和Zaryab(本卷)在Marin et al.(2017)和Chang et al.(2021)的研究基础上，提出了一项研究，在模拟快速约会范例中研究了groove对性选择的影响。他们的研究结果表明，最佳评分能预测男性的性吸引力，但对女性则不然。这篇评论讨论了几个方法上的问题，并提出了对音乐诱导的觉醒转移的未来研究的可能改进，这可能最终增强我们对音乐如何影响配偶选择的理解。最后，我在音乐的起源和音乐性的背景下讨论了这个话题。
{"title":"Commentary on Lee and Zaryab: Does groove really influence sexual selection?","authors":"Manuela M. Marin","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.9587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.9587","url":null,"abstract":"Music is a stimulus that is known to have manipulative potential in different societal contexts. Misattributed arousal is one mechanism through which music may affect perception and behavior. Lee and Zaryab (this volume) present a study that examined the influence of groove on sexual selection in a simulated speed-dating paradigm, building upon research by Marin et al. (2017) and Chang et al. (2021). Their results indicate that groove ratings predicted sexual attraction among males, but not among females. This commentary discusses several methodological issues and suggests possible refinements for future studies on music-induced arousal transfer, which may ultimately enhance our understanding of how music can affect mate choice. Finally, I discuss the topic in the context of the origins of music and musicality.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 48","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First described by Schachter & Singer (1962), the phenomenon of misattributed arousal (arousal perceived as coming from a wrongly presumed source and irrelevantly influencing evaluations of it) has been widely documented, with two recent studies, Marin, Schober, Gingras, & Leder (2017) and Chang et al. (2021), providing suggestive evidence of music as a source of misattributed arousal with an enhancing effect on sexual attraction. The aim of the present study was to provide more unambiguous evidence of such a musical arousal effect. In an online experiment simulating a face-to-face dating event, participants (41 females and 43 males) rated the attractiveness of opposite-sex faces in a series of slideshows presented twice, once accompanied by a high-groove drum track and the other time by a low-groove drum track. They then rated the drum tracks for groove. While whole-sample analyses yielded no significant findings, subsample analyses showed that the groove ratings of the male participants, though not the female participants, positively predicted their attractiveness ratings, in partial support of the arousal hypothesis. We discuss possible reasons for the pattern of findings, including sex differences in groove response and more generally in the evaluation of cues of physiological arousal.
{"title":"The influence of groove on sexual attraction: Evidence for an effect of misattributed arousal in males but not females","authors":"Christopher S. Lee, Muhammad Zaryab","doi":"10.18061/emr.v17i2.8613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18061/emr.v17i2.8613","url":null,"abstract":"First described by Schachter & Singer (1962), the phenomenon of misattributed arousal (arousal perceived as coming from a wrongly presumed source and irrelevantly influencing evaluations of it) has been widely documented, with two recent studies, Marin, Schober, Gingras, & Leder (2017) and Chang et al. (2021), providing suggestive evidence of music as a source of misattributed arousal with an enhancing effect on sexual attraction. The aim of the present study was to provide more unambiguous evidence of such a musical arousal effect. In an online experiment simulating a face-to-face dating event, participants (41 females and 43 males) rated the attractiveness of opposite-sex faces in a series of slideshows presented twice, once accompanied by a high-groove drum track and the other time by a low-groove drum track. They then rated the drum tracks for groove. While whole-sample analyses yielded no significant findings, subsample analyses showed that the groove ratings of the male participants, though not the female participants, positively predicted their attractiveness ratings, in partial support of the arousal hypothesis. We discuss possible reasons for the pattern of findings, including sex differences in groove response and more generally in the evaluation of cues of physiological arousal.","PeriodicalId":44128,"journal":{"name":"Empirical Musicology Review","volume":" 39","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135192063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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