Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201144
I.G. Sundstrom
Some aspects for development of software in a modern multimode airborne nose radar are described. First, an overview of where software is used in the radar units is presented. The development phases-system design, functional design, detailed design, function verification, and system verification-are then used as the starting point for the discussion. Methods, tools, and the most important documents are described. The importance of video flight recording in the early stages and use of a digital signal generator for performance verification is emphasized. Some future trends are discussed.<>
{"title":"Software development for airborne radar","authors":"I.G. Sundstrom","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201144","url":null,"abstract":"Some aspects for development of software in a modern multimode airborne nose radar are described. First, an overview of where software is used in the radar units is presented. The development phases-system design, functional design, detailed design, function verification, and system verification-are then used as the starting point for the discussion. Methods, tools, and the most important documents are described. The importance of video flight recording in the early stages and use of a digital signal generator for performance verification is emphasized. Some future trends are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115016397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201152
R.L. Hom, R. E. Rouse, K.L. Bateman
An automatic phase alignment concept that will adjust and maintain the correct phase balance within a radar transmitter configured with one or more pairs of parallel channels is proposed. Such a system would eliminate the maintenance of tight tolerances on the absolute lengths of individual components within the transmitter's parallel paths and will compensate for long-term variations in component parameters. Two systems based on the phase alignment concept have been developed and evaluated. Test results are given.<>
{"title":"An automatic phase alignment system for transmitters","authors":"R.L. Hom, R. E. Rouse, K.L. Bateman","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201152","url":null,"abstract":"An automatic phase alignment concept that will adjust and maintain the correct phase balance within a radar transmitter configured with one or more pairs of parallel channels is proposed. Such a system would eliminate the maintenance of tight tolerances on the absolute lengths of individual components within the transmitter's parallel paths and will compensate for long-term variations in component parameters. Two systems based on the phase alignment concept have been developed and evaluated. Test results are given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133783601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201133
X. Qiao, Yongtan Liu
The spectral characteristics of sea clutter echoes and man-made noise disturbance in the HF band are analyzed. A new spectral method for ship detection in heavy sea clutter and man-made noise environment by an onshore ground wave radar is introduced. A T-R cell averaging detector with the assistance of a spectrum monitoring system operates on a frequency agile mode, and it can detect ships even if they are masked by the first-order Bragg spectra of sea clutter echoes.<>
{"title":"Ship detection in heavy sea clutter echoes and man-made radio noise environment for an on-shore HF ground wave frequency agile radar","authors":"X. Qiao, Yongtan Liu","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201133","url":null,"abstract":"The spectral characteristics of sea clutter echoes and man-made noise disturbance in the HF band are analyzed. A new spectral method for ship detection in heavy sea clutter and man-made noise environment by an onshore ground wave radar is introduced. A T-R cell averaging detector with the assistance of a spectrum monitoring system operates on a frequency agile mode, and it can detect ships even if they are masked by the first-order Bragg spectra of sea clutter echoes.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130892422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201177
H. Wilden, J. Ender
The experimental radar system CNA-512 is introduced. Its core is a spatial array consisting of 512 statistically distributed microstrip antennas. The object is to demonstrate radar operation over 360 degrees without need for mechanical antenna rotation. The CNA-512, working at X-band, is designed for a look-direction-independent beamwidth of 2.7 degrees . The positions of the single elements (microstrip loop antennas) were determined via a 3D-Taylor density distribution. Each antenna element is to be equipped with a separate T/R-module, from which 60 have been realized in the first step. The array is subdivided into 32 subgroups with combination on the RF level; the individual signal outputs are down-mixed and digitized, allowing monopulse operation and adaptive null steering. Phase calibration for beamforming is achieved by the measurement of relative phases at a few reference elements inside the sphere. First experiments with the CNA-512 showed that transmit-receive operation and phase-steering work as projected.<>
{"title":"The crow's nest antenna-experimental results","authors":"H. Wilden, J. Ender","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201177","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental radar system CNA-512 is introduced. Its core is a spatial array consisting of 512 statistically distributed microstrip antennas. The object is to demonstrate radar operation over 360 degrees without need for mechanical antenna rotation. The CNA-512, working at X-band, is designed for a look-direction-independent beamwidth of 2.7 degrees . The positions of the single elements (microstrip loop antennas) were determined via a 3D-Taylor density distribution. Each antenna element is to be equipped with a separate T/R-module, from which 60 have been realized in the first step. The array is subdivided into 32 subgroups with combination on the RF level; the individual signal outputs are down-mixed and digitized, allowing monopulse operation and adaptive null steering. Phase calibration for beamforming is achieved by the measurement of relative phases at a few reference elements inside the sphere. First experiments with the CNA-512 showed that transmit-receive operation and phase-steering work as projected.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133249387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201173
D. Giuli, L. Facheris, M. Fossi, A. Rossettini
A method making use of signal coding for simultaneous measurement of all four elements of a target scattering matrix with a polarimetric radar is studied. The method is based on a simultaneous transmission of two orthogonal signals on two orthogonal polarization channels. The four elements of the scattering matrix are retrieved on reception by correlating the signal on each polarization channel with both orthogonal signals. Although the method increases the radar system complexity, it potentially overcomes the limitations of the measurement accuracy introduced by the fast polarization switch and may also improve both polarization and Doppler processing of radar signals.<>
{"title":"Simultaneous scattering matrix measurement through signal coding","authors":"D. Giuli, L. Facheris, M. Fossi, A. Rossettini","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201173","url":null,"abstract":"A method making use of signal coding for simultaneous measurement of all four elements of a target scattering matrix with a polarimetric radar is studied. The method is based on a simultaneous transmission of two orthogonal signals on two orthogonal polarization channels. The four elements of the scattering matrix are retrieved on reception by correlating the signal on each polarization channel with both orthogonal signals. Although the method increases the radar system complexity, it potentially overcomes the limitations of the measurement accuracy introduced by the fast polarization switch and may also improve both polarization and Doppler processing of radar signals.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114380179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201087
W.F. Herdeg, U. Fuchs, H. Wendel
It is demonstrate that polarimetric high-resolution experiments are able to produce images of distinct scattering centers whose properties can be examined by means of the theory of optimal polarizations. The results are in excellent quantitative agreement with simulations based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Polarimetric high-resolution experiments thus enable the investigation of isolated canonical scattering mechanisms which are suitably handled with mathematic expressions delivered by the GTD and UTD (uniform theory of diffraction). Even if two scattering centers cannot be resolved the frequency behavior of the measured parameters gives enough information about the scattering geometry investigated. In this case the polarimetric parameters gamma (characteristic angle) and nu (target skip angle) are related if considered as functions of frequency.<>
{"title":"Polarisation parameters from wide-band high resolution radar imagery","authors":"W.F. Herdeg, U. Fuchs, H. Wendel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201087","url":null,"abstract":"It is demonstrate that polarimetric high-resolution experiments are able to produce images of distinct scattering centers whose properties can be examined by means of the theory of optimal polarizations. The results are in excellent quantitative agreement with simulations based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD). Polarimetric high-resolution experiments thus enable the investigation of isolated canonical scattering mechanisms which are suitably handled with mathematic expressions delivered by the GTD and UTD (uniform theory of diffraction). Even if two scattering centers cannot be resolved the frequency behavior of the measured parameters gives enough information about the scattering geometry investigated. In this case the polarimetric parameters gamma (characteristic angle) and nu (target skip angle) are related if considered as functions of frequency.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116159416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201100
X. Xie, R. Evans
The application of hidden Markov models (HMM) to the problem of tracking multiple targets is discussed. The tracker generates multiple discrete Viterbi tracks and automatically accounts for track iteration, termination, and ambiguous measurements. The tracker is not smoothing-based, as are most existing systems such as Kalman and PDA (probabilistic data association) trackers, but is discrete in the sense of the finite state Viterbi algorithm. Simulation shows that in some cases it is possible to avoid the route of data association and directly compute the maximum likelihood mixed track.<>
{"title":"Multiple target tracking using hidden Markov models","authors":"X. Xie, R. Evans","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201100","url":null,"abstract":"The application of hidden Markov models (HMM) to the problem of tracking multiple targets is discussed. The tracker generates multiple discrete Viterbi tracks and automatically accounts for track iteration, termination, and ambiguous measurements. The tracker is not smoothing-based, as are most existing systems such as Kalman and PDA (probabilistic data association) trackers, but is discrete in the sense of the finite state Viterbi algorithm. Simulation shows that in some cases it is possible to avoid the route of data association and directly compute the maximum likelihood mixed track.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116446691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201148
J. Ritcey, J. Hwang
Performance analyses and architectures for the order statistic detectors (OSD) in radar signal processing are presented. Based on an analytical model in which the number of interfering targets is random, the detectability is evaluated. It is shown that the system is much more susceptible to a random degree of interference than merely a fixed number of interferers. In addition, a relationship between binary integration and order statistics suggests a novel implementation. By showing that M-out-of-N binary integration is equivalent to selecting the (N+1-M)/sup st/ order statistic, the OSD(R,K) that uses R reference cells using only R+1 comparators is implemented. A systolic architecture is presented that can implement this approach with the advantages of a regular, parallel, and fully pipelined structure.<>
{"title":"Detection performance and systolic architectures for OS-CFAR detectors","authors":"J. Ritcey, J. Hwang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201148","url":null,"abstract":"Performance analyses and architectures for the order statistic detectors (OSD) in radar signal processing are presented. Based on an analytical model in which the number of interfering targets is random, the detectability is evaluated. It is shown that the system is much more susceptible to a random degree of interference than merely a fixed number of interferers. In addition, a relationship between binary integration and order statistics suggests a novel implementation. By showing that M-out-of-N binary integration is equivalent to selecting the (N+1-M)/sup st/ order statistic, the OSD(R,K) that uses R reference cells using only R+1 comparators is implemented. A systolic architecture is presented that can implement this approach with the advantages of a regular, parallel, and fully pipelined structure.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114597175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201179
H. Mieth
The correction of errors in the data processing part of a radar system is discussed, with emphasis on the parameters of the target tracking algorithms. From this point of view, one reason for bad performance of the tracking routine is the theoretical assumption of a stochastic Gauss-Markov process describing the target dynamics and a usually assumed Gaussian measurement noise distribution. A functional relation between measurement error variances and the signal-to-noise ratio as well as the target distance is derived from ELRA real-time experiment evaluation. Improvements of the ELRA system by measurement noise parameter adaptation are discussed. Estimates for dynamic parameters are given.<>
{"title":"Adjusting measurement error and dynamic parameters by evaluating real-time experiments with electronically steerable radar (ELRA)","authors":"H. Mieth","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201179","url":null,"abstract":"The correction of errors in the data processing part of a radar system is discussed, with emphasis on the parameters of the target tracking algorithms. From this point of view, one reason for bad performance of the tracking routine is the theoretical assumption of a stochastic Gauss-Markov process describing the target dynamics and a usually assumed Gaussian measurement noise distribution. A functional relation between measurement error variances and the signal-to-noise ratio as well as the target distance is derived from ELRA real-time experiment evaluation. Improvements of the ELRA system by measurement noise parameter adaptation are discussed. Estimates for dynamic parameters are given.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134104219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201174
W. Gabriel
The continuation of an investigation in which high-resolution optimal estimation, techniques are applied to the radar imaging problem area is described. A primary objective of the author's previous study (see IEEE National Radar Conference Digest, p.48, 1989) was to show that one could obtain either higher-resolution images from the same data samples or equal-quality images from significantly fewer data samples. The investigation is extended into the range domain and the Doppler domain, and three-dimensional superresolution images in both range and Doppler have been processed from simulation model radar data. The achievement of superresolution in the range domain is the primary subject addressed.<>
{"title":"Superresolution techniques in the range domain","authors":"W. Gabriel","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201174","url":null,"abstract":"The continuation of an investigation in which high-resolution optimal estimation, techniques are applied to the radar imaging problem area is described. A primary objective of the author's previous study (see IEEE National Radar Conference Digest, p.48, 1989) was to show that one could obtain either higher-resolution images from the same data samples or equal-quality images from significantly fewer data samples. The investigation is extended into the range domain and the Doppler domain, and three-dimensional superresolution images in both range and Doppler have been processed from simulation model radar data. The achievement of superresolution in the range domain is the primary subject addressed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133687637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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