Pub Date : 2024-11-13DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3467055
Qian Sun;Jialong Pang;Xiaoyi Wang;Zhiyao Zhao;Jing Li
Given the intrinsic low energy and high consumption characteristics of sensor nodes, it is imperative to explore strategies for achieving energy-efficient routing within wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A significant body of existing research on clustered routing algorithms for WSNs has concentrated on employing heuristic optimization algorithms to facilitate the selection of routing paths. However, once the number of sensor nodes or the deployment environment changes, the algorithm’s performance can fluctuate significantly, potentially requiring redesign and retuning. In this article, we propose the clustered routing algorithm based on forwarding mechanism optimization (CRFMO), which defines separate routing rules for intracluster and intercluster communication, providing suitable communication paths for nodes. The algorithm eschews the complex procedure of parameter tuning during the routing path selection process and contributes to expediting WSN deployment and balancing node load pressure, ultimately extending the network’s operational lifespan. Simulation outcomes reveal that, in comparison to LEACH-IACA and IMP-LEACH, the CRFMO algorithm markedly enhances energy distribution balance, equalizes the burden among nodes, sustains high network coverage over an extended period, which enhances the quality of network monitoring, and significantly extends the lifetime of the network.
{"title":"A Clustered Routing Algorithm Based on Forwarding Mechanism Optimization","authors":"Qian Sun;Jialong Pang;Xiaoyi Wang;Zhiyao Zhao;Jing Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3467055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3467055","url":null,"abstract":"Given the intrinsic low energy and high consumption characteristics of sensor nodes, it is imperative to explore strategies for achieving energy-efficient routing within wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A significant body of existing research on clustered routing algorithms for WSNs has concentrated on employing heuristic optimization algorithms to facilitate the selection of routing paths. However, once the number of sensor nodes or the deployment environment changes, the algorithm’s performance can fluctuate significantly, potentially requiring redesign and retuning. In this article, we propose the clustered routing algorithm based on forwarding mechanism optimization (CRFMO), which defines separate routing rules for intracluster and intercluster communication, providing suitable communication paths for nodes. The algorithm eschews the complex procedure of parameter tuning during the routing path selection process and contributes to expediting WSN deployment and balancing node load pressure, ultimately extending the network’s operational lifespan. Simulation outcomes reveal that, in comparison to LEACH-IACA and IMP-LEACH, the CRFMO algorithm markedly enhances energy distribution balance, equalizes the burden among nodes, sustains high network coverage over an extended period, which enhances the quality of network monitoring, and significantly extends the lifetime of the network.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38071-38081"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3465606
Jun Chen;Zhixuan Su;Runze Lin;Kai Yang;Shuntao Hu;Shilong Liu;Yue Chen;Yihang Zhang;Chenyang Xue;Zhenyin Hai;Junyang Li
In the context of hyperthermal aerodynamics, where the heat transfer rate changes rapidly, there is an urgent need to obtain thermal data on the surface of structures. To address this, we propose a novel G-type coaxial dual-parametric sensor that utilizes the Seebeck thermoelectric effect to measure the temperature of high-temperature airflows and derive heat fluxes based on the 1-D semi-infinite body assumption method. In a laboratory environment, we performed static calibration of the sensor’s performance indices in the temperature range of $200~^{circ }$ C– $1500~^{circ }$ C. The calibration results of voltage versus temperature indicate that the sensitivity of the sensor is approximately $21~mu $ V/°C, with a fitting coefficient exceeding 0.9999. Compared to the national standard for G-type thermocouples regarding the temperature-voltage relationship, the maximum voltage deviation is only 0.1 mV. Additionally, when we calibrated the heat flux of the sensor using a laser calibration method, the sensor monitored a heat flux upper limit of over 21 MW/m2, with an absolute error of less than 1.5%, corresponding to a heat flux response time of 1.15 ms. Finally, the G-type coaxial sensor, prepared using the natural growth method for the insulating layer, successfully achieved dual-parameter monitoring of structural surface temperature and heat flux exceeding $1250~^{circ }$ C and 5.1 MW/m2 in the high-temperature environment of supersonic flame washout. This provides a feasible solution for the accurate acquisition of structural surface thermal data in various rocket motor components.
在热传导率快速变化的超热空气动力学中，迫切需要获得结构表面的热数据。为此，我们提出了一种新型 G 型同轴双参数传感器，利用塞贝克热电效应测量高温气流的温度，并根据一维半无限体假设法推导热通量。在实验室环境下，我们在 200~^{circ }$ C- $1500~^{circ }$ C 的温度范围内对传感器的性能指标进行了静态校准。电压与温度的校准结果表明，传感器的灵敏度约为 21~mu $ V/°C，拟合系数超过 0.9999。与有关温度-电压关系的 G 型热电偶国家标准相比，最大电压偏差仅为 0.1 mV。此外，当我们使用激光校准法校准传感器的热通量时，传感器监测到的热通量上限超过 21 MW/m2，绝对误差小于 1.5%，对应的热通量响应时间为 1.15 ms。最后，采用绝缘层自然生长法制备的 G 型同轴传感器在超音速火焰冲刷的高温环境中成功实现了对超过 1250~^{circ }$ C 和 5.1 MW/m2 的结构表面温度和热通量的双参数监测。这为精确获取各种火箭发动机部件的结构表面热数据提供了可行的解决方案。
{"title":"A Dual-Parametric G-Type Coaxial Thermocouple With Superior Thermal Measurement Capabilities","authors":"Jun Chen;Zhixuan Su;Runze Lin;Kai Yang;Shuntao Hu;Shilong Liu;Yue Chen;Yihang Zhang;Chenyang Xue;Zhenyin Hai;Junyang Li","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3465606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3465606","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of hyperthermal aerodynamics, where the heat transfer rate changes rapidly, there is an urgent need to obtain thermal data on the surface of structures. To address this, we propose a novel G-type coaxial dual-parametric sensor that utilizes the Seebeck thermoelectric effect to measure the temperature of high-temperature airflows and derive heat fluxes based on the 1-D semi-infinite body assumption method. In a laboratory environment, we performed static calibration of the sensor’s performance indices in the temperature range of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$200~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C–\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1500~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C. The calibration results of voltage versus temperature indicate that the sensitivity of the sensor is approximately \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$21~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000V/°C, with a fitting coefficient exceeding 0.9999. Compared to the national standard for G-type thermocouples regarding the temperature-voltage relationship, the maximum voltage deviation is only 0.1 mV. Additionally, when we calibrated the heat flux of the sensor using a laser calibration method, the sensor monitored a heat flux upper limit of over 21 MW/m2, with an absolute error of less than 1.5%, corresponding to a heat flux response time of 1.15 ms. Finally, the G-type coaxial sensor, prepared using the natural growth method for the insulating layer, successfully achieved dual-parameter monitoring of structural surface temperature and heat flux exceeding \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1250~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000C and 5.1 MW/m2 in the high-temperature environment of supersonic flame washout. This provides a feasible solution for the accurate acquisition of structural surface thermal data in various rocket motor components.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"36403-36411"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A high-precision wind speed sensor is designed and experimentally verified in this article. Using modulated pump light to heat the cobalt-doped fiber results in a dynamic temperature response in the wind speed sensor. Wind speeds are related to the amplitudes of the dynamic temperature response rather than the static steady-state temperature, which enhances measurement precision. The response sensitivity is higher under lower wind speeds. The temperature of the cobalt-doped fiber rises as it absorbs the pump light energy and then drops when the pump light is turned off. The center wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) exhibits periodic shifts with temperature variations. A part of the sensor’s heat is taken away in a wind field, which causes various temperature response amplitudes under the same pump light energy. The amplitudes of the FBG center wavelength vary with different wind speeds. By using the edge-filtering intensity demodulation method, the wavelength variation amplitudes with temperature are converted into the amplitudes of the photodetector’s output voltage variation. The specific relationship between the amplitudes of voltage variation and wind speeds is used to measure wind speed. Measurements were taken within a wind speed range of 0–3 m/s. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor has good repeatability and stability. Its sensitivity can reach −9.79 mV/(m $cdot $ s $^{-{1}}$ ) at low wind speeds. The error stays below 0.03 m/s within the range of 0–0.5 m/s.
本文设计并实验验证了一种高精度风速传感器。利用调制泵浦光加热掺钴光纤可在风速传感器中产生动态温度响应。风速与动态温度响应的振幅而非静态稳态温度相关，从而提高了测量精度。在风速较低时，响应灵敏度较高。掺钴光纤在吸收泵浦光能量时温度上升，关闭泵浦光后温度下降。光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）的中心波长会随着温度的变化而出现周期性偏移。传感器的部分热量被风场带走，从而导致在相同泵浦光能量下产生不同的温度响应振幅。FBG 中心波长的振幅随不同的风速而变化。利用边缘滤波强度解调方法，可将波长随温度变化的幅度转换为光电探测器输出电压变化的幅度。电压变化幅度与风速之间的特定关系用于测量风速。测量的风速范围为 0-3 米/秒。实验结果表明，该传感器具有良好的重复性和稳定性。在低风速下，其灵敏度可达 -9.79 mV/(m $cdot $ s $^{-{1}}$ )。在 0-0.5 m/s 的范围内，误差保持在 0.03 m/s 以下。
{"title":"A High-Precision Wind Speed Sensor Using Modulated Pump Light Dynamic Temperature Response","authors":"Dian Fan;Jialing Yu;Zhen Pan;Wenjia Chen;Ting Xu;Ciming Zhou","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3470889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3470889","url":null,"abstract":"A high-precision wind speed sensor is designed and experimentally verified in this article. Using modulated pump light to heat the cobalt-doped fiber results in a dynamic temperature response in the wind speed sensor. Wind speeds are related to the amplitudes of the dynamic temperature response rather than the static steady-state temperature, which enhances measurement precision. The response sensitivity is higher under lower wind speeds. The temperature of the cobalt-doped fiber rises as it absorbs the pump light energy and then drops when the pump light is turned off. The center wavelength of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) exhibits periodic shifts with temperature variations. A part of the sensor’s heat is taken away in a wind field, which causes various temperature response amplitudes under the same pump light energy. The amplitudes of the FBG center wavelength vary with different wind speeds. By using the edge-filtering intensity demodulation method, the wavelength variation amplitudes with temperature are converted into the amplitudes of the photodetector’s output voltage variation. The specific relationship between the amplitudes of voltage variation and wind speeds is used to measure wind speed. Measurements were taken within a wind speed range of 0–3 m/s. Experimental results demonstrate that the sensor has good repeatability and stability. Its sensitivity can reach −9.79 mV/(m\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000s\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-{1}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) at low wind speeds. The error stays below 0.03 m/s within the range of 0–0.5 m/s.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"36910-36915"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3476289
Shichao Li;Zhiqiang Yu;Lian Chen
Compared with the terrestrial network, the air-ground integrated network composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) has the advantages of large coverage, high capacity, and seamless connectivity, which can provide effective communication services for the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) sensors. In this article, considering two transmission modes for two types of data with different delay requirements, and the limited battery capacity of UAV, we formulate a joint resource allocation and UAV trajectory design problem in clustered nonorthogonal multiple access (C-NOMA) air-ground integrated IoRT sensors network to maximize the data collection efficiency. For the formulated nonconvex problem, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) method can solve it. However, the DDPG method has the Q-value overestimation problem; in order to alleviate the problem, the twin-delayed DDPG (TD3) method with a double critic network is applied, and a TD3-based resource allocation algorithm is proposed to solve the primal problem. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of improving the data collection efficiency than other benchmark methods.
{"title":"Joint Resource Allocation and UAV Trajectory Design for Data Collection in Air-Ground Integrated IoRT Sensors Network With Clustered NOMA","authors":"Shichao Li;Zhiqiang Yu;Lian Chen","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3476289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3476289","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with the terrestrial network, the air-ground integrated network composed of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and high-altitude platforms (HAPs) has the advantages of large coverage, high capacity, and seamless connectivity, which can provide effective communication services for the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT) sensors. In this article, considering two transmission modes for two types of data with different delay requirements, and the limited battery capacity of UAV, we formulate a joint resource allocation and UAV trajectory design problem in clustered nonorthogonal multiple access (C-NOMA) air-ground integrated IoRT sensors network to maximize the data collection efficiency. For the formulated nonconvex problem, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) method can solve it. However, the DDPG method has the Q-value overestimation problem; in order to alleviate the problem, the twin-delayed DDPG (TD3) method with a double critic network is applied, and a TD3-based resource allocation algorithm is proposed to solve the primal problem. Simulation results verify that the proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of improving the data collection efficiency than other benchmark methods.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38540-38550"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The intense atmospheric background in near-earth space has huge interference on the star detection for all-time star sensors. To observe and track stars, traditional all-time star sensors with narrow field of view (FOV) must be installed on turntable platforms, which cannot achieve autonomous celestial attitude measurement. The innovative all-time star sensor based on FOV-gated technology controls the microshutter and microlens array, enabling rapid switching to subdivide the wide FOV and gate a narrow FOV. This system ensures the detection of multiple stars simultaneously by suppressing atmospheric background radiation, thereby achieving autonomous attitude determination. For the all-time star sensor, the accuracy of attitude measurement is not only related to system parameters but also to atmospheric radiation and transmission. Current parameter optimization methods are constrained by specific observation conditions, limiting their applicability across diverse scenarios and temporal variations. To overcome these limitations, we developed an analytical model that accounts for the distribution of spatiotemporal observation conditions, including the probability distribution of the solar zenith angle. Based on this model, the attitude accuracy of the star sensor under all spatiotemporal conditions is weighted and employed as the global optimization objective. An optimal design scheme was provided through optimization, leading to the fabrication of an actual optical lens, which was subsequently used to assemble a prototype. A ground-based experiment was conducted to validate the accuracy of the star detection model, followed by a simulation that confirmed the proposed design satisfies the requirements in the entire celestial sphere.
{"title":"Parameter Optimization for an All-Time Star Sensor Based on Field of View Gated Technology","authors":"Shaoyuan Zhong;Xinguo Wei;Jie Jiang;Jian Li;Gangyi Wang;Guangjun Zhang;Liang Fang","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3476311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3476311","url":null,"abstract":"The intense atmospheric background in near-earth space has huge interference on the star detection for all-time star sensors. To observe and track stars, traditional all-time star sensors with narrow field of view (FOV) must be installed on turntable platforms, which cannot achieve autonomous celestial attitude measurement. The innovative all-time star sensor based on FOV-gated technology controls the microshutter and microlens array, enabling rapid switching to subdivide the wide FOV and gate a narrow FOV. This system ensures the detection of multiple stars simultaneously by suppressing atmospheric background radiation, thereby achieving autonomous attitude determination. For the all-time star sensor, the accuracy of attitude measurement is not only related to system parameters but also to atmospheric radiation and transmission. Current parameter optimization methods are constrained by specific observation conditions, limiting their applicability across diverse scenarios and temporal variations. To overcome these limitations, we developed an analytical model that accounts for the distribution of spatiotemporal observation conditions, including the probability distribution of the solar zenith angle. Based on this model, the attitude accuracy of the star sensor under all spatiotemporal conditions is weighted and employed as the global optimization objective. An optimal design scheme was provided through optimization, leading to the fabrication of an actual optical lens, which was subsequently used to assemble a prototype. A ground-based experiment was conducted to validate the accuracy of the star detection model, followed by a simulation that confirmed the proposed design satisfies the requirements in the entire celestial sphere.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38015-38024"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structural health monitoring (SHM) serves to safeguard the operational safety of building structures; however, the high cost of SHM nodes limits its large-scale applications. In this article, we propose a novel computational model that integrates the physical model of SHM sensing to generate “virtual” sensor nodes with reliable data output at zero additional deployment cost, thereby enabling cost-efficient sensing for SHM systems. To achieve this, we build a generative adversarial network (GAN) combined with the physical model and design a discriminator to ensure that the generated virtual sensor node data aligns with the authentic physical characteristics. The generator employs a 1-D convolutional layer in a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a bi-long short-term memory network (LSTM) model to capture spatial-temporal correlations, along with a weighted smoothing algorithm to reduce noise while preserving data integrity. To support the model, we design a spatial-channel attention mechanism to enhance robustness. We conduct tests on the real-world dataset of the Belgian railway bridge KW51, and the results indicate that our system can generate virtual sensor nodes with 98.2% accuracy toward the ground truth without the need to deploy new devices (with no additional deployment cost). Hence, with its reliable sensing and cost-efficient features, we believe that our system could be helpful in facilitating the large-scale application of SHM systems, thereby providing effective safety monitoring for a wider range of buildings.
{"title":"A Reliable Virtual Sensing Architecture With Zero Additional Deployment Costs for SHM Systems","authors":"Chong Zhang;Ke Lei;Xin Shi;Yang Wang;Ting Wang;Xin Wang;Lihu Zhou;Chuanhui Zhang;Xingjie Zeng","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3474678","url":null,"abstract":"Structural health monitoring (SHM) serves to safeguard the operational safety of building structures; however, the high cost of SHM nodes limits its large-scale applications. In this article, we propose a novel computational model that integrates the physical model of SHM sensing to generate “virtual” sensor nodes with reliable data output at zero additional deployment cost, thereby enabling cost-efficient sensing for SHM systems. To achieve this, we build a generative adversarial network (GAN) combined with the physical model and design a discriminator to ensure that the generated virtual sensor node data aligns with the authentic physical characteristics. The generator employs a 1-D convolutional layer in a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a bi-long short-term memory network (LSTM) model to capture spatial-temporal correlations, along with a weighted smoothing algorithm to reduce noise while preserving data integrity. To support the model, we design a spatial-channel attention mechanism to enhance robustness. We conduct tests on the real-world dataset of the Belgian railway bridge KW51, and the results indicate that our system can generate virtual sensor nodes with 98.2% accuracy toward the ground truth without the need to deploy new devices (with no additional deployment cost). Hence, with its reliable sensing and cost-efficient features, we believe that our system could be helpful in facilitating the large-scale application of SHM systems, thereby providing effective safety monitoring for a wider range of buildings.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"38527-38539"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472568
Lei Wang;Quan Huang;Tao Zhang;Wenxiao Fang;Zhangming Zhu
In this article, a symmetric probe with four ports is proposed for ultrawideband and simultaneous near-field measurement of ${H} _{x}$ and ${H} _{y}$ (along the horizontal direction of the probe) and ${E} _{z}$ (along the normal direction of the probe) components from 0.01 to 15 GHz. The probe incorporates four meticulously designed symmetrical loops, created from vias and traces within a four-layer printed circuit board (PCB), which serve the purpose of detecting radio frequency (RF) electric and magnetic fields. Due to the symmetric design, three orthogonal electromagnetic field components ( ${H} _{x}$ , ${H} _{y}$ , and ${E} _{z}$ ) can be extracted by common and differential calculation of the four signal outputs of the probe. A near-field scanning apparatus, integrated with a microstrip line, is used to characterize the performance of the electromagnetic field probe in application. To further verify the ultrawideband and simultaneous near-field measurement of ${H} _{x}$ , ${H} _{y}$ , and ${E} _{z}$ , the near-field scanning is meticulously executed on a Z-type microstrip interconnect, meticulously capturing the three-surface electric and magnetic fields. The measurement results are validated in simulation. Therefore, the designed ultrawideband probe has excellent features in wideband operation, multicomponent measurement ( ${H} _{x}$ , ${H} _{y}$ , and ${E} _{z}$ ), and electric-field suppression in near-field scanning, which can improve testing efficiency and reduce rotational measurement errors in actual electromagnetic interference (EMI) identification.
{"title":"Four-Port Probe for Simultaneous Measurement of Electric and Magnetic Fields in Near-Field Scanning","authors":"Lei Wang;Quan Huang;Tao Zhang;Wenxiao Fang;Zhangming Zhu","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3472568","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a symmetric probe with four ports is proposed for ultrawideband and simultaneous near-field measurement of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (along the horizontal direction of the probe) and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 (along the normal direction of the probe) components from 0.01 to 15 GHz. The probe incorporates four meticulously designed symmetrical loops, created from vias and traces within a four-layer printed circuit board (PCB), which serve the purpose of detecting radio frequency (RF) electric and magnetic fields. Due to the symmetric design, three orthogonal electromagnetic field components (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000) can be extracted by common and differential calculation of the four signal outputs of the probe. A near-field scanning apparatus, integrated with a microstrip line, is used to characterize the performance of the electromagnetic field probe in application. To further verify the ultrawideband and simultaneous near-field measurement of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, the near-field scanning is meticulously executed on a Z-type microstrip interconnect, meticulously capturing the three-surface electric and magnetic fields. The measurement results are validated in simulation. Therefore, the designed ultrawideband probe has excellent features in wideband operation, multicomponent measurement (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${H} _{y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${E} _{z}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000), and electric-field suppression in near-field scanning, which can improve testing efficiency and reduce rotational measurement errors in actual electromagnetic interference (EMI) identification.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"37859-37868"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142636517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3475211
Boshan Sun;Jijun Xiong;Yingping Hong;Wenping Zhang;Kun Bi;Miaomiao Zheng;Chen Li
In this article, a high-temperature resistant ac bridge pressure sensor is designed for the application of high temperature and pressure combined environment. The temperature drift error compensation of the pressure sensor is realized by designing and arranging the structure of temperature-sensitive and pressure-sensitive capacitors connected with the bridge. In particular, the sensor alumina ceramic substrate is prepared by the lamination postsintering process of green tapes, and the silver paste is tightly integrated on the alumina ceramic surface by the inkjet printing postsintering process. Among them, the high-temperature and pressure-sensitive compact cavity is formed by the creative carbon film filling process before the multilayer green tapes lamination. Finally, three sets of high temperature and temperature-pressure composite test platforms were built and the comprehensive performance of the sensor was tested. The results show that the sensor can work at a high temperature of not less than $700~^{circ }$ C and can complete the combined high temperature and high pressure test at a high temperature of $23~^{circ }$ C– $400~^{circ }$ C, in which the test error at $400~^{circ }$ C is less than 3.3%.
本文设计了一种耐高温交流电桥压力传感器，用于高温和高压组合环境的应用。通过设计和布置与电桥相连的温敏电容和压敏电容的结构，实现了压力传感器的温漂误差补偿。其中，传感器的氧化铝陶瓷基板采用绿色胶带层压后烧结工艺制备，银浆采用喷墨打印后烧结工艺紧密结合在氧化铝陶瓷表面。其中，在多层绿色胶带层压之前，通过创造性的碳膜填充工艺形成高温压敏致密腔体。最后，搭建了三套高温、温压复合试验平台，对传感器的综合性能进行了测试。结果表明，传感器能在不低于 700~^{circ }$ C 的高温下工作，并能在 23~^{circ }$ C- 400~^{circ }$ C 的高温下完成高温高压复合测试，其中在 400~^{circ }$ C 时的测试误差小于 3.3%。
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Gaze movement is a crucial index of human attention and thus shows great potential in human-computer interaction. Head-mounted devices (HMDs) are developing rapidly and show a great demand for head-mounted gaze-tracking techniques. However, the lack of slippage robustness and excessive calibration time still bother current gaze-tracking systems. This article proposes STARE, a head-mounted real-time gaze tracking system with slippage-robust gaze estimation and minimal calibration. STARE leverages the eyeball kinematics, specifically Listing’s law and Donder’s law, to propose a mapping function for slippage robust gaze estimation that holds physical significance. Our succinct mapping function minimizes personal calibration time to its lowest. The experimental results of 40 subjects demonstrate that our system achieves a mean angular error of ${0}.{71}^{circ } $ under varying levels of device slippage and decreases the personal calibration time to less than 1 s. STARE outperforms state-of-the-art methods in gaze tracking accuracy and precision. Our system is convenient for practical usage and shows excellent potential for gaze tracking.
{"title":"Eyeball Kinematics Informed Slippage Robust Gaze Tracking","authors":"Wei Zhang;Jiaxi Cao;Xiang Wang;Pengfei Xia;Bin Li;Xun Chen","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2024.3475009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2024.3475009","url":null,"abstract":"Gaze movement is a crucial index of human attention and thus shows great potential in human-computer interaction. Head-mounted devices (HMDs) are developing rapidly and show a great demand for head-mounted gaze-tracking techniques. However, the lack of slippage robustness and excessive calibration time still bother current gaze-tracking systems. This article proposes STARE, a head-mounted real-time gaze tracking system with slippage-robust gaze estimation and minimal calibration. STARE leverages the eyeball kinematics, specifically Listing’s law and Donder’s law, to propose a mapping function for slippage robust gaze estimation that holds physical significance. Our succinct mapping function minimizes personal calibration time to its lowest. The experimental results of 40 subjects demonstrate that our system achieves a mean angular error of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>${0}.{71}^{circ } $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 under varying levels of device slippage and decreases the personal calibration time to less than 1 s. STARE outperforms state-of-the-art methods in gaze tracking accuracy and precision. Our system is convenient for practical usage and shows excellent potential for gaze tracking.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"24 22","pages":"37620-37629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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