Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201208
G.J. Portmann, J. Moore, W.G. Bath
A separated covariance filter (SCF) for estimating position and velocity given noisy measurements is discussed. The SCF calculates the state errors due to measurement errors and those due to target acceleration separately. The SCF overcomes two difficulties with the standard Kalman filter technique: (1) selection of the process noise covariance; and (2) interpreting the Kalman state covariance. The SCF is adaptable to a stream of unsequenced measurements.<>
{"title":"Separated covariance filtering","authors":"G.J. Portmann, J. Moore, W.G. Bath","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201208","url":null,"abstract":"A separated covariance filter (SCF) for estimating position and velocity given noisy measurements is discussed. The SCF calculates the state errors due to measurement errors and those due to target acceleration separately. The SCF overcomes two difficulties with the standard Kalman filter technique: (1) selection of the process noise covariance; and (2) interpreting the Kalman state covariance. The SCF is adaptable to a stream of unsequenced measurements.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128047866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201128
D. Brosnihan, F. Scire, J. Perrotta, E. Giaccari, M. Di Lazzaro
The AN/TPS-73 is a mobile, completely solid-state integrated primary surveillance S-band radar and L-band monopulse secondary surveillance radar system. Housed in a single shelter for rapid deployment, the system was designed to meet the air traffic control requirements of surveillance, detection, tracking, and identification in an adverse clutter and electronic countermeasures environment. The full band pulse-to-pulse frequency agility transmission of low-peak-power-coded waveforms provides the quiet radar characteristics necessary for survivability, while simultaneously maintaining high target visibility throughout the surveillance volume. An adaptive refinement to moving target detection, coupled with the high system stability, enables automatic and effective suppression of time and spatial varying clutter. Five thousand hours for the mean-time between critical failure is achieved in a cost-effective manner by a combination of fail-soft and standby redundant elements, ensuring high system availability in a sustained hostile environment.<>
{"title":"AN/TPS-73-a new tactical, solid-state air traffic control radar system with multi-emission capability","authors":"D. Brosnihan, F. Scire, J. Perrotta, E. Giaccari, M. Di Lazzaro","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201128","url":null,"abstract":"The AN/TPS-73 is a mobile, completely solid-state integrated primary surveillance S-band radar and L-band monopulse secondary surveillance radar system. Housed in a single shelter for rapid deployment, the system was designed to meet the air traffic control requirements of surveillance, detection, tracking, and identification in an adverse clutter and electronic countermeasures environment. The full band pulse-to-pulse frequency agility transmission of low-peak-power-coded waveforms provides the quiet radar characteristics necessary for survivability, while simultaneously maintaining high target visibility throughout the surveillance volume. An adaptive refinement to moving target detection, coupled with the high system stability, enables automatic and effective suppression of time and spatial varying clutter. Five thousand hours for the mean-time between critical failure is achieved in a cost-effective manner by a combination of fail-soft and standby redundant elements, ensuring high system availability in a sustained hostile environment.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128069732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201089
D. Shoham
The SAR (synthetic aperture radar) detection of stationary targets hidden in highly cluttered environments by using phase stability is studied. The theoretical performance of such a detection scheme is evaluated using simplified target and clutter models. Detection is based on a model where targets contain a concentration of phase-stable scatterers, and clutter is made up of phase-unstable scatterers. The proposed algorithm involves the transmission of three equally spaced frequencies. Each pixel is characterized by its observed stability, a linear combination of the phase shifts at each of the three frequencies, whose weights are +1, -2, +1, respectively. A mask is a collection of pixels chosen to match the possible geometry of a target. The observed stability of a mask is the weighted average of the squares of the observed stability of the pixels it contains.<>
{"title":"Phase-stability detection of stationary targets","authors":"D. Shoham","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201089","url":null,"abstract":"The SAR (synthetic aperture radar) detection of stationary targets hidden in highly cluttered environments by using phase stability is studied. The theoretical performance of such a detection scheme is evaluated using simplified target and clutter models. Detection is based on a model where targets contain a concentration of phase-stable scatterers, and clutter is made up of phase-unstable scatterers. The proposed algorithm involves the transmission of three equally spaced frequencies. Each pixel is characterized by its observed stability, a linear combination of the phase shifts at each of the three frequencies, whose weights are +1, -2, +1, respectively. A mask is a collection of pixels chosen to match the possible geometry of a target. The observed stability of a mask is the weighted average of the squares of the observed stability of the pixels it contains.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127957600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201090
G. Corsini, E. Dalle Mese, G. Manara, F. Bessi, G. Bettini, F. Zacca
The problem of performing automatic high resolution radar imaging of noncooperating maneuvering aircraft is investigated. In order to define the main features of the radar processor, a numerical model of the system which makes use of an electromagnetic model of the moving aircraft so that the actual, complete operating conditions can be simulated has been developed. The availability of such a numerical tool avoids the need to carry out long and onerous experimental tests. In this framework an automatic high-resolution radar imaging technique has been developed. The imaging algorithm provides parameters useful for target classification.<>
{"title":"Radar imaging of noncooperating maneuvering aircraft","authors":"G. Corsini, E. Dalle Mese, G. Manara, F. Bessi, G. Bettini, F. Zacca","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201090","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of performing automatic high resolution radar imaging of noncooperating maneuvering aircraft is investigated. In order to define the main features of the radar processor, a numerical model of the system which makes use of an electromagnetic model of the moving aircraft so that the actual, complete operating conditions can be simulated has been developed. The availability of such a numerical tool avoids the need to carry out long and onerous experimental tests. In this framework an automatic high-resolution radar imaging technique has been developed. The imaging algorithm provides parameters useful for target classification.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120945145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201209
I. Oderland, S. Nordlof, B. Leijon
The EAGLE tracking radar family is discussed. EAGLE is a fully coherent tracking radar operating in the 35-GHz band. The radar is unique in the way it combines pulse-to-pulse frequency agility and MTI filtering in a single transmission scheme. A brief comparison of different radar bands is given, and the EAGLE radar, along with its characteristics and techniques is discussed. Test results obtained during field trials are presented. The possibility of using the EAGLE radar for NCTR (noncooperative target recognition) by using a high range resolution mode in the radar is described.<>
{"title":"EAGLE-a high accuracy 35 GHz tracking radar","authors":"I. Oderland, S. Nordlof, B. Leijon","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201209","url":null,"abstract":"The EAGLE tracking radar family is discussed. EAGLE is a fully coherent tracking radar operating in the 35-GHz band. The radar is unique in the way it combines pulse-to-pulse frequency agility and MTI filtering in a single transmission scheme. A brief comparison of different radar bands is given, and the EAGLE radar, along with its characteristics and techniques is discussed. Test results obtained during field trials are presented. The possibility of using the EAGLE radar for NCTR (noncooperative target recognition) by using a high range resolution mode in the radar is described.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115955944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201113
D. Koch, W. Tranter
The processing necessary for a hybrid radar waveform utilizing both complementary phase coding and linear frequency stepping to achieve improved range resolution in a radar system which is processor-bandwidth limited is investigated. An advantage of the technique presented is that a radar system may be designed with a lower processor bandwidth consistent with the phase code chip time instead of the entire frequency excursion of the hybrid waveform. This translates into lower complexity and cost for the radar system. An overall processing structure is presented for realizing this design, which consists of a matched filter, phase compensator, and coherent summer, followed by an inverse FFT (fast Fourier transform) operation. The results of a simulation of the processor are presented to illustrate the resolution properties of the hybrid waveform.<>
{"title":"Processing considerations for hybrid waveforms utilizing complementary phase coding and linear frequency stepping","authors":"D. Koch, W. Tranter","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201113","url":null,"abstract":"The processing necessary for a hybrid radar waveform utilizing both complementary phase coding and linear frequency stepping to achieve improved range resolution in a radar system which is processor-bandwidth limited is investigated. An advantage of the technique presented is that a radar system may be designed with a lower processor bandwidth consistent with the phase code chip time instead of the entire frequency excursion of the hybrid waveform. This translates into lower complexity and cost for the radar system. An overall processing structure is presented for realizing this design, which consists of a matched filter, phase compensator, and coherent summer, followed by an inverse FFT (fast Fourier transform) operation. The results of a simulation of the processor are presented to illustrate the resolution properties of the hybrid waveform.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116165163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201185
K. K. Pham
A multifunction X-band naval radar with an antenna that is mechanically scanned in azimuth and electronically scanned in both elevation and azimuth is discussed. Simulations that are mainly based on the cumulative detection probability are used to compare the performances of more or less range-ambiguous waveforms. It is demonstrated that range-ambiguous waveforms using medium pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs)-that is, with both range and Doppler ambiguities-can achieve the same cumulative detection performance as non-range-ambiguous waveforms using low PRFs mixed with the additional higher PRFs. These medium PRFs used without the help of lower ones can save time significantly.<>
{"title":"Range ambiguous signature against sea clutter in an X-band multifunction radar","authors":"K. K. Pham","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201185","url":null,"abstract":"A multifunction X-band naval radar with an antenna that is mechanically scanned in azimuth and electronically scanned in both elevation and azimuth is discussed. Simulations that are mainly based on the cumulative detection probability are used to compare the performances of more or less range-ambiguous waveforms. It is demonstrated that range-ambiguous waveforms using medium pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs)-that is, with both range and Doppler ambiguities-can achieve the same cumulative detection performance as non-range-ambiguous waveforms using low PRFs mixed with the additional higher PRFs. These medium PRFs used without the help of lower ones can save time significantly.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116257309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201132
G. Picardi, R. Seu, P. T. Melacci
A new-concept radar altimeter for the ESA-NASA joint mission named Rosetta has been studied. The goal of that mission is to approach and land on a comet nucleus, take a sample of the comet nucleus, and bring it to the Earth. The success of the mission is strongly related to a safe landing on a suitable site. A radar altimeter should perform the main operations during the landing phase giving information not only about attitude and surface roughness but also about the surface composition and the presence and nature of subsurface discontinuities. Surface composition means the type of material giving rise to the observed echo. A comet model, an EM model of the received echo, the radar altimeter operational mode, and optimum system design criteria are discussed in terms of transmitted frequency, pulse repetition frequency and signal bandwidth.<>
{"title":"Radar altimeter for surface analysis in planetary applications","authors":"G. Picardi, R. Seu, P. T. Melacci","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201132","url":null,"abstract":"A new-concept radar altimeter for the ESA-NASA joint mission named Rosetta has been studied. The goal of that mission is to approach and land on a comet nucleus, take a sample of the comet nucleus, and bring it to the Earth. The success of the mission is strongly related to a safe landing on a suitable site. A radar altimeter should perform the main operations during the landing phase giving information not only about attitude and surface roughness but also about the surface composition and the presence and nature of subsurface discontinuities. Surface composition means the type of material giving rise to the observed echo. A comet model, an EM model of the received echo, the radar altimeter operational mode, and optimum system design criteria are discussed in terms of transmitted frequency, pulse repetition frequency and signal bandwidth.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123573663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201145
Fengzhen Wang
A solution is presented to the general multiple source location problem in which the sources are incoherent, partially coherent, or coherent narrowband plane waves contaminated by unknown noise at the sensor terminal. The method provides the required source azimuth and elevation angle estimates, and the array's geometry is diversified. The method is based on computing the difference of the subarray covariances, thus subtracting the unknown noise covariance and leaving only the difference matrix of the signal covariances with respect to two subarrays. Arranging the main array appropriately could compensate for the deficiency of rank of covariance due to the coherent sources (which makes the MUSIC method invalid).<>
{"title":"Direction-of-arrival estimation for narrow band coherent and incoherent sources in the presence of unknown noise fields","authors":"Fengzhen Wang","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201145","url":null,"abstract":"A solution is presented to the general multiple source location problem in which the sources are incoherent, partially coherent, or coherent narrowband plane waves contaminated by unknown noise at the sensor terminal. The method provides the required source azimuth and elevation angle estimates, and the array's geometry is diversified. The method is based on computing the difference of the subarray covariances, thus subtracting the unknown noise covariance and leaving only the difference matrix of the signal covariances with respect to two subarrays. Arranging the main array appropriately could compensate for the deficiency of rank of covariance due to the coherent sources (which makes the MUSIC method invalid).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126278038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1990-05-07DOI: 10.1109/RADAR.1990.201149
J. Scheer
The performance of coherent radar systems is not limited by thermal amplitude noise, but rather by the phase and amplitude effects of errors in the vector detection process. The contributors to the limitation of coherent radar performance are discussed, and the specific effects of the most salient of these are addressed. In addition to the internal motion (spectrum) of the clutter itself, factors which cause the clutter power to occupy other than zero Hertz Doppler bins are: oscillator phase noise, amplifier additive phase noise, timing jitter, analog-to-digital conversion quantization effects, I/Q detector error effects, nonlinear phase across the bandwidth; and amplitude variation across the bandwidth. Several of the dominant causes are discussed.<>
{"title":"Coherent radar system performance estimation","authors":"J. Scheer","doi":"10.1109/RADAR.1990.201149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.1990.201149","url":null,"abstract":"The performance of coherent radar systems is not limited by thermal amplitude noise, but rather by the phase and amplitude effects of errors in the vector detection process. The contributors to the limitation of coherent radar performance are discussed, and the specific effects of the most salient of these are addressed. In addition to the internal motion (spectrum) of the clutter itself, factors which cause the clutter power to occupy other than zero Hertz Doppler bins are: oscillator phase noise, amplifier additive phase noise, timing jitter, analog-to-digital conversion quantization effects, I/Q detector error effects, nonlinear phase across the bandwidth; and amplitude variation across the bandwidth. Several of the dominant causes are discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":441674,"journal":{"name":"IEEE International Conference on Radar","volume":"183 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114145520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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