In this chapter, the authors discuss the potential link between mobile money adoption and health outcomes, which has not received much attention in the existing literature. They empirically examine the effects of mobile money adoption on healthcare utilisation and spending of rural households in Ghana. Using data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey, the authors show that mobile money adoption enhances rural households’ healthcare utilisation, a finding which is more pronounced in the case of female-headed households. The authors demonstrate that this finding is due to the positive association between mobile money use and the ability of rural households to spend on healthcare.
{"title":"Adoption of Mobile Money for Healthcare Utilisation and Spending in Rural Ghana","authors":"Chei Bukari, Isaac Koomson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3586449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586449","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors discuss the potential link between mobile money adoption and health outcomes, which has not received much attention in the existing literature. They empirically examine the effects of mobile money adoption on healthcare utilisation and spending of rural households in Ghana. Using data from the Ghana Living Standards Survey, the authors show that mobile money adoption enhances rural households’ healthcare utilisation, a finding which is more pronounced in the case of female-headed households. The authors demonstrate that this finding is due to the positive association between mobile money use and the ability of rural households to spend on healthcare.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131809482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A long-standing challenge in the US health care system is the provision of medical services to rural areas. This paper develops a structural spatial equilibrium model with heterogeneous physicians and uses it to explore the impact of policies, namely loan forgiveness and salary incentives, on the geographical distribution of physicians. I collect micro data from physicians’ directories on their medical school, residency, and first-job choices and use this new dataset to both allow for physicians’ preference to remain close to their residency location and to implement an instrumental-variable approach to overcome endogeneity issues caused by the correlation between wages and unobserved amenities. I find that residents strongly prefer remaining close to their residency location. The combination of loan forgiveness and salary incentives has led to 1.2 percent more physicians choosing rural areas. Using the government spending currently allocated to loan forgiveness to further increase salary incentives would lead to 6 times more primary care physicians choosing rural areas and a higher average quality of rural physicians compared to the impact of current policies.
{"title":"The Determinants of Physicians’ Location Choice: Understanding the Rural Shortage","authors":"Elena Falcettoni","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3493178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3493178","url":null,"abstract":"A long-standing challenge in the US health care system is the provision of medical services to rural areas. This paper develops a structural spatial equilibrium model with heterogeneous physicians and uses it to explore the impact of policies, namely loan forgiveness and salary incentives, on the geographical distribution of physicians. I collect micro data from physicians’ directories on their medical school, residency, and first-job choices and use this new dataset to both allow for physicians’ preference to remain close to their residency location and to implement an instrumental-variable approach to overcome endogeneity issues caused by the correlation between wages and unobserved amenities. I find that residents strongly prefer remaining close to their residency location. The combination of loan forgiveness and salary incentives has led to 1.2 percent more physicians choosing rural areas. Using the government spending currently allocated to loan forgiveness to further increase salary incentives would lead to 6 times more primary care physicians choosing rural areas and a higher average quality of rural physicians compared to the impact of current policies.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133475567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the impacts of exposure to a universal health coverage policy at early age on utilization of health services at later age. Our empirical strategy identifies the effects of the program by exploiting cross-cohort variation in exposure, generated by the age eligibility of the policy, and cross-province variation in the policy's intensity, generated by differences in provincial geographic characteristics. We find that exposure to the program at early age reduces probability of visit for treatment, mainly hospitalization, but does not affect preventive care and outpatient treatment at later age. Our results are robust to various controls for cohort-varying factors and ongoing poverty-reduction policies. We document larger impacts among individuals from low-income and low-education households, and those living in areas with higher risks from natural disasters. These results imply that the program benefited the most vulnerable population. Exploring potential mechanisms, we find no substantial change in household's financial well-being and household's labor market decisions associated with exposure at early age. Combining with results from previous studies, these findings suggest that the main mechanism is through increases in utilization at early age.
{"title":"Does Universal Health Coverage at Early Age Reduce Medical Needs at Later Age? Evidence from Vietnam","authors":"K. Vu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3409107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3409107","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the impacts of exposure to a universal health coverage policy at early age on utilization of health services at later age. Our empirical strategy identifies the effects of the program by exploiting cross-cohort variation in exposure, generated by the age eligibility of the policy, and cross-province variation in the policy's intensity, generated by differences in provincial geographic characteristics. We find that exposure to the program at early age reduces probability of visit for treatment, mainly hospitalization, but does not affect preventive care and outpatient treatment at later age. Our results are robust to various controls for cohort-varying factors and ongoing poverty-reduction policies. \u0000 \u0000We document larger impacts among individuals from low-income and low-education households, and those living in areas with higher risks from natural disasters. These results imply that the program benefited the most vulnerable population. Exploring potential mechanisms, we find no substantial change in household's financial well-being and household's labor market decisions associated with exposure at early age. Combining with results from previous studies, these findings suggest that the main mechanism is through increases in utilization at early age.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127234749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose – This paper explored the reliability of self-reported health and the impact of the social position in determining the inconsistent health response, in late life. Methodology – The study uses nationally representative unit level data from the National Sample Survey of India. Using the bivariate probit model, joint estimation of reported health and inconsistent health responses are determined for all factors that manifest social injustice and constitutes individual characteristics. Findings – The study has two significant results: firstly, in the privileged socioeconomic segment, reported health underestimates the presence of morbidity might because it can be controlled by the treatment due to greater access to healthcare services, economic resources, and health awareness; and secondly, among the deprived elderly the reported health pulls down the redundancy of chronicle ailment. Therefore, the factors, responsible for social justice like social caste, economic status, and attainment of education have a significant impact on reporting inconsistent health responses. Social implications – Results from bivariate-probit model offer deeper understandings about the reliability of self-reported health and provide further insights to improve policy design designed to mitigate the health inequality among the elders. Originality/value – The study identifies, the type of inconsistent health responses, and the factors responsible for the inconsistency of self-reported health with the existence of chronicle morbidity among the elderly population.
{"title":"How Reliable Are the Health Responses of Elders? Evidence from India","authors":"D. Ghosh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3368976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368976","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose – This paper explored the reliability of self-reported health and the impact of the social position in determining the inconsistent health response, in late life. Methodology – The study uses nationally representative unit level data from the National Sample Survey of India. Using the bivariate probit model, joint estimation of reported health and inconsistent health responses are determined for all factors that manifest social injustice and constitutes individual characteristics. Findings – The study has two significant results: firstly, in the privileged socioeconomic segment, reported health underestimates the presence of morbidity might because it can be controlled by the treatment due to greater access to healthcare services, economic resources, and health awareness; and secondly, among the deprived elderly the reported health pulls down the redundancy of chronicle ailment. Therefore, the factors, responsible for social justice like social caste, economic status, and attainment of education have a significant impact on reporting inconsistent health responses. Social implications – Results from bivariate-probit model offer deeper understandings about the reliability of self-reported health and provide further insights to improve policy design designed to mitigate the health inequality among the elders. Originality/value – The study identifies, the type of inconsistent health responses, and the factors responsible for the inconsistency of self-reported health with the existence of chronicle morbidity among the elderly population.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128272625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Case and Deaton (2015) document that, since 1998, midlife mortality rates are increasing for white non-Hispanics in the US. This trend is driven by deaths from drug overdoses, suicides, and alcohol-related diseases, termed as deaths of despair, and by the subgroup of low-educated individuals. In contrast, average mortality for middle-aged men and women continued to decrease in several other high-income countries including Germany. However, average mortality rates can disguise important differences between subgroups and the phenomenon of increasing mortality rates might also be present for subpopulations in these countries. Hence, we analyze how mortality in midlife is changing for several important demographic subgroups in Germany over the 1990 to 2015 period with a focus on deaths of despair. Our results show a very clear pattern: We find that mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2015, with no increases in deaths of despair for any of the subgroups. Thus, our findings starkly contrast with those for the US.
{"title":"Mortality in Midlife for Subgroups in Germany","authors":"P. Haan, Anna Hammerschmid, Julia Schmieder","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3339179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3339179","url":null,"abstract":"Case and Deaton (2015) document that, since 1998, midlife mortality rates are increasing for white non-Hispanics in the US. This trend is driven by deaths from drug overdoses, suicides, and alcohol-related diseases, termed as deaths of despair, and by the subgroup of low-educated individuals. In contrast, average mortality for middle-aged men and women continued to decrease in several other high-income countries including Germany. However, average mortality rates can disguise important differences between subgroups and the phenomenon of increasing mortality rates might also be present for subpopulations in these countries. Hence, we analyze how mortality in midlife is changing for several important demographic subgroups in Germany over the 1990 to 2015 period with a focus on deaths of despair. Our results show a very clear pattern: We find that mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2015, with no increases in deaths of despair for any of the subgroups. Thus, our findings starkly contrast with those for the US.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131513743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I estimate the effects for combinations of multiple services in formal elder care at home on health status. As a reasonable substitute for expensive institutional care, formal care for the elderly in their own homes is gaining popularity in developed countries. Because care at home consists of many small and complementary services, the effects for combinations of multiple services need to be analyzed. However, the high dimensionality of these combinations makes estimation difficult. This research employs a regression analysis, using combinations of care services as cross-dummy explanatory variables. To reduce the dimension of the combinations, I select the combinations that are purchased jointly by a sufficient number of the elderly using a basket analysis. I apply this method to claims data for Japanese long-term care, where the social insurance program has resulted in the emergence of markets for many care services for the elderly. The empirical results show that only 200 combinations of 14 care at home services are utilized by more than 0.03% of insurance users in Japan. Of these combinations, rehabilitation services improve the health status of the elderly considerably. However, their use is limited owing to regional disparities in the location of such services.
{"title":"What Comprises Effective Formal Elder Care at Home? Estimating Effects for Combinations of Multiple Services","authors":"S. Sugawara","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3138435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3138435","url":null,"abstract":"I estimate the effects for combinations of multiple services in formal elder care at home on health status. As a reasonable substitute for expensive institutional care, formal care for the elderly in their own homes is gaining popularity in developed countries. Because care at home consists of many small and complementary services, the effects for combinations of multiple services need to be analyzed. However, the high dimensionality of these combinations makes estimation difficult. This research employs a regression analysis, using combinations of care services as cross-dummy explanatory variables. To reduce the dimension of the combinations, I select the combinations that are purchased jointly by a sufficient number of the elderly using a basket analysis. I apply this method to claims data for Japanese long-term care, where the social insurance program has resulted in the emergence of markets for many care services for the elderly. The empirical results show that only 200 combinations of 14 care at home services are utilized by more than 0.03% of insurance users in Japan. Of these combinations, rehabilitation services improve the health status of the elderly considerably. However, their use is limited owing to regional disparities in the location of such services.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122191099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2018 U.S. mid-term elections saw three additional states vote to expand their Medicaid eligibility, bringing the total to 35 states plus the District of Columbia. So why are states continuing to expand? In this paper, I review four primary reasons for this. Foremost, healthcare is a top issue for most voters. I also examine how the state costs of expanding are not nearly as high as they seem when you factor in ancillary factors. Further, the paper highlights the plight of rural healthcare and how Medicaid expansion can help. Lastly, I review how states can take advantage of alternative expansion waivers to craft a unique expansion solution that works for them.
{"title":"Medicaid Expansion – Why States Are Reevaluating Whether to Expand Eligibility?","authors":"Russell S. Autry","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3291808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3291808","url":null,"abstract":"The 2018 U.S. mid-term elections saw three additional states vote to expand their Medicaid eligibility, bringing the total to 35 states plus the District of Columbia. So why are states continuing to expand? In this paper, I review four primary reasons for this. Foremost, healthcare is a top issue for most voters. I also examine how the state costs of expanding are not nearly as high as they seem when you factor in ancillary factors. Further, the paper highlights the plight of rural healthcare and how Medicaid expansion can help. Lastly, I review how states can take advantage of alternative expansion waivers to craft a unique expansion solution that works for them.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115873762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The paper here investigates possible relationships between violent crime, migration and unemployment. Results seem to show an association between some crimes - such as theft, assaults and sexual violence- and immigration but not between intentional homicides and immigration. Preliminary evidence also suggests that intentional homicides are associated with high rates of unemployment, linking this violent crime to socioeconomic and situational factors within countries. In addition, unlike commonplace opinions, statistical evidence here reveals that rich countries have levels of violent crime higher than poor countries. Especially, violent crime in central-northern European regions (geo-economic areas with high GDP per capita, e.g., Germany, Finland, Norway, etc.) is higher than Mediterranean countries with lower GDP per capita (e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain, etc.). These conclusions are of course tentative. There is need for much more detailed research into the relations between unemployment, immigration and violent crime to explain general causes of these social issues in modern economies. This study concludes with some socioeconomic implications and explanations. Keywords. Violent crime, Violence, Theft, Sexual violence, Intentional homicides, Immigrants, Migration, Unemployment, Europe, Poverty, Mediterranean countries. JEL. C10, I30, J10, J11, J15, J20, J60, J61, J62, O15.
{"title":"Interrelationships Between Violent Crime, Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors: A Preliminary Analysis Between Central-Northern European Countries and Mediterranean Countries","authors":"Matteo Bellitto, M. Coccia","doi":"10.1453/JEST.V5I3.1679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1453/JEST.V5I3.1679","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The paper here investigates possible relationships between violent crime, migration and unemployment. Results seem to show an association between some crimes - such as theft, assaults and sexual violence- and immigration but not between intentional homicides and immigration. Preliminary evidence also suggests that intentional homicides are associated with high rates of unemployment, linking this violent crime to socioeconomic and situational factors within countries. In addition, unlike commonplace opinions, statistical evidence here reveals that rich countries have levels of violent crime higher than poor countries. Especially, violent crime in central-northern European regions (geo-economic areas with high GDP per capita, e.g., Germany, Finland, Norway, etc.) is higher than Mediterranean countries with lower GDP per capita (e.g., Greece, Italy, Spain, etc.). These conclusions are of course tentative. There is need for much more detailed research into the relations between unemployment, immigration and violent crime to explain general causes of these social issues in modern economies. This study concludes with some socioeconomic implications and explanations. Keywords. Violent crime, Violence, Theft, Sexual violence, Intentional homicides, Immigrants, Migration, Unemployment, Europe, Poverty, Mediterranean countries. JEL. C10, I30, J10, J11, J15, J20, J60, J61, J62, O15.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"321 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116295377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research has found that immigrant health has a tendency to decline with time spent in the United States. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project from 2007-2014, this paper is the first to test the impact of domestic and international migration on different types of health measures. Results find cumulative U.S. migration experience has a negative impact both on self-reported and objective health measures. By contrast, the number of trips to the United States and migrations made within Mexico impact individual’s self-assessment of their health but not objective health measures. The analyses suggest that differences in self-reported versus objective health measures may help to explain mixed results in the literature. Results suggest that individual’s health will suffer considerably more from U.S. migrations than from migration within Mexico which is consistent with the acculturation hypothesis. Not surprisingly, high levels of BMI and smoking are significant predictors of negative self-reported and objective health. There is also a troubling significant negative trend in health over time observed in the sample. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that even short trips to the United States can have a negative health effect on immigrants if they are repeated.
{"title":"Untangling the Health Impacts of Mexico-U.S. Migration","authors":"David L. Ortmeyer, M. Quinn","doi":"10.15353/rea.v10i2.1442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15353/rea.v10i2.1442","url":null,"abstract":"Research has found that immigrant health has a tendency to decline with time spent in the United States. Using data from the Mexican Migration Project from 2007-2014, this paper is the first to test the impact of domestic and international migration on different types of health measures. Results find cumulative U.S. migration experience has a negative impact both on self-reported and objective health measures. By contrast, the number of trips to the United States and migrations made within Mexico impact individual’s self-assessment of their health but not objective health measures. The analyses suggest that differences in self-reported versus objective health measures may help to explain mixed results in the literature. Results suggest that individual’s health will suffer considerably more from U.S. migrations than from migration within Mexico which is consistent with the acculturation hypothesis. Not surprisingly, high levels of BMI and smoking are significant predictors of negative self-reported and objective health. There is also a troubling significant negative trend in health over time observed in the sample. Taken as a whole, these results suggest that even short trips to the United States can have a negative health effect on immigrants if they are repeated.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126810047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mortality due to opioid overdoses has been growing rapidly in the U.S., with some states experiencing much steeper increases than others. Legalizing medical cannabis could reduce opioid-related mortality if potential opioid users substitute towards cannabis as a safer alternative. I show, however, that a substantial reduction in opioid-related mortality associated with the implementation of medical cannabis laws can be explained by selection bias. States that legalized medical cannabis exhibit lower pre-existing mortality trends. Accordingly, the mitigating effect of medical cannabis laws on opioid-related mortality vanishes when I include state-specific time trends in state-year-level difference-in-differences regressions.
{"title":"Time Trends Matter: The Case of Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Overdose Mortality","authors":"Vincent Pohl","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3192703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3192703","url":null,"abstract":"Mortality due to opioid overdoses has been growing rapidly in the U.S., with some states experiencing much steeper increases than others. Legalizing medical cannabis could reduce opioid-related mortality if potential opioid users substitute towards cannabis as a safer alternative. I show, however, that a substantial reduction in opioid-related mortality associated with the implementation of medical cannabis laws can be explained by selection bias. States that legalized medical cannabis exhibit lower pre-existing mortality trends. Accordingly, the mitigating effect of medical cannabis laws on opioid-related mortality vanishes when I include state-specific time trends in state-year-level difference-in-differences regressions.","PeriodicalId":441838,"journal":{"name":"Geographic Health Economics eJournal","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124435165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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