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Distributed DTX alignment with memory 分布式DTX与内存对齐
Pub Date : 2014-11-06 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883860
Hauke Holtkamp, G. Dietl, H. Haas
This paper addresses the assignment of transmission and sleep time slots between interfering transmitters with the objective of minimal power consumption. In particular, we address the constructive alignment of Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) time slots under link rate constraints. Due to the complexity of the combinatorial optimization problem at hand, we resort to heuristic assignment strategies. We derive four time slot alignment solutions (sequential alignment, random alignment, p-persistent ranking and DTX alignment with memory) and identify trade-offs. One of the proposed solutions, namely, DTX alignment with memory addresses identified issues of the other three solutions by maintaining memory of past alignment and channel quality to buffer short term changes in channel quality. All strategies are found to exhibit similar convergence behavior, but different power consumption and retransmission probabilities. DTX alignment with memory is shown to achieve up to 40% savings in power consumption and more than 20% lower retransmission probability than the State-Of-The-Art (SotA).
本文讨论了以最小功耗为目标的干扰发射机之间的传输和睡眠时隙的分配。特别是,我们解决了链路速率约束下的不连续传输(DTX)时隙的建设性对齐问题。由于组合优化问题的复杂性,我们采用启发式分配策略。我们推导了四种时隙对齐解决方案(顺序对齐、随机对齐、p-persistent排序和DTX与内存对齐),并确定了权衡。提出的解决方案之一,即DTX与内存对齐,通过维护过去对齐和信道质量的内存来缓冲信道质量的短期变化,从而解决了其他三种解决方案所确定的问题。所有策略都表现出相似的收敛行为,但功耗和重传概率不同。与最先进的(SotA)相比,DTX与内存对齐可以节省高达40%的功耗,并且重传概率降低20%以上。
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引用次数: 2
Android low entropy demystified Android低熵解谜
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883394
Yu Ding, Zhuo Peng, Yuanyuan Zhou, Chao Zhang
We look into the issue that the amount of entropy kept by the pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) of Android is constantly low. We find that the accusation against this issue of causing poor performance and low frame rate experienced by users is ungrounded. We also investigate possible security vulnerabilities resulting from this issue. We find that this issue does not affect the quality of random numbers that are generated by the PRNG and used in Android applications because recent Android devices do not lack entropy sources. However, we identify a vulnerability in which the stack canary for all future Android applications is generated earlier than the PRNG is properly setup. This vulnerability makes stack overflow simpler and threats Android applications linked with native code (through NDK) as well as Dalvik VM instances. An attacker could nullify the stack protecting mechanism, given the knowledge of the time of boot or a malicious app running on the victim device. This vulnerability also affects the address space layout randomization (ASLR) mechanism on Android, and can turn it from a weak protection to void. We discuss in this paper several possible attacks against this vulnerability as well as ways of defending. As this vulnerability is rooted in an essential Android design choice since the very first version, it is difficult to fix.
我们研究了Android伪随机数生成器(PRNG)所保持的熵量一直很低的问题。我们发现对这个问题导致用户体验到的性能差和低帧率的指控是没有根据的。我们还调查了这个问题可能导致的安全漏洞。我们发现这个问题不会影响PRNG生成的随机数的质量,因为最近的Android设备不缺乏熵源。然而,我们发现了一个漏洞,在PRNG正确设置之前,所有未来Android应用程序的堆栈金丝雀就已经生成了。该漏洞使堆栈溢出变得更简单,并威胁到与本机代码(通过NDK)链接的Android应用程序以及Dalvik VM实例。攻击者可以在知道启动时间或受害者设备上运行恶意应用程序的情况下,使堆栈保护机制无效。此漏洞还影响Android上的地址空间布局随机化(ASLR)机制,并可能将其从弱保护变为无效。本文讨论了针对该漏洞的几种可能的攻击以及防御方法。由于这个漏洞从第一个版本开始就植根于Android的基本设计选择,因此很难修复。
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引用次数: 9
Analysis of a buffered cognitive wireless network with dynamic spectrum assignment 动态频谱分配的缓冲认知无线网络分析
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883523
Sandeep Mavuduru Kannappa, Tariq M. Ali, M. Saquib
In a cognitive wireless network, the sudden arrival of a primary user (PU) can force one or more secondary users (SU) to terminate their ongoing communication. Buffers can be utilized to prevent them from dropping, but their effectiveness depends on the tolerance of the SUs to the buffer waiting time. In this paper, we propose to dynamically assign service rates to the SUs to complement the gain offered by the network buffers in reducing the dropping probability of the SUs. Our analysis is based on a two-dimensional Markov chain with four state variables. Performance metrics for the SUs such as dropping, blocking and completion probabilities, and the average time spent in buffer are derived. Our analytical results demonstrate that depending on the network condition, the proposed dynamic spectrum assignment scheme is alone capable of reducing the dropping probability substantially. Since the sum of call completion, blocking and dropping probabilities is 1, the reduction of dropping probability of the SUs is achieved by increasing the sum of call blocking and completion probabilities, which not necessarily implies higher blocking or reduced completion probabilities.
在认知无线网络中,主用户(PU)的突然到来会迫使一个或多个辅助用户(SU)终止正在进行的通信。可以利用缓冲区来防止它们掉落,但是它们的有效性取决于单元对缓冲区等待时间的容忍度。在本文中,我们提出动态分配服务速率给单元,以补充网络缓冲区提供的增益,以减少单元的丢失概率。我们的分析是基于一个有四个状态变量的二维马尔可夫链。可以推导出单个单元的性能指标,例如丢弃、阻塞和完成概率,以及在缓冲区中花费的平均时间。分析结果表明,根据网络条件的不同,所提出的动态频谱分配方案能够有效地降低丢包概率。由于调用完成概率、阻塞概率和丢弃概率之和为1,因此通过增加调用阻塞概率和完成概率之和来降低单个单元的丢弃概率,这并不一定意味着更高的阻塞概率或更低的完成概率。
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引用次数: 2
Smart grid enabled mobile networks: Jointly optimizing BS operation and power distribution 智能电网助力移动网络:共同优化BS运营和配电
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883719
T. Han, N. Ansari
With the development of green energy technologies, base stations (BSs) can be powered by green energy in order to reduce the on-grid power consumption, and subsequently reduce the carbon footprints. As smart grid advances, power trading among distributed power generators and energy consumers will be enabled. In this paper, we have investigated the optimization of smart grid enabled mobile networks in which green energy is generated in individual BSs and can be shared among the BSs. In order to minimize the on-grid power consumption of this network, we have proposed to jointly optimize the BS operation and the power distribution. The joint BS operation and Power distribution Optimization (BPO) problem is challenging due to the complex coupling of the optimization of mobile networks and that of power grid. We have proposed an approximation solution that decomposes the BPO problem into two subproblems and solves the BPO by address these subproblems. The simulation results show that by jointly optimizing the BS operation and the power distribution, the network achieves about 18% on-grid power savings.
随着绿色能源技术的发展,基站可以采用绿色能源供电,以减少并网电力消耗,从而减少碳足迹。随着智能电网的发展,分布式发电机组和能源消费者之间的电力交易将成为可能。在本文中,我们研究了智能电网支持的移动网络的优化,其中绿色能源在单个BSs中产生,并且可以在BSs之间共享。为了最大限度地减少该网络的并网功耗,我们提出对BS运行和配电进行联合优化。由于移动网络优化与电网优化的复杂耦合,联合运行与配电优化(BPO)问题具有挑战性。我们提出了一种近似解,将BPO问题分解为两个子问题,并通过对这两个子问题的寻址来求解BPO。仿真结果表明,通过联合优化BS运行和功率分配,网络可实现约18%的上网节电。
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引用次数: 15
Energy-efficient downlink transmission in two-tier network MIMO OFDMA networks 两层网络MIMO OFDMA网络的节能下行传输
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883889
A. Sakr, E. Hossain
We propose an energy-efficient resource allocation scheme for downlink transmission in two-tier Network MIMO OFDMA-based macrocell-femtocell networks where the femto-cells form clusters of equal size. The proposed scheme uses a joint zero-forcing beamforming with semi-orthogonal user selection (ZFBF-SUS) transmission at each network tier to perform allocation of subcarrier and precoding coefficients. Then, power allocation is optimized in order to maximize the total system energy efficiency (i.e., average number of successfully transmitted bits per energy unit [bit/Joule], or equivalently, the average data rate per unit power [bps/Watt]). The macro base stations (MBSs) and the femto base stations (FBSs) in a cluster maximize their energy efficiency in a distributed manner while considering the cross-tier interference and the capacity limitations of backhaul links. The problem of maximizing energy efficiency is formulated as a fractional program and solved by using the Dinkelbach iterative algorithm. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the scheme that maximizes the system average capacity, in terms of energy efficiency, and also improves the total system performance in terms of energy efficiency and average system capacity when compared to a single-tier system.
我们提出了一种基于MIMO ofdma的两层网络宏蜂窝-飞蜂窝网络下行传输的节能资源分配方案,其中飞蜂窝形成大小相等的簇。该方案在各网络层采用半正交用户选择(ZFBF-SUS)传输的联合强制零波束形成来完成子载波和预编码系数的分配。然后,优化功率分配,以最大限度地提高系统的总能源效率(即,每能量单位成功传输的平均位数[位/焦耳],或等效地,每单位功率的平均数据速率[bps/Watt])。集群中的宏基站和飞频基站在考虑跨层干扰和回程链路容量限制的情况下,以分布式的方式实现能量效率最大化。将能源效率最大化问题表述为分数阶规划,并采用丁克尔巴赫迭代算法求解。数值结果表明,与单层系统相比,该方案在能源效率方面优于最大化系统平均容量的方案,并且在能源效率和系统平均容量方面提高了系统的总体性能。
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引用次数: 19
Energy exchange among base stations in a Cellular Network through the Smart Grid 通过智能电网实现蜂窝网络中基站之间的能量交换
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6883952
J. Leithon, Teng Joon Lim, Sumei Sun
In this paper, we study the problem of minimizing the energy cost incurred by a Cellular Network Operator (CNO) in a Smart Grid (SG) environment. We consider a CNO that deploys several Cellular Base Stations (CBS) to serve a given geographical area. Each CBS is equipped with a limited-capacity battery and can be powered either by the SG or by a renewable-energy (RE) harvester. Given this topology, two-way energy flow is allowed between each CBS and the SG and between any pair of CBSs in the network through the SG. The space-time-dependent energy-buying and energy-sharing costs and the energy-selling prices are made known to the CNO in advance. Therefore, in order to minimize the total cost incurred by the CNO, we find the optimal energy-management strategy by solving a constrained optimization problem. The proposed strategy ensures that the instantaneous energy demand of each CBS and the constraints imposed by each battery are satisfied at every point in time. We evaluate the performance of the proposed solution using simulations. Our results show that a significant cost reduction can be achieved by implementing the proposed strategy.
本文研究了智能电网环境下蜂窝网络运营商(CNO)的能量成本最小化问题。我们考虑部署多个蜂窝基站(CBS)来服务给定地理区域的CNO。每个CBS都配备了一个容量有限的电池,可以由SG或可再生能源(RE)收集器供电。在这种拓扑结构下,每个CBS和SG之间以及网络中任何一对CBS通过SG之间都允许双向能量流。能源购买成本和能源共享成本以及能源销售价格的时空依赖性是事先为CNO所知的。因此,为了使CNO的总成本最小,我们通过求解约束优化问题找到最优的能量管理策略。该策略保证了每个CBS的瞬时能量需求和每个电池施加的约束在每个时间点都得到满足。我们使用模拟来评估所提出的解决方案的性能。我们的研究结果表明,通过实施所提出的策略,可以显著降低成本。
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引用次数: 34
Hybrid cooperation through full-duplex opportunistic relaying and max-link relay selection with transmit power adaptation 通过全双工机会中继和带发射功率自适应的最大链路中继选择进行混合合作
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6884231
Nikolaos Nomikos, Themistoklis Charalambous, I. Krikidis, D. Vouyioukas, M. Johansson
In this work, we study a cooperative network with multiple full-duplex buffer-aided relays. A hybrid cooperative relaying policy is proposed that employs power adaptation and consists of two alternative schemes: (i) full-duplex transmission through the relay which requires the least total power expenditure and loop interference is mitigated through power adaptation; (ii) buffer-aided max - link selection with power adaptation, when full-duplexity is not feasible. Aiming to reduce the overhead of channel state information (CSI) acquisition and processing, we propose a suboptimal distributed method for relay selection, for which the network performance is not degraded significantly. We show that power adaptation offers reduced overhead of CSI acquisition. Numerical results and comparisons with other state-of-the-art relaying schemes are provided and performance evaluation in terms of throughput, power minimization and switching rate, show the benefits of the proposed hybrid scheme.
在本工作中,我们研究了一个具有多个全双工缓冲辅助中继的协作网络。提出了一种采用功率自适应的混合协同中继策略,包括两种备选方案:(1)通过中继进行全双工传输,总功耗最小,并通过功率自适应减轻环路干扰;(ii)当完全双工不可行时,带功率自适应的缓冲器辅助最大链路选择。为了减少信道状态信息(CSI)采集和处理的开销,提出了一种不显著降低网络性能的次优分布式中继选择方法。我们证明了功率自适应降低了CSI采集的开销。给出了数值结果和与其他先进继电保护方案的比较,并从吞吐量、功率最小化和切换速率方面进行了性能评估,表明了所提出的混合方案的优点。
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引用次数: 21
Selective DF relaying in multi-relay networks with different modulation levels 不同调制级别的多中继网络中的选择性DF中继
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6884119
H. Sokun, A. B. Sediq, S. Ikki, H. Yanikomeroglu
Despite the rich literature on cooperative networks, employment of different modulation levels by the source and relay terminals has not been investigated thoroughly from the physical layer perspective. In this paper, we investigate the bit error rate (BER) performance of selective relaying in a multi-relay decode-and-forward cooperative network where the source and the relays transmit using different modulation levels. Specifically, we derive a closed form expression for the end-to-end (uncoded) BER. To draw further insights on the BER performance, we also provide a simpler approximate BER expression that is accurate in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime. Finally, simulation results are presented to verify the analytical results. The derived BER expressions can be utilized in various other scenarios in which the destination selects the best signal (in terms of minimizing BER) among a set of signals which use different modulation levels. The set of signals to choose from may have already been received through orthogonal channels (selection combining), or this signal set may correspond to a set of “candidate” transmissions. The latter scenario is often referred to as selective transmission; applications of this scenario include selective relaying (the setting in this paper), fast base-station selection, and coordinated multipoint transmission and reception (CoMP).
尽管关于协作网络的文献丰富,但从物理层的角度对源端和中继端使用不同调制级别的研究还不够深入。在本文中,我们研究了多中继译码转发合作网络中选择中继的误码率(BER)性能,其中源和中继使用不同的调制电平传输。具体来说,我们推导了端到端(未编码)误码率的封闭形式表达式。为了进一步了解误码率性能,我们还提供了一个更简单的近似误码率表达式,该表达式在高信噪比下是准确的。最后给出了仿真结果来验证分析结果。导出的误码率表达式可用于各种其他场景,其中目的地在使用不同调制电平的一组信号中选择最佳信号(就最小化误码率而言)。要选择的信号集可能已经通过正交信道(选择组合)接收到,或者该信号集可能对应于一组“候选”传输。后一种情况通常被称为选择性传播;该场景的应用包括选择性中继(本文中的设置)、快速基站选择和协调多点传输和接收(CoMP)。
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引用次数: 4
Efficient channel estimation using expander graph based compressive sensing 基于扩展图压缩感知的有效信道估计
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6884037
Junjie Pan, F. Gao
Compressive sensing (CS) has recently attracted lots of attention and has been extended to more structured architectures, for example the linear time-invariant system identification. However, prevalent CS methods used for channel estimation, such as Basis Pursuit Denoising (BPDN) and Dantzig selector (DS), require computational complexity as high as O(N3), where N is the length of the channel. When N is very large, the complexity will aggravate the hardware burden. In this paper, we propose a new channel estimation scheme that uses the expander graph based compressive sensing. The computation complexity is demonstrated to be as low as O((P - N)N), where P is the length of the training vector.
压缩感知(CS)近年来引起了广泛的关注,并已扩展到更加结构化的体系结构中,例如线性时不变系统识别。然而,用于信道估计的常用CS方法,如基追踪去噪(BPDN)和Dantzig选择器(DS),其计算复杂度高达O(N3),其中N为信道长度。当N很大时,复杂度会加重硬件负担。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的基于压缩感知的扩展图信道估计方案。计算复杂度低至O((P - N)N),其中P为训练向量的长度。
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引用次数: 1
Rate and power adaptation for physical-layer network coding with M-QAM modulation 基于M-QAM调制的物理层网络编码的速率和功率自适应
Pub Date : 2014-08-28 DOI: 10.1109/ICC.2014.6884198
Fanzhao Wang, Qingyang Song, Shiqiang Wang, Lei Guo
Physical-layer network coding (PNC) is an effective strategy for increasing the throughput of wireless networks. In the current literatures, PNC without rate and power adaptation is mainly focused. Realizing that the transmission efficiency can be improved through rate and power adaptation in wireless networks, this paper focuses on developing a rate and power adaptation scheme for PNC. Through formulating how the data rate and transmission power affect the bit error rate (BER) of involved links in PNC, we observe that with a given data rate, the transmission power has to satisfy some constraints. Using these power constraints, we obtain a candidate set of optimal transmission power. By traversing the candidate set and the data rates supported by nodes, a rate and power adaptation scheme is developed. To test its performance, we apply the proposed scheme into an existing PNC-supported MAC protocol. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can improve the throughput and delay performance in various scenarios.
物理层网络编码是提高无线网络吞吐量的一种有效策略。目前的研究主要集中在无速率和功率自适应的PNC。考虑到无线网络中可以通过速率和功率自适应来提高传输效率,本文重点研究了PNC的速率和功率自适应方案。通过阐述数据速率和传输功率对PNC中相关链路误码率的影响,我们发现在给定的数据速率下,传输功率必须满足一定的约束条件。利用这些功率约束,我们得到了最优传输功率的候选集。通过遍历候选集和节点支持的数据速率,提出了一种速率和功率自适应方案。为了测试其性能,我们将提出的方案应用于现有的pnc支持的MAC协议。仿真结果表明,该方案在各种场景下都能提高吞吐量和延迟性能。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)
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