I. Hahn, S. Siebert, H. Paschke, T. Brückner, S. Weber
Abstract Tribocorrosion is the simultaneous occurrence of wear and corrosion in a tribosystem and their interaction. In many applications, such as media-lubricated rolling bearings and (cutting-)tools in the food industry or medicine, tribocorrosion occurs and leads to a high material loss and damage to materials. The tribocorrosion resistance of mechanically and chemically stressed steel surfaces can be significantly increased by low-temperature plasma nitriding at T < 400 °C. In this process, nitrogen is forcibly dissolved in the surface area (up to approx. 20 μm) in high contents of 15 wt.-% without precipitation. This results in an extreme expansion and distortion of the metal lattice (“expanded martensite”, “expanded austenite”), which leads to an increase in hardness of up to 1000 HV with the same or even increased pitting corrosion resistance. Due to the formation of expanded martensite/austenite, the tribocorrosion resistance of the martensitic steels X40Cr14 and X54CrMnN13-2 and that of an austenitic CrMn steel can be significantly improved compared to the initial state, which is expressed in a 40–70 % lower material loss under tribocorrosive attack. It was found that the tribocorrosion resistance depends on the process parameters of the surface treatment and on the chemical composition of the steels and their crystal lattice.
{"title":"Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Martensitic and Austenitic Steels to Increase Tribocorrosion Resistance*","authors":"I. Hahn, S. Siebert, H. Paschke, T. Brückner, S. Weber","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Tribocorrosion is the simultaneous occurrence of wear and corrosion in a tribosystem and their interaction. In many applications, such as media-lubricated rolling bearings and (cutting-)tools in the food industry or medicine, tribocorrosion occurs and leads to a high material loss and damage to materials. The tribocorrosion resistance of mechanically and chemically stressed steel surfaces can be significantly increased by low-temperature plasma nitriding at T < 400 °C. In this process, nitrogen is forcibly dissolved in the surface area (up to approx. 20 μm) in high contents of 15 wt.-% without precipitation. This results in an extreme expansion and distortion of the metal lattice (“expanded martensite”, “expanded austenite”), which leads to an increase in hardness of up to 1000 HV with the same or even increased pitting corrosion resistance. Due to the formation of expanded martensite/austenite, the tribocorrosion resistance of the martensitic steels X40Cr14 and X54CrMnN13-2 and that of an austenitic CrMn steel can be significantly improved compared to the initial state, which is expressed in a 40–70 % lower material loss under tribocorrosive attack. It was found that the tribocorrosion resistance depends on the process parameters of the surface treatment and on the chemical composition of the steels and their crystal lattice.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82726799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.1515/htm-2023-frontmatter1
{"title":"Contents / Inhalt","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2023-frontmatter1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2023-frontmatter1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134942336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AWT-Info / HTM 01-2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2023-2001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2023-2001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72980719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Highly stressed gears are usually manufactured from case hardening steels. The case hardening depth (CHD) has a significant influence on the tooth root load carrying capacity. For the materials 16MnCr5 and 20MnCr5, comprehensive investigations have been carried out in the past to determine the optimum case hardening depth up to size module mn = 10 mm on cylindrical spur gears. In certain applications, however, it may be necessary to select an increased CHD, e. g. to reduce the risk of tooth flank breakage. The question therefore arises as to what extent the available findings on the influence of the CHD on the tooth root load carrying capacity can also be transferred to materials of higher hardenability and larger sizes. For this purpose, several materials with different alloy systems and hardenabilities were examined under variation of the case hardening depth. In addition to extensive material characterization, pulsator tests were carried out to determine the tooth root load-carrying capacity on test gears of size mn = 12 mm. It is shown that the results obtained on MnCr steels up to size mn = 10 mm can in principle also be transferred to the variants investigated here.
{"title":"Influence of an Increased Case Hardening Depth on the Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity of Large Modulus Cylindrical Gears Made of Materials with Higher Hardenability*","authors":"A. Sorg, C. Güntner, T. Tobie, K. Stahl","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Highly stressed gears are usually manufactured from case hardening steels. The case hardening depth (CHD) has a significant influence on the tooth root load carrying capacity. For the materials 16MnCr5 and 20MnCr5, comprehensive investigations have been carried out in the past to determine the optimum case hardening depth up to size module mn = 10 mm on cylindrical spur gears. In certain applications, however, it may be necessary to select an increased CHD, e. g. to reduce the risk of tooth flank breakage. The question therefore arises as to what extent the available findings on the influence of the CHD on the tooth root load carrying capacity can also be transferred to materials of higher hardenability and larger sizes. For this purpose, several materials with different alloy systems and hardenabilities were examined under variation of the case hardening depth. In addition to extensive material characterization, pulsator tests were carried out to determine the tooth root load-carrying capacity on test gears of size mn = 12 mm. It is shown that the results obtained on MnCr steels up to size mn = 10 mm can in principle also be transferred to the variants investigated here.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82932945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Jedamski, B. Gerhardt, C. Müller, J. Martínez, J. Épp
Abstract Magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis is an already industrially used method for the detection of grinding burn and offers several advantages over the established nital etching test with respect to objectivity, cost savings as well as occupational safety and environmental protection. Studies on the detectability of damages and influencing factors such as the condition of the surface zone prior to grinding have so far only existed in isolated cases and mostly limited to a few widely used case-hardened steels. For this reason, various steel grades used in particular in the aerospace sector were considered in this study. For one quenched and tempered, one nitrided and two case-hardened steels, the detectability of damages by means of Barkhausen noise and the influence of different heat treatment parameters were investigated. It was shown that the use of Barkhausen noise analysis is also possible on these steel grades and enables more reliable damage detection than nital etching.
{"title":"Detectability of Thermomechanical Surface Damages on Quenched and Tempered, Nitrided and Case-Hardened Steels by Barkhausen Noise Analysis","authors":"R. Jedamski, B. Gerhardt, C. Müller, J. Martínez, J. Épp","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1036","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Magnetic Barkhausen noise analysis is an already industrially used method for the detection of grinding burn and offers several advantages over the established nital etching test with respect to objectivity, cost savings as well as occupational safety and environmental protection. Studies on the detectability of damages and influencing factors such as the condition of the surface zone prior to grinding have so far only existed in isolated cases and mostly limited to a few widely used case-hardened steels. For this reason, various steel grades used in particular in the aerospace sector were considered in this study. For one quenched and tempered, one nitrided and two case-hardened steels, the detectability of damages by means of Barkhausen noise and the influence of different heat treatment parameters were investigated. It was shown that the use of Barkhausen noise analysis is also possible on these steel grades and enables more reliable damage detection than nital etching.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72502927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sankowski, F. Kaiser, N. Schmitz, C. Schwotzer, H. Pfeifer
Abstract In order to achieve the goal of a massive reduction of CO2-emissions, fossil fuels have to be substituted. In Germany, continuous carburizing furnaces for high capacities are almost exclusively fired by natural gas due to the lower energy costs. Electrical heating and hydrogen combustion are obvious alternatives. While electrical heating elements are state-of-the-art for these types of furnaces, hydrogen combustion has not been investigated. Furthermore, these two alternatives strongly depend on the specific energy mix, which determines the CO2-emissions. This case study compares different process heat generation options for continuous ring hearth furnaces for carburizing automotive steel parts by a quantitative approach. The investigated alternatives are natural gas/air heating as the reference, electrical heating and hydrogen/air heating. Besides the energy balances, primary energy consumption and resulting CO2-emissions are calculated. Furthermore, possible developments until 2050 are analysed. The results show that both alternative cases have a high potential to decrease CO2-emissions which strongly depend on the development of the energy mix and, therefore, the future expansion of renewable energy sources.
{"title":"CO2-neutral Process Heating for Carburizing Furnaces – an Ecological Analysis*","authors":"L. Sankowski, F. Kaiser, N. Schmitz, C. Schwotzer, H. Pfeifer","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to achieve the goal of a massive reduction of CO2-emissions, fossil fuels have to be substituted. In Germany, continuous carburizing furnaces for high capacities are almost exclusively fired by natural gas due to the lower energy costs. Electrical heating and hydrogen combustion are obvious alternatives. While electrical heating elements are state-of-the-art for these types of furnaces, hydrogen combustion has not been investigated. Furthermore, these two alternatives strongly depend on the specific energy mix, which determines the CO2-emissions. This case study compares different process heat generation options for continuous ring hearth furnaces for carburizing automotive steel parts by a quantitative approach. The investigated alternatives are natural gas/air heating as the reference, electrical heating and hydrogen/air heating. Besides the energy balances, primary energy consumption and resulting CO2-emissions are calculated. Furthermore, possible developments until 2050 are analysed. The results show that both alternative cases have a high potential to decrease CO2-emissions which strongly depend on the development of the energy mix and, therefore, the future expansion of renewable energy sources.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83078119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imprint / Impressum","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-8001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-8001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89268262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HTM Praxis","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2023-2002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2023-2002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81439921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Austenitic and duplex stainless steels are used in a variety of industries due to their high corrosion resistance. However, this is countered by a high coefficient of friction and thus a limited wear behaviour, which restricts the technical application possibilities. Coatings or conventional hardening processes, such as solution nitriding above 1000 °C, offer a certain reduction of these wear phenomena, but are associated with the risk of delamination and/or loss of corrosion properties. In addition, the hardening effect is limited for austenitic and duplex grades. The low temperature surface hardening process below 500 °C offers the possibility to overcome these limitations. In this article the technology of this process is explained. In addition, research results show the positive influence of this treatment on the lifetime of components made of corrosion resistant steels. As a future outlook, possible properties and applications for the prospective increasing number of hydrogen applications are explained.
{"title":"S3P– Innovative Surface Treatment to Increase the Wear Resistance of Stainless Steel Components*","authors":"S. Gerritsen, A. Bauer","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Austenitic and duplex stainless steels are used in a variety of industries due to their high corrosion resistance. However, this is countered by a high coefficient of friction and thus a limited wear behaviour, which restricts the technical application possibilities. Coatings or conventional hardening processes, such as solution nitriding above 1000 °C, offer a certain reduction of these wear phenomena, but are associated with the risk of delamination and/or loss of corrosion properties. In addition, the hardening effect is limited for austenitic and duplex grades. The low temperature surface hardening process below 500 °C offers the possibility to overcome these limitations. In this article the technology of this process is explained. In addition, research results show the positive influence of this treatment on the lifetime of components made of corrosion resistant steels. As a future outlook, possible properties and applications for the prospective increasing number of hydrogen applications are explained.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83790069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hoja, N. Haupt, M. Steinbacher, R. Fechte-Heinen
Abstract In this research a combination of nitriding and induction hardening is investigated, as this is expected not only to result in significant savings in process time and energy, but also to produce surface layer properties that cannot be set with one of the individual processes. The focus of the current investigations was on the dissolution of the compound layer during inductive heating and the resulting microstructure formation and the hardness profile. Furthermore, it was investigated how the absence of a compound layer affects the subsequent martensitic transformation. For this purpose, differently nitrided surface layers were martensitically hardened and the microstructure was investigated metallographically and physically. After the martensitic transformation of the nitrided layer porosity and retained austenite were observed due to the decomposition of the nitrides of the compound layer. The retained austenite could be reduced by higher temperatures during surface hardening and compound layer removal. The investigations showed, that the optimum initial condition for induction hardening is nitriding with compound layer and a mechanical removal of the latter prior to induction heat treatment.
{"title":"Martensitic Induction Hardening of Nitrided Layers*","authors":"S. Hoja, N. Haupt, M. Steinbacher, R. Fechte-Heinen","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this research a combination of nitriding and induction hardening is investigated, as this is expected not only to result in significant savings in process time and energy, but also to produce surface layer properties that cannot be set with one of the individual processes. The focus of the current investigations was on the dissolution of the compound layer during inductive heating and the resulting microstructure formation and the hardness profile. Furthermore, it was investigated how the absence of a compound layer affects the subsequent martensitic transformation. For this purpose, differently nitrided surface layers were martensitically hardened and the microstructure was investigated metallographically and physically. After the martensitic transformation of the nitrided layer porosity and retained austenite were observed due to the decomposition of the nitrides of the compound layer. The retained austenite could be reduced by higher temperatures during surface hardening and compound layer removal. The investigations showed, that the optimum initial condition for induction hardening is nitriding with compound layer and a mechanical removal of the latter prior to induction heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81714819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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