This article looks into the works of Ottoman Armenian intelligentsia of the 19th century who produced various written works in Ottoman Turkish in the field of literature, law, economics and linguistics. During the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire some Turkish and Armenian students were sent abroad for educational purposes. Among those young men, this paper explores the contribution of the Ottoman Armenian students to the modernization process of the Empire through their written works. By doing so, it attempts to investigate the lives of the Ottoman Armenian intelligentsia and particularly focuses on the works of Diran Kelekyan who was one of the leading names of the period.
{"title":"XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Ermeni Entelektüeller: Diran Kelekyan Örneği","authors":"Yıldız Deveci Bozkuş","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10101","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks into the works of Ottoman Armenian intelligentsia of the 19th century who produced various written works in Ottoman Turkish in the field of literature, law, economics and linguistics. During the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire some Turkish and Armenian students were sent abroad for educational purposes. Among those young men, this paper explores the contribution of the Ottoman Armenian students to the modernization process of the Empire through their written works. By doing so, it attempts to investigate the lives of the Ottoman Armenian intelligentsia and particularly focuses on the works of Diran Kelekyan who was one of the leading names of the period.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89632548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Levon İ. Mirzoyan is an Armenian who worked between 1917 and 1938 to settle and strengthen the Bolshevik administration in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and some other regions. Although the study refers to Mirzoyan’s role as an influential actor in the emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, it mainly focuses on his activities in Kazakhstan as the First Secretary of the Kazakhstan Soviet Administration between 1933 and 1938. During the great hunger that emerged in the Golosyokin period many Kazakhs died. Mirzoyan came to the country administration after this disaster. Mirzoyan acted as a hand of compassion that covered the traces of this disaster in Kazakhstan and established close relations with the leaders and people of the country. Mirzoyan later murdered or exiled the intellectuals and prominent politicians, whom he had a chance to get acquainted with, by order of Joseph Stalin.
{"title":"Taşnakçı Ermeni Levon İ. Mirzoyan’ın Kazakistan’daki Faaliyetleri (1933-1938)","authors":"Seyfi Yıldırım, Mirzahan Egamberdiyev","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10102","url":null,"abstract":"Levon İ. Mirzoyan is an Armenian who worked between 1917 and 1938 to settle and strengthen the Bolshevik administration in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and some other regions. Although the study refers to Mirzoyan’s role as an influential actor in the emergence of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, it mainly focuses on his activities in Kazakhstan as the First Secretary of the Kazakhstan Soviet Administration between 1933 and 1938. During the great hunger that emerged in the Golosyokin period many Kazakhs died. Mirzoyan came to the country administration after this disaster. Mirzoyan acted as a hand of compassion that covered the traces of this disaster in Kazakhstan and established close relations with the leaders and people of the country. Mirzoyan later murdered or exiled the intellectuals and prominent politicians, whom he had a chance to get acquainted with, by order of Joseph Stalin.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"20 1","pages":"31-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81823851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Amerika’da Gönüllü Bir Osmanlı Elçisi General Lew Wallace","authors":"Selcen Özyurt Ulutaş, Gaye Yavuzcan","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80859080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"19. Yüzyılın Sonu ve 20. Yüzyılın Başlarında Osmanlı – Kazak İlişkilerinin Seyri ve Rusya’nın Karşı Tedbirleri","authors":"Ordaly Kongyratbayev, Saulebek Rustemov, Bakytzhan Zhursunbayev, Seiilkhan Tokbolat","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74163340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When we examine the history of Nagorno-Karabakh, we can see that Armenian and Azerbaijani historians have been looking for the truth in the thousand-year history which, in turn, creates a controversial issue. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established in 1923 and had an official status within Azerbaijan. In order to resolve this conflict, after the dissolution of the USSR, solution proposals were presented under the umbrella of the OSCE Minsk Group. In this study, plans based on land swap and international solution proposals are discussed comparatively. In addition, the land swap strategy that will be implemented within the frame of the ceasefire agreement that took place on November 9, 2020 and that will become a topic for discussion in the future will be evaluated in this study.
{"title":"Land Swap Formula in the Nagorno-Karabakh Crisis Solution: Goble Plan and Lavrov Plan","authors":"S. Yilmaz","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10008","url":null,"abstract":"When we examine the history of Nagorno-Karabakh, we can see that Armenian and Azerbaijani historians have been looking for the truth in the thousand-year history which, in turn, creates a controversial issue. The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was established in 1923 and had an official status within Azerbaijan. In order to resolve this conflict, after the dissolution of the USSR, solution proposals were presented under the umbrella of the OSCE Minsk Group. In this study, plans based on land swap and international solution proposals are discussed comparatively. In addition, the land swap strategy that will be implemented within the frame of the ceasefire agreement that took place on November 9, 2020 and that will become a topic for discussion in the future will be evaluated in this study.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87161588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Türk Dünyasında Turizmin Ülkeler Arası İş Birliği Temelli Geliştirilmesine Yönelik Nitel Bir Araştırma","authors":"Muharrem Tuna, Başak Özyurt, Ayşe Selin Dülger, F. Türkmen, Necmi Uyanık","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72835446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In its journey from ancient history, human society has brought along many cultural and architectural values or properties. Some of which have reached our days and some of which have not for various reasons. Cultural values that are part of the common history of mankind are called world heritage. Since 1972, UNESCO has included cultural and natural heritage sites that can be considered as common assets of all mankind in the World Heritage List and work to protect them. UNESCO’s work on the World Heritage List fulfils the important task of making the values that humanity is about to lose visible and permanent again. As of 2019, there are 1,121 cultural heritage sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In this study, the cultural and natural heritage of the countries belonging to the Organization of Turkic States has been discussed using statistical and descriptive analysis methods according to the ten main criteria defined by UNESCO. Thus, it aims to jointly examine the cultural and natural heritage of the Turkish world inscribed on the World Cultural Heritage List and to assess them from an awareness-raising perspective.
{"title":"Contribution of Organization of Turkic States Members to World Heritage at a Time of Cultural Convergence from the Past to the Future","authors":"Cengiz Buyar, U. Ünal","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10001","url":null,"abstract":"In its journey from ancient history, human society has brought along many cultural and architectural values or properties. Some of which have reached our days and some of which have not for various reasons. Cultural values that are part of the common history of mankind are called world heritage. Since 1972, UNESCO has included cultural and natural heritage sites that can be considered as common assets of all mankind in the World Heritage List and work to protect them. UNESCO’s work on the World Heritage List fulfils the important task of making the values that humanity is about to lose visible and permanent again. As of 2019, there are 1,121 cultural heritage sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In this study, the cultural and natural heritage of the countries belonging to the Organization of Turkic States has been discussed using statistical and descriptive analysis methods according to the ten main criteria defined by UNESCO. Thus, it aims to jointly examine the cultural and natural heritage of the Turkish world inscribed on the World Cultural Heritage List and to assess them from an awareness-raising perspective.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"104 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89516127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The historical infrastructure of the Turkish existence in the Balkan Peninsula goes back to an ancient past. The region has been one of the frequented routes of Turkish tribes since the Scythian period. Numerous heirlooms, both in language and in the physical sense, about the Turkish cultural presence in the region, are of a nature that explains this historical sequence. Besides the Anatolian origin, Balkan geography also includes the Crimean Turkish-Tatar community, which has settled in Romania and Bulgaria, as a result of the immigration required by Russian expansionism and the policies implemented. Bora (Viscolul), which is a part of the press life of the Turkish-Tatar community in Romania, was published in 1938-1939. Although it had a short publishing life like twelve issues, it is one of the relics left for the future in terms of operating with the Silistra (Durostor) of Dobrudja region at the time of its publication. It is important that the Turkish-Tatar society, which had to live under the political influence of another dominant force other than its homeland, gave life to a magazine like Bora with the awareness of national consciousness. The aim of our study is to explain the content of this periodical, which had been operating in Balkan geography and make it known.
{"title":"Romanya’daki Türk-Tatar Toplumunun Matbuat Mirasından: Bora (Viscolul)","authors":"Kamelya Tekne","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10005","url":null,"abstract":"The historical infrastructure of the Turkish existence in the Balkan Peninsula goes back to an ancient past. The region has been one of the frequented routes of Turkish tribes since the Scythian period. Numerous heirlooms, both in language and in the physical sense, about the Turkish cultural presence in the region, are of a nature that explains this historical sequence. Besides the Anatolian origin, Balkan geography also includes the Crimean Turkish-Tatar community, which has settled in Romania and Bulgaria, as a result of the immigration required by Russian expansionism and the policies implemented. Bora (Viscolul), which is a part of the press life of the Turkish-Tatar community in Romania, was published in 1938-1939. Although it had a short publishing life like twelve issues, it is one of the relics left for the future in terms of operating with the Silistra (Durostor) of Dobrudja region at the time of its publication. It is important that the Turkish-Tatar society, which had to live under the political influence of another dominant force other than its homeland, gave life to a magazine like Bora with the awareness of national consciousness. The aim of our study is to explain the content of this periodical, which had been operating in Balkan geography and make it known.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88666556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The chart showing all the members of the genealogy, starting from the farthest ancestor of a person or family to him, is defined as the genealogy. These genealogies, called “Şejire” (шежіре) in Kazakh Turkish, are an important genre in Kazakh oral literature, and have long been sung by representatives of oral utterance tradition such as aqyn and zhyrau in oral tradition and delivered to the present day, and today they have been substantially in written form. Genealogies, although have undergone major changes when being verbally transmitted from generation to generation, are one of the most important sources of oral history. So much so that we learn many historical personalities and events, Oghuz Khan for the beginning, which is of great importance in Turkish history, from the so-called “Oghuznāma”. Kazakh genealogy is seen to be particularly influenced by the works of Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of the Turkmens) by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan and Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadanī. In this article, we will focus on the genealogy tradition of Kazakh Turks and the perception of Turks in genealogies linking the Kazakhs to the Turkish origin and the individuals considered common among Turks will be tried to be pointed out.
显示家谱的所有成员的图表，从一个人或一个家庭最远的祖先开始，被定义为家谱。这些家谱在哈萨克土耳其语中被称为“Şejire”(шежіре)，是哈萨克口述文学的一个重要流派，长期以来一直由口述传统的代表如aqyn和zhyrau等人传唱，并流传至今，至今已基本以书面形式存在。家谱虽然在代代相传的过程中经历了重大的变化，但仍然是口述历史最重要的来源之一。以至于我们从所谓的“Oghuznāma”中了解到许多历史人物和事件，首先是在土耳其历史上非常重要的奥古斯汗。哈萨克族谱被认为特别受到Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan的Shajara-i Tarākima(土库曼人的族谱)和rashd al- d n hamadanyi的Jāmi - al-tawārīkh(编年史纲要)的影响。在本文中，我们将重点关注哈萨克土耳其人的家谱传统，以及将哈萨克人与土耳其血统联系起来的家谱对土耳其人的看法，并试图指出土耳其人中被认为是共同的个体。
{"title":"Perception of Turks and Common Ancestor in Kazakh Genealogy","authors":"Seyfullah Yildirim, M. Topay","doi":"10.12995/bilig.10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12995/bilig.10002","url":null,"abstract":"The chart showing all the members of the genealogy, starting from the farthest ancestor of a person or family to him, is defined as the genealogy. These genealogies, called “Şejire” (шежіре) in Kazakh Turkish, are an important genre in Kazakh oral literature, and have long been sung by representatives of oral utterance tradition such as aqyn and zhyrau in oral tradition and delivered to the present day, and today they have been substantially in written form. Genealogies, although have undergone major changes when being verbally transmitted from generation to generation, are one of the most important sources of oral history. So much so that we learn many historical personalities and events, Oghuz Khan for the beginning, which is of great importance in Turkish history, from the so-called “Oghuznāma”. Kazakh genealogy is seen to be particularly influenced by the works of Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of the Turkmens) by Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan and Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (Compendium of Chronicles) by Rashīd al-Dīn Hamadanī. In this article, we will focus on the genealogy tradition of Kazakh Turks and the perception of Turks in genealogies linking the Kazakhs to the Turkish origin and the individuals considered common among Turks will be tried to be pointed out.","PeriodicalId":44387,"journal":{"name":"Bilig","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85838589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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