Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793319000360
J. Planas
Abstract After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers’ associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.
{"title":"Cooperation, technical education and politics in early agricultural policy in Catalonia (1914–24)","authors":"J. Planas","doi":"10.1017/S0956793319000360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793319000360","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract After the crisis of the late nineteenth century, the role of the state in European agriculture expanded to many new areas: education and technical innovation; commercial policies and market regulations; farm support policies, and sometimes interventions in property rights. The development of these policies was a difficult and costly process, without the intervention of intermediary organisations like agricultural cooperatives and farmers’ associations. This article analyses the early agricultural policy in Catalonia (Spain) and the role of cooperatives in its implementation. It argues that this regional case was quite exceptional in the early twentieth-century Spanish context, where state intervention in agriculture was extremely limited. In 1914, an autonomous government was set up in Catalonia, and a modern agricultural policy was introduced in which technical education and cooperatives played a crucial role, as well as politics. The agricultural policy promoted and developed by the Catalan government was part of a state-building project based on a regionalist ideology.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"211 - 222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793319000360","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49065128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000126
R. Butler
Abstract This article explores the intellectual culture of Catholic architectural production in 1950s Ireland through the study of a church-building project in rural West Cork. It analyses the phenomenon of the Irish ‘church-building priest’ in terms of their socio-economic background, fundraising abilities, and position within rural communities – in the context of significant rural emigration and economic stagnation. It also considers the role that the Irish countryside played in conditioning clerical understandings of architectural style and taste, and priests’ political readings of the rural landscape. Furthermore, it explores the phenomenon of Marianism in church design and ornamentation around the time of the international ‘Marian Year’ of 1954, and the political meanings of the rhetoric employed by clerics at church consecration ceremonies. The article concludes with reflections on social and economic aspects of Irish rural life and religious expression in a decade primarily understood as one of cultural insularity and conservative Catholicism.
{"title":"Building a Catholic church in 1950s Ireland: architecture, rhetoric and landscape in Dromore, Co. Cork, 1952–6","authors":"R. Butler","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores the intellectual culture of Catholic architectural production in 1950s Ireland through the study of a church-building project in rural West Cork. It analyses the phenomenon of the Irish ‘church-building priest’ in terms of their socio-economic background, fundraising abilities, and position within rural communities – in the context of significant rural emigration and economic stagnation. It also considers the role that the Irish countryside played in conditioning clerical understandings of architectural style and taste, and priests’ political readings of the rural landscape. Furthermore, it explores the phenomenon of Marianism in church design and ornamentation around the time of the international ‘Marian Year’ of 1954, and the political meanings of the rhetoric employed by clerics at church consecration ceremonies. The article concludes with reflections on social and economic aspects of Irish rural life and religious expression in a decade primarily understood as one of cultural insularity and conservative Catholicism.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"223 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41902957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/s0956793320000138
R. Butler
{"title":"The Buildings of Ireland: Cork, City and County Keohane Frank, New Haven\u0000 and London, Yale University Press, 2020, xix + 681 pp. + 126 colour plates +\u0000 75 b&w illus., £45, 9780300224870 hb","authors":"R. Butler","doi":"10.1017/s0956793320000138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956793320000138","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"251 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0956793320000138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46193294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000035
M. Rahikainen
Abstract This article discusses the received image of free Swedish and Finnish peasants, charting parallels with peasants in the Baltic region. It draws upon the post-Cold War discussion of free and unfree rural labour in early modern Europe. The discussion maintains that the labour service by free Swedish and Finnish peasant landholders and peasant tenants at its heaviest point may have been on a par with the corvée in the early modern Baltic provinces. It is suggested that the Cold War mental map may have led to an overstatement of the East-West distinction between peasants’ circumstances in the Baltic Sea region.
{"title":"Unfree labour by free peasants: labour service in the Swedish and Finnish countryside, from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries","authors":"M. Rahikainen","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000035","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article discusses the received image of free Swedish and Finnish peasants, charting parallels with peasants in the Baltic region. It draws upon the post-Cold War discussion of free and unfree rural labour in early modern Europe. The discussion maintains that the labour service by free Swedish and Finnish peasant landholders and peasant tenants at its heaviest point may have been on a par with the corvée in the early modern Baltic provinces. It is suggested that the Cold War mental map may have led to an overstatement of the East-West distinction between peasants’ circumstances in the Baltic Sea region.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"121 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49582458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/s0956793320000059
J. Schofield
eschewing any dramatic flourishes, the kidnapping and enslavement in 1631 of the inhabitants of Baltimore by Algerian pirates is noted as a ‘setback’ for that coastal community – one wonders what the enslaved villagers thought! This carefulness is not a criticism as such, and Keohane is no doubt conscious of how the odd throwaway remark by Nikolaus Pevsner or one of the other authors in the series was sometimes used maliciously by developers to condemn and demolish important buildings. Keohane is wisely judicious in offering his own opinions. But he does not hold back when it comes to recent conservation disasters in the county such as the ‘cruel and derelict limbo’ endured by the spectacular nineteenth-century pile of Dunboy Castle, halfrestored and left to dereliction since the great financial crash of 2007, or the ‘inexcusable neglect’ of the neoclassical villa of Vernon Mount (built 1794) near Cork, ‘shamefully’ lost to arson in 2016. He also notes the numerous convents, closed in the 2000s, that are now quickly falling into ruin without any clear plan for their protection, and how their many fine altar fittings, statues and artwork have occasionally found a new life in nearby parish churches. Overall, Keohane demonstrates in this volume a mastery of all building styles and time periods as well as an eagerness to tell us of the sometimes eccentric personalities of the people involved. Cork, City and County is a formidably impressive work of reference that will inform and educate Irish and international readers for many decades to come.
{"title":"A Very Dangerous Locality: The Landscape of the Suffolk Sandlings in the Second World War","authors":"J. Schofield","doi":"10.1017/s0956793320000059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0956793320000059","url":null,"abstract":"eschewing any dramatic flourishes, the kidnapping and enslavement in 1631 of the inhabitants of Baltimore by Algerian pirates is noted as a ‘setback’ for that coastal community – one wonders what the enslaved villagers thought! This carefulness is not a criticism as such, and Keohane is no doubt conscious of how the odd throwaway remark by Nikolaus Pevsner or one of the other authors in the series was sometimes used maliciously by developers to condemn and demolish important buildings. Keohane is wisely judicious in offering his own opinions. But he does not hold back when it comes to recent conservation disasters in the county such as the ‘cruel and derelict limbo’ endured by the spectacular nineteenth-century pile of Dunboy Castle, halfrestored and left to dereliction since the great financial crash of 2007, or the ‘inexcusable neglect’ of the neoclassical villa of Vernon Mount (built 1794) near Cork, ‘shamefully’ lost to arson in 2016. He also notes the numerous convents, closed in the 2000s, that are now quickly falling into ruin without any clear plan for their protection, and how their many fine altar fittings, statues and artwork have occasionally found a new life in nearby parish churches. Overall, Keohane demonstrates in this volume a mastery of all building styles and time periods as well as an eagerness to tell us of the sometimes eccentric personalities of the people involved. Cork, City and County is a formidably impressive work of reference that will inform and educate Irish and international readers for many decades to come.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"252 - 253"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/s0956793320000059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"56918969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793320000163
R. Ford
Abstract The part played by the public health movement in controlling epidemics in urban areas has received considerable attention from historians, as has the regulation of the milk and meat industries that commenced in the late nineteenth century. However, comparatively little work has been carried out on health in a rural context – and the role played by the horticultural sector in the spread of contagious diseases has barely been covered. Yet, as this article shows, it was a sector that had the potential to produce potent contaminants. By examining histories of the production of one horticultural crop, watercress, it reveals how issues around the provision of a clean urban water supply and idealised imaginings of the countryside as a pure space, played a part in exacerbating the extent of outbreaks of typhoid in the industrial city. It also shows that there was governmental reluctance to regulate an industry that grew a staple product, even when growers themselves were keen for guidance.
{"title":"Controlling contagion? Watercress, regulation and the Hackney typhoid outbreak of 1903","authors":"R. Ford","doi":"10.1017/S0956793320000163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793320000163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The part played by the public health movement in controlling epidemics in urban areas has received considerable attention from historians, as has the regulation of the milk and meat industries that commenced in the late nineteenth century. However, comparatively little work has been carried out on health in a rural context – and the role played by the horticultural sector in the spread of contagious diseases has barely been covered. Yet, as this article shows, it was a sector that had the potential to produce potent contaminants. By examining histories of the production of one horticultural crop, watercress, it reveals how issues around the provision of a clean urban water supply and idealised imaginings of the countryside as a pure space, played a part in exacerbating the extent of outbreaks of typhoid in the industrial city. It also shows that there was governmental reluctance to regulate an industry that grew a staple product, even when growers themselves were keen for guidance.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"181 - 194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793320000163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46333947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793319000359
A. Jackson
Abstract The theme of place guides much exploration in rural history and local history. Attempts have been made to create definitions and typologies of place, but these have had to contend with the diverse, complex and dynamic realities of historical pattern and process, local and regional. Nonetheless, historians and those in other disciplines have evolved different approaches to the concept. This study considers how these can inform the investigation of places existing in historical fact in particular periods in the past, and can do similarly for those places located contemporaneously in fictional constructions. Reference is made to various academic writings on place, including by the local historian, David Dymond. The analysis takes the work of the author of fiction, Bernard Samuel Gilbert. Gilbert, although relatively obscure now, incorporated a feature of special note into his later literary output, and one meriting greater attention. This was his personalised, reflective and explicitly articulated approach to forming and expressing place. Moreover, Gilbert’s ‘Old England’, with its imaginary district of 'Bly', can be recognised as corresponding to landscapes and communities existing more broadly in the years up to and through the First World War, and with creations by other authors of regional fiction.
摘要地方的主题引导着乡村史和地方史的许多探索。人们曾试图创造地方的定义和类型，但这些都必须与地方和区域历史模式和过程的多样、复杂和动态现实相抗衡。尽管如此，历史学家和其他学科的人对这个概念有着不同的理解。本研究考虑了这些如何为调查过去特定时期的历史事实中存在的地方提供信息，以及如何对虚构建筑中同时存在的地方进行类似的调查。参考了当地的各种学术著作，包括当地历史学家大卫·戴蒙德的著作。该分析采用了小说作者Bernard Samuel Gilbert的作品。吉尔伯特虽然现在相对默默无闻，但在他后来的文学作品中融入了一个特别的特点，值得更多关注。这是他对形成和表达场所的个性化、反思性和明确阐述的方法。此外，吉尔伯特的《老英格兰》（Old England）以其想象中的“布莱”区（Bly），可以被认为与第一次世界大战之前和之后更广泛存在的景观和社区相对应，也与其他地区小说作者的创作相对应。
{"title":"Conceptualising place in historical fact and creative fiction: rural communities and regional landscapes in Bernard Samuel Gilbert’s ‘Old England’ (c. 1910–1920)","authors":"A. Jackson","doi":"10.1017/S0956793319000359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793319000359","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The theme of place guides much exploration in rural history and local history. Attempts have been made to create definitions and typologies of place, but these have had to contend with the diverse, complex and dynamic realities of historical pattern and process, local and regional. Nonetheless, historians and those in other disciplines have evolved different approaches to the concept. This study considers how these can inform the investigation of places existing in historical fact in particular periods in the past, and can do similarly for those places located contemporaneously in fictional constructions. Reference is made to various academic writings on place, including by the local historian, David Dymond. The analysis takes the work of the author of fiction, Bernard Samuel Gilbert. Gilbert, although relatively obscure now, incorporated a feature of special note into his later literary output, and one meriting greater attention. This was his personalised, reflective and explicitly articulated approach to forming and expressing place. Moreover, Gilbert’s ‘Old England’, with its imaginary district of 'Bly', can be recognised as corresponding to landscapes and communities existing more broadly in the years up to and through the First World War, and with creations by other authors of regional fiction.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"195 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793319000359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49212323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793319000402
H. Falvey
Abstract In the early summer of 1588, twenty-seven inhabitants of the large parish of Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire) presented a petition to two local Justices of the Peace complaining about disorder in Mill End, on the outskirts of the main town, caused by those frequenting Richard Heyward’s alehouse. Most recent work on alehouse sociability has considered attitudes towards drinking and its regulation after the early Jacobean legislation; in contrast, this article considers attitudes towards drunkenness in late sixteenth-century England, including the views expressed in the official ‘homily against drunkenness’ and in the Sabbatarian pamphlet published in 1572 by Humfrey Roberts. Similarly, most work on early modern protest considers complaints against the activities of the protestors’ social superiors; in this instance petitioners complained about the conduct of their inferiors. Although, due to archival attrition, it is impossible to determine what action the authorities took against Heyward and his clientele, thanks to the chance survival of a personal letter it is possible to reconstruct the reactions of the JPs to whom the petition was addressed, thus shedding light on how JPs might act outside the Quarter Sessions.
{"title":"‘Scandalus to all us’: presenting an anti-alehouse petition from late Elizabethan Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire)","authors":"H. Falvey","doi":"10.1017/S0956793319000402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793319000402","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the early summer of 1588, twenty-seven inhabitants of the large parish of Rickmansworth (Hertfordshire) presented a petition to two local Justices of the Peace complaining about disorder in Mill End, on the outskirts of the main town, caused by those frequenting Richard Heyward’s alehouse. Most recent work on alehouse sociability has considered attitudes towards drinking and its regulation after the early Jacobean legislation; in contrast, this article considers attitudes towards drunkenness in late sixteenth-century England, including the views expressed in the official ‘homily against drunkenness’ and in the Sabbatarian pamphlet published in 1572 by Humfrey Roberts. Similarly, most work on early modern protest considers complaints against the activities of the protestors’ social superiors; in this instance petitioners complained about the conduct of their inferiors. Although, due to archival attrition, it is impossible to determine what action the authorities took against Heyward and his clientele, thanks to the chance survival of a personal letter it is possible to reconstruct the reactions of the JPs to whom the petition was addressed, thus shedding light on how JPs might act outside the Quarter Sessions.","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793319000402","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43877069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S0956793319000281
R. Moore-Colyer
with surrounding and relatively small market towns, such as Brigg, Caistor and Market Rasen. The seven chapters that follow are broadly chronological and person-centred. They locate a number of key members of the Dixon family in their times and places, social, economic and cultural. An account of the life of William Dixon (1697–1781), ‘Grazier’ and Senior, describes the arrival of the family into a somewhat unpromising parish, and the commencement of steady processes of local property accumulation, generally piecemeal from existing owners and tenants, whether absentee or resident, and the extension and deepening of social position. Progress in these regards meant that this particular William, dying in his eighty-fourth year, would see recognition of his status as that of ‘gentleman’. The two chapters that appear subsequently take readers into the nineteenth century, to the lives of William’s son Thomas (1729–1798), ‘tenant farmer’, and grandson William Junior (1756–1824), ‘old-style farmer’, and their further consolidation of property ownership and middling-sort position. The later William receives a second chapter, as ‘philosopher and philanthropist’, and the book turns more fully towards the social and cultural. An opportunity is taken here to explore belief, to an extent, but even more so charitable, friendly society, and local relief activities. Thomas John Dixon (1785–1871), from a generation on, also attracts the attention of a pair of chapters, as ‘man of business’ and then as ‘man of property’, and through an overview of his fortunes into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The chapter that completes the chronological sequence focuses on the ‘ladies of Holton’, and the roles of some of the daughters of Thomas John with regard to estate management and community leadership up to 1906. However, their story is set against a background of more challenging economic and financial times, and a weakening of the local social and institutional fabric. Chapter Nine takes a different methodological approach, and places the Dixons in a comparative context, seeing how their progress aligns with that of some of their north Lincolnshire peers. The determinants of family size, inheritance customs and the availability of non-landed resources are recognised by Olney to be decisive. The Dixons were relatively unusual in acquiring property in a piecemeal manner, and wholly within their home county and district. It is also clearly evident how individual members of the family and their personalities had an important influence in sustaining, if not in all cases growing, the estate and its wealth, and achieving this over the life courses of more than a couple of generations. Chapter Ten, meanwhile, examines the degree to which the Dixons assumed and expressed a sense of social class, for example through ambitions for their children, material accumulation and display, and local position and leadership. The Dixons were typical of their ‘sort’ for the area,
{"title":"Prashant Kidambi, Cricket Country: An Indian Odyssey in the Age of Empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019, xv + 423pp., £25, 9780198843139 hb","authors":"R. Moore-Colyer","doi":"10.1017/S0956793319000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793319000281","url":null,"abstract":"with surrounding and relatively small market towns, such as Brigg, Caistor and Market Rasen. The seven chapters that follow are broadly chronological and person-centred. They locate a number of key members of the Dixon family in their times and places, social, economic and cultural. An account of the life of William Dixon (1697–1781), ‘Grazier’ and Senior, describes the arrival of the family into a somewhat unpromising parish, and the commencement of steady processes of local property accumulation, generally piecemeal from existing owners and tenants, whether absentee or resident, and the extension and deepening of social position. Progress in these regards meant that this particular William, dying in his eighty-fourth year, would see recognition of his status as that of ‘gentleman’. The two chapters that appear subsequently take readers into the nineteenth century, to the lives of William’s son Thomas (1729–1798), ‘tenant farmer’, and grandson William Junior (1756–1824), ‘old-style farmer’, and their further consolidation of property ownership and middling-sort position. The later William receives a second chapter, as ‘philosopher and philanthropist’, and the book turns more fully towards the social and cultural. An opportunity is taken here to explore belief, to an extent, but even more so charitable, friendly society, and local relief activities. Thomas John Dixon (1785–1871), from a generation on, also attracts the attention of a pair of chapters, as ‘man of business’ and then as ‘man of property’, and through an overview of his fortunes into the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The chapter that completes the chronological sequence focuses on the ‘ladies of Holton’, and the roles of some of the daughters of Thomas John with regard to estate management and community leadership up to 1906. However, their story is set against a background of more challenging economic and financial times, and a weakening of the local social and institutional fabric. Chapter Nine takes a different methodological approach, and places the Dixons in a comparative context, seeing how their progress aligns with that of some of their north Lincolnshire peers. The determinants of family size, inheritance customs and the availability of non-landed resources are recognised by Olney to be decisive. The Dixons were relatively unusual in acquiring property in a piecemeal manner, and wholly within their home county and district. It is also clearly evident how individual members of the family and their personalities had an important influence in sustaining, if not in all cases growing, the estate and its wealth, and achieving this over the life courses of more than a couple of generations. Chapter Ten, meanwhile, examines the degree to which the Dixons assumed and expressed a sense of social class, for example through ambitions for their children, material accumulation and display, and local position and leadership. The Dixons were typical of their ‘sort’ for the area, ","PeriodicalId":44300,"journal":{"name":"Rural History-Economy Society Culture","volume":"31 1","pages":"113 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/S0956793319000281","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44440222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：