Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i5.30
Marcel Holler, Guenter Mussbach, A. Weigand, Robin Putzar, Axel Ringeisen, Karl Wieland Naumann, Ferran Valencia Bel
The results of a risk reduction study are presented, proving the suitability of solid rocket motors (SRMs) to de-orbit satellites at the end of their lifetime. In a risk reduction program, three basic unexplored questions regarding this technological approach were investigated: (1) what are the effects of the size and type of particles ejected during the operation of SRMs; (2) what is the effect of the micrometeoroid impact on the solid propellant; and (3) what are the effects of prolonged exposure to space radiation during the 20-year expected satellite lifetime of satellites? Using a series of sophisticated and newly developed research approaches, it was shown that solid rocket propellants can withstand harsh space conditions over an extensive period of time. All of the tests were performed using a well-established, metal-free high-performance ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant fully qualified by military standards.
{"title":"COPING WITH SPACE ENVIRONMENT: TESTING SOLID PROPELLANTS FOR IN-ORBIT USE","authors":"Marcel Holler, Guenter Mussbach, A. Weigand, Robin Putzar, Axel Ringeisen, Karl Wieland Naumann, Ferran Valencia Bel","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i5.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i5.30","url":null,"abstract":"The results of a risk reduction study are presented, proving the suitability of solid rocket motors (SRMs) to de-orbit satellites at the end of their lifetime. In a risk reduction program, three basic unexplored questions regarding this technological approach were investigated: (1) what are the effects of the size and type of particles ejected during the operation of SRMs; (2) what is the effect of the micrometeoroid impact on the solid propellant; and (3) what are the effects of prolonged exposure to space radiation during the 20-year expected satellite lifetime of satellites? Using a series of sophisticated and newly developed research approaches, it was shown that solid rocket propellants can withstand harsh space conditions over an extensive period of time. All of the tests were performed using a well-established, metal-free high-performance ammonium perchlorate/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene propellant fully qualified by military standards.","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67424929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048571
Matthias Pautard, Christian Chauveau, Fabien Halter
The ever-rolling progress of weapon systems has proven to demand an increase in precision in the models to be able to achieve further improvements. In the field of Interior Ballistics, one of the elements that remains excluded from most models is the combustion heterogeneity due to non-equilibrium of pressure. This paper presents a zero-dimensional model of a mortar. It includes two chambers: the combustion chamber and the cartridge with combustion heterogeneity occurring between these two chambers. The model adapted to this kind of problem is the Population-Balance-Equation (PBE). A successful attempt to solve the PBE numerically in this case, using the class method, is presented in this work to theoretically address the quantification of the impact of combustion heterogeneities too often ignored.
{"title":"Theoretical investigation on combustion heterogeneity in interior ballistics of mortar using Population Balance Equation","authors":"Matthias Pautard, Christian Chauveau, Fabien Halter","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048571","url":null,"abstract":"The ever-rolling progress of weapon systems has proven to demand an increase in precision in the models to be able to achieve further improvements. In the field of Interior Ballistics, one of the elements that remains excluded from most models is the combustion heterogeneity due to non-equilibrium of pressure. This paper presents a zero-dimensional model of a mortar. It includes two chambers: the combustion chamber and the cartridge with combustion heterogeneity occurring between these two chambers. The model adapted to this kind of problem is the Population-Balance-Equation (PBE). A successful attempt to solve the PBE numerically in this case, using the class method, is presented in this work to theoretically address the quantification of the impact of combustion heterogeneities too often ignored.","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135057576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023047992
Sabrina Wahler, T. Klapötke
{"title":"Comparison of the specific impulse calculated with the ISPBKW code and 2 different empirical relationships encoded into the “Research output software for energetic materials","authors":"Sabrina Wahler, T. Klapötke","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023047992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023047992","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67421474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048649
Wei-che Lin, G. Young
{"title":"Hypergolic ignition of solid fuels with reactive additives using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer","authors":"Wei-che Lin, G. Young","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048649","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67422061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i6.50
{"title":"Index Volume 22, 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i6.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i6.50","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135911617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023049577
Maxim Kurilov, Lennart Ziemer, Volker Weiser, Sophie Ricker, Christoph Kirchberger, Stefan Schlechtriem
Hydrazine is a commonly used propellant in spacecraft and satellite propulsion, but its toxic and carcinogenic properties, and consequently the high costs associated with its handling, have led the propulsion community to seek "green" alternatives. Our research group is exploring the use of nitromethane, a low-toxicity substance and a staple laboratory solvent, as the primary ingredient for a green monopropellant. However, nitromethane's ignition is challenging, requiring a certain level of pressure for stable combustion. To improve ignition and combustion behavior, we screened additives including transition metal acetylacetonates and other organometallic compounds. Gas-tight vessels in a DSC device and single droplet combustion tests were used to measure the influence of additives on the exotherm onset and peak in nitromethane thermal decomposition. The screening showed that some transition metal acetylacetonates and other organometallic compounds effectively enhance thermal decomposition in sealed-vessel DSC measurements. Ferrocene had the most significant influence: adding 2 wt. % of this substance to nitromethane caused the decomposition peak to shift from 384 to 280 °C. In single droplet combustion tests, the addition of Ferrocene caused a quite high reduction of the total droplet life time in an oxygen-deprived atmosphere at 3 bar, making it a strong candidate for the use as an ignition and combustion catalyst in a nitromethane-based monopropellant.
{"title":"Ignition of Nitromethane-based Propellant Mixtures","authors":"Maxim Kurilov, Lennart Ziemer, Volker Weiser, Sophie Ricker, Christoph Kirchberger, Stefan Schlechtriem","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023049577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023049577","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrazine is a commonly used propellant in spacecraft and satellite propulsion, but its toxic and carcinogenic properties, and consequently the high costs associated with its handling, have led the propulsion community to seek \"green\" alternatives. Our research group is exploring the use of nitromethane, a low-toxicity substance and a staple laboratory solvent, as the primary ingredient for a green monopropellant. However, nitromethane's ignition is challenging, requiring a certain level of pressure for stable combustion. To improve ignition and combustion behavior, we screened additives including transition metal acetylacetonates and other organometallic compounds. Gas-tight vessels in a DSC device and single droplet combustion tests were used to measure the influence of additives on the exotherm onset and peak in nitromethane thermal decomposition. The screening showed that some transition metal acetylacetonates and other organometallic compounds effectively enhance thermal decomposition in sealed-vessel DSC measurements. Ferrocene had the most significant influence: adding 2 wt. % of this substance to nitromethane caused the decomposition peak to shift from 384 to 280 °C. In single droplet combustion tests, the addition of Ferrocene caused a quite high reduction of the total droplet life time in an oxygen-deprived atmosphere at 3 bar, making it a strong candidate for the use as an ignition and combustion catalyst in a nitromethane-based monopropellant.","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136304907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023046469
S. Ganesan, S. Chakravarthy, B. S. Subhash Chandran
{"title":"A Novel Method to Analyze the Self-Excited and Pulsed T-burner Experimental Data at Wide Pressure and Frequency Ranges","authors":"S. Ganesan, S. Chakravarthy, B. S. Subhash Chandran","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023046469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023046469","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67420646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048294
Sesha N. C. Govindan, M. Dreyer
{"title":"Numerical investigation of interface stability in reduced gravity","authors":"Sesha N. C. Govindan, M. Dreyer","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2023048294","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67421826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i2.20
Jesús Manuel Muñoz Tejeda, A. Schwertheim, A. Knoll
Water can be utilized as spacecraft propellant to dramatically reduce the environmental impact of constructing and operating a satellite. In this work, a multi-mode chemical-electrical propulsion system, in which water was used as the propellant in both high thrust chemical and high specific impulse electrical maneuvres, was studied. This type of system allows the spacecraft architecture community to divest from traditional propellants such as hydrazine and xenon, thus reducing the production of highly toxic chemicals and dramatically reducing the carbon footprint of propulsion systems. Water has the lowest toxicity, carbon footprint, and price of any current or proposed propellant, and has been shown in laboratory testing to be a feasible alternative compared to traditionally used propellants. The unique role it can play across multiple spacecraft subsystems suggests that the commercial adoption of water as a propellant will reduce cost and mass while also reducing the environmental impact of the satellites of tomorrow. This technology has the ability to enable the development of modular, multifunctional, competitive, and environmentally friendly spacecraft architectures.
{"title":"WATER AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PROPELLANT FOR A MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SPACECRAFT ARCHITECTURE","authors":"Jesús Manuel Muñoz Tejeda, A. Schwertheim, A. Knoll","doi":"10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.v22.i2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Water can be utilized as spacecraft propellant to dramatically reduce the environmental impact of constructing and operating a satellite. In this work, a multi-mode chemical-electrical propulsion system, in which water was used as the propellant in both high thrust chemical and high specific impulse electrical maneuvres, was studied. This type of system allows the spacecraft architecture community to divest from traditional propellants such as hydrazine and xenon, thus reducing the production of highly toxic chemicals and dramatically reducing the carbon footprint of propulsion systems. Water has the lowest toxicity, carbon footprint, and price of any current or proposed propellant, and has been shown in laboratory testing to be a feasible alternative compared to traditionally used propellants. The unique role it can play across multiple spacecraft subsystems suggests that the commercial adoption of water as a propellant will reduce cost and mass while also reducing the environmental impact of the satellites of tomorrow. This technology has the ability to enable the development of modular, multifunctional, competitive, and environmentally friendly spacecraft architectures.","PeriodicalId":44417,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67425019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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