{"title":"Norms / Normen","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-8011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-8011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83385546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Wieczorek, T. Katzwinkel, M. Blüm, M. Löwer, A. Röttger
Abstract In this work, the possibility of manufacturing complex-shaped components from a carbon-martensitic hardenable cold-work steel (1.2379; X153CrMoV12; D2) is investigated. For this purpose, cube-shaped samples with an edge length of 10 mm were produced using the fused-filament fabrication process, which were post-compacted after solvent debinding by supersolidus liquid-phase sintering. Using the knowledge of liquid phase volume content as a function of temperature, supersolidus liquid phase sintering experiments were performed. The microstructure formation process was characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microstructure and hardness of the processed samples were compared in the heat-treated condition with the properties of the same steel 1.2379 (X153CrMoV12; D2) in the as-cast, deformed and heat-treated condition. The results demonstrate effective post-densificationc close to theoretical density of cold-work tool steel samples fabricated by fused-filamet fabrication using supersolidus liquid-phase sintering at 1280 °C. The defect-free microstructure in the heat-treated state is characterized by a martensitic matrix and eutectic Cr-rich M7 C3 and small amounts of V-rich MC carbides. The hardness of the annealed Supersolidus liquid phase sintering samples are 681 ± 5 HV10, which is above the level of the reference material 1.2379 (629 ± 7 HV10) in the as-cast, formed and heat-treated condition.
{"title":"Supersolidus Liquid Phase Sintering and Heat Treatment on Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing Produced Ledeburitic Cold Work Tool Steel*","authors":"L. Wieczorek, T. Katzwinkel, M. Blüm, M. Löwer, A. Röttger","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work, the possibility of manufacturing complex-shaped components from a carbon-martensitic hardenable cold-work steel (1.2379; X153CrMoV12; D2) is investigated. For this purpose, cube-shaped samples with an edge length of 10 mm were produced using the fused-filament fabrication process, which were post-compacted after solvent debinding by supersolidus liquid-phase sintering. Using the knowledge of liquid phase volume content as a function of temperature, supersolidus liquid phase sintering experiments were performed. The microstructure formation process was characterized by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microstructure and hardness of the processed samples were compared in the heat-treated condition with the properties of the same steel 1.2379 (X153CrMoV12; D2) in the as-cast, deformed and heat-treated condition. The results demonstrate effective post-densificationc close to theoretical density of cold-work tool steel samples fabricated by fused-filamet fabrication using supersolidus liquid-phase sintering at 1280 °C. The defect-free microstructure in the heat-treated state is characterized by a martensitic matrix and eutectic Cr-rich M7 C3 and small amounts of V-rich MC carbides. The hardness of the annealed Supersolidus liquid phase sintering samples are 681 ± 5 HV10, which is above the level of the reference material 1.2379 (629 ± 7 HV10) in the as-cast, formed and heat-treated condition.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"201 1","pages":"269 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79926824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Wegener, A. Liehr, A. Bolender, S. Degener, F. Wittich, A. Kroll, T. Niendorf
Corrigendum to T. Wegener, A. Liehr, A. Bolender, S. Degener, F. Wittich, A. Kroll, T. Niendorf: Calibration and Validation of Micromagnetic Data for Non-Destructive Analysis of Near-Surface Properties after Hard Turning. HTM J. Heat Treatm. Mat. 77 (2022) 2, pp. 156-172, DOI:10.1515/htm-2021-0023.
{"title":"Corrigendum to: Calibration and Validation of Micromagnetic Data for Non-Destructive Analysis of Near-Surface Properties after Hard Turning","authors":"T. Wegener, A. Liehr, A. Bolender, S. Degener, F. Wittich, A. Kroll, T. Niendorf","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1014","url":null,"abstract":"Corrigendum to T. Wegener, A. Liehr, A. Bolender, S. Degener, F. Wittich, A. Kroll, T. Niendorf: Calibration and Validation of Micromagnetic Data for Non-Destructive Analysis of Near-Surface Properties after Hard Turning. HTM J. Heat Treatm. Mat. 77 (2022) 2, pp. 156-172, DOI:10.1515/htm-2021-0023.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"19 1","pages":"240 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76535056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Sommer, J. Épp, M. Steinbacher, R. Fechte-Heinen, S. Hoja
Abstract In order to enhance the load capacity, gears can be nitrided. The diffusion zone, measurable by the nitriding hardness depth, is considered to be the parameter governing for the high load-bearing capacity of nitrided gears. The wear behavior of gears is mainly determined by the characteristics (phase, porosity and chemical composition) of the compound layer but the influence of the compound layer on the load carrying capacity is not known yet. In this work, nitriding treatments for gears were developed with the aim to create compound layers with varying thickness, composition and properties in order to ensure a maximum load carrying capacity for nitrided gears.
{"title":"Variation of the Compound Layer Structure by Controlled Gas Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing","authors":"M. Sommer, J. Épp, M. Steinbacher, R. Fechte-Heinen, S. Hoja","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In order to enhance the load capacity, gears can be nitrided. The diffusion zone, measurable by the nitriding hardness depth, is considered to be the parameter governing for the high load-bearing capacity of nitrided gears. The wear behavior of gears is mainly determined by the characteristics (phase, porosity and chemical composition) of the compound layer but the influence of the compound layer on the load carrying capacity is not known yet. In this work, nitriding treatments for gears were developed with the aim to create compound layers with varying thickness, composition and properties in order to ensure a maximum load carrying capacity for nitrided gears.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"1 1","pages":"214 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86157325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Hofmann, A. Oeckerath, T. Wallmersperger, K. Wolf
Abstract The steadily increasing demands on the crash safety of automobiles with simultaneous weight reduction also mean higher requirements for crash simulation. In addition to manufacturability, the focus in component dimensioning is increasingly on crash properties. In order to improve the predictive accuracy of crash simulation, the individual process steps must be coupled in the simulations. To increase the quality of the predictions, thermal treatments such as curing of the paint, which normally takes place at 170 °C for around 20 minutes, should also be taken into account. In many steels, the so-called bake-hardening effect occurs. This leads to an increase in the yield stress. In this publication, different transformation approaches for the hardening curves will be investigated in order to increase the prediction accuracy in the process chain. An example is used to demonstrate their easy applicability in the simulation of the process chain.
{"title":"Improved Implementation of Material Behaviour Change due to Bake Hardening in the Simulation of the Process Chain","authors":"M. Hofmann, A. Oeckerath, T. Wallmersperger, K. Wolf","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The steadily increasing demands on the crash safety of automobiles with simultaneous weight reduction also mean higher requirements for crash simulation. In addition to manufacturability, the focus in component dimensioning is increasingly on crash properties. In order to improve the predictive accuracy of crash simulation, the individual process steps must be coupled in the simulations. To increase the quality of the predictions, thermal treatments such as curing of the paint, which normally takes place at 170 °C for around 20 minutes, should also be taken into account. In many steels, the so-called bake-hardening effect occurs. This leads to an increase in the yield stress. In this publication, different transformation approaches for the hardening curves will be investigated in order to increase the prediction accuracy in the process chain. An example is used to demonstrate their easy applicability in the simulation of the process chain.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"3 1","pages":"228 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81858704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. I. Böhle, V. Strobl, J. Lechleitner, R. Schnitzer
Abstract This article reports the microstructural development of a molybdenum and copper alloyed steel by different thermochemical heat treatments for gears and shafts in automotive applications. The case hardening is compared to a duplex heat treatment consisting of carburising, ageing and plasma nitriding. This study evaluates the microstructure, the surface hardness and hardness profiles. For all applied heat treatment routes, the ageing conditions have a minor influence on the case and core hardness compared to the influence of the carbon concentration. Retained austenite fractions decreased to < 5 % in all duplex heat-treated samples without cryogenic treatment. Material characterisation with optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate unwanted phases of nitrogen and carbon-rich precipitates at the grain boundaries after duplex heat treatment. Therefore, the sequence of duplex heat treatment is changed to carburising followed by solely plasma nitriding where the unwanted precipitates are detected only up to a depth of 15‒20 μm from the compound layer.
{"title":"Duplex Heat Treatment of a Precipitation Hardening Carburising Steel","authors":"S. I. Böhle, V. Strobl, J. Lechleitner, R. Schnitzer","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article reports the microstructural development of a molybdenum and copper alloyed steel by different thermochemical heat treatments for gears and shafts in automotive applications. The case hardening is compared to a duplex heat treatment consisting of carburising, ageing and plasma nitriding. This study evaluates the microstructure, the surface hardness and hardness profiles. For all applied heat treatment routes, the ageing conditions have a minor influence on the case and core hardness compared to the influence of the carbon concentration. Retained austenite fractions decreased to < 5 % in all duplex heat-treated samples without cryogenic treatment. Material characterisation with optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate unwanted phases of nitrogen and carbon-rich precipitates at the grain boundaries after duplex heat treatment. Therefore, the sequence of duplex heat treatment is changed to carburising followed by solely plasma nitriding where the unwanted precipitates are detected only up to a depth of 15‒20 μm from the compound layer.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"11 1","pages":"197 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78789144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. G. Henriksen, O. Z. Andersen, M. Jellesen, T. Christiansen, M. Somers
Abstract The medical device industry demands unique device identification (UDI) tags on metallic components applied via laser marking. A common issue is that the visual appearance of the marking becomes poorly legible over time due to loss of contrast. Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation was used to grow an oxide layer on two different martensitic stainless steels AISI 420F mod and 420B to compare the influences of the chemical composition of the steel (with and without S), power density, and energy input. The corrosion behavior was found to depend strongly on laser energy input. The presence of sulfur negatively affected the corrosion resistance and narrowed the applicable window for the laser processing parameters significantly. For the sulfur-containing AISI 420F steel, 3‒5 μm wide craters formed on the surface after laser marking, which is interpreted as thermal degradation of protruding MnS inclusions resulting from the laser marking process. Also, substantial cracking in the oxide layer was observed. The marked specimens suffered from corrosion in a thin zone below the formed oxide layer. This behavior is attributed to Cr-depletion in the zone adjacent to the oxide layer, resulting from providing Cr to the growing oxide layer.
{"title":"Influence of Laser Marking on Microstructure and Corrosion Performance of Martensitic Stainless Steel Surfaces for Biomedical Applications","authors":"N. G. Henriksen, O. Z. Andersen, M. Jellesen, T. Christiansen, M. Somers","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The medical device industry demands unique device identification (UDI) tags on metallic components applied via laser marking. A common issue is that the visual appearance of the marking becomes poorly legible over time due to loss of contrast. Nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation was used to grow an oxide layer on two different martensitic stainless steels AISI 420F mod and 420B to compare the influences of the chemical composition of the steel (with and without S), power density, and energy input. The corrosion behavior was found to depend strongly on laser energy input. The presence of sulfur negatively affected the corrosion resistance and narrowed the applicable window for the laser processing parameters significantly. For the sulfur-containing AISI 420F steel, 3‒5 μm wide craters formed on the surface after laser marking, which is interpreted as thermal degradation of protruding MnS inclusions resulting from the laser marking process. Also, substantial cracking in the oxide layer was observed. The marked specimens suffered from corrosion in a thin zone below the formed oxide layer. This behavior is attributed to Cr-depletion in the zone adjacent to the oxide layer, resulting from providing Cr to the growing oxide layer.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"6 1","pages":"177 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78096053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Imprint / Impressum","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-8007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-8007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76013120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Liebe Freundinnen und Freunde, liebe Mitglieder unserer AWT","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74805268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fisheye failures due to non-metallic inclusions can lead to the reduced endurance fatigue limit of case-hardened, shot-peened gears. Various approaches for preventing crack initiation at non-metallic inclusions are conceivable. As one approach, steel manufacturers have invested much effort in the steelmaking process to produce ultra-clean gear steels. Such ultra-clean gear steels were investigated in a gear research project. For each steel batch, different measures were taken during steel production to avoid or bind off non-metallic inclusions in order to reduce or even suppress the harmful effect of the non-metallic inclusions. However, the influence of the measures taken on the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in such ultra-clean gear steels is not investigated in the gear industry in detail so far. Therefore, in the framework of this publication, the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-clean gear steels is investigated. Furthermore, a comparison of the chemical analysis with the crack-initiating inclusions from the experimental investigations is performed.
{"title":"On the Chemical Composition of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Ultra-Clean Gear Steels","authors":"D. Fuchs, D. Kohlschmid, T. Tobie, K. Stahl","doi":"10.1515/htm-2022-1004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fisheye failures due to non-metallic inclusions can lead to the reduced endurance fatigue limit of case-hardened, shot-peened gears. Various approaches for preventing crack initiation at non-metallic inclusions are conceivable. As one approach, steel manufacturers have invested much effort in the steelmaking process to produce ultra-clean gear steels. Such ultra-clean gear steels were investigated in a gear research project. For each steel batch, different measures were taken during steel production to avoid or bind off non-metallic inclusions in order to reduce or even suppress the harmful effect of the non-metallic inclusions. However, the influence of the measures taken on the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in such ultra-clean gear steels is not investigated in the gear industry in detail so far. Therefore, in the framework of this publication, the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions in ultra-clean gear steels is investigated. Furthermore, a comparison of the chemical analysis with the crack-initiating inclusions from the experimental investigations is performed.","PeriodicalId":44294,"journal":{"name":"HTM-Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials","volume":"178 1","pages":"89 - 111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79997854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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