Clinical Medicine Insights-Endocrinology and Diabetes最新文献

Diabetes is a chronic disease that challenges global health issues in many aspects. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most common causes of reduced quality of life and increased hospitalization, amputation, treatment costs, and mortality in patients. Improper patients' knowledge, unsatisfactory education and training of healthcare workers, and limited facilities are the major cause of delayed referral and downscale management in DFUs. The diabetic foot clinical pathway is pivotal in providing best practices based on the latest standards and patient preferences. In the diabetic foot clinical pathway provided by the Iran Ministry of Health, the common concepts and grading systems are well defined for diabetic foot specialists so that patients can be diagnosed correctly and referred properly. Based on clinical examination guidelines, patients with diabetes are classified into low-risk, moderate-risk, high-risk, and active diabetic foot ulcer groups. One of this Pathway's main objectives is to prevent the patient from getting the first ulcer, prevent frequent recurrence ulcers, and most importantly, prevent minor and major amputation.

Background: Diabetes mellitus-induced hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production, which play a significant role in the damage and apoptosis of pancreatic β cells. Therefore, the administration of medications that can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation plays an important role in diabetes treatment.

Objective: To probe the Clinacanthus nutans leaf extract effect on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and the Langerhans islet area in diabetic rat models.

Design: An experimental laboratory in the animal model.

Methods: Twenty-five diabetic rat models were randomly assigned into 5 clusters. Clusters 1, 2, and 3 were administered with C. nutans leaf extract in aqueous suspension with vehicle 1% Na-CMC at 75 mg/kg body weight (BW), 150 mg/kg BW, and 300 mg/kg BW, respectively. Cluster 4 was diabetic control rats administered with metformin at a 21 mg/rat dose. Cluster 5 was a control diabetic rat only administered with 1% Na-CMC suspension. Treatment was administered orally for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples and pancreatic tissues. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Histopathological examination was performed by counting the Langerhans islet areas.

Results: The average IL-6, MDA, and TNF-α levels declined in the cluster receiving C. nutans extract and were significantly different from the untreated cluster (P < .05). Histopathological examination revealed a significant upsurge in the Langerhans islets area in diabetic rats receiving C. nutans extract at doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg (P < .05).

Conclusion: C. nutans leaf extract reduced the serum MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels, and increased the Langerhans islets area in a diabetic rat model.

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), a major global problem, is a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors that predisposes to both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Insulin resistance is a major underpinning of MetS.

Objectives: We investigated the relationship between insulin resistance and biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, free fatty acids (FFA) levels and adipokine dysregulation in a cohort of nascent MetS.

Design: This was a cross-sectional study comparing patients with MetS with matched controls.

Patients and methods: Participants included 47 patients with MetS and 41 controls. Persons with diabetes, ASCVD, smoking and macro-inflammation were excluded. Fasting blood was obtained for both plasma and monocyte isolation. Homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated from fasting glucose and insulin levels.

Results: The patients were insulin resistant as determined by a valid measure, HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR increased with increasing severity of MetS and correlated with cardio-metabolic features, hsCRP, FFA levels, and adipose tissue insulin resistance. Insulin resistance also correlated with biomarkers of oxidative stress and both circulating and cellular biomarkers of inflammation. Receiver operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was an excellent predictor of MetS with an area under the curve of 0.80.

Conclusion: In our patients with nascent MetS we show that they have significant insulin resistance. Based on our findings, elevated FFA levels, oxidative stress and inflammation could contribute to the insulin resistance.

One hour plasma glucose (1-hr PG) concentration during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is steadily emerging as an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: We applied the current cut off thresholds reported in the pediatric literature for the 1-hr PG, 132.5 (7.4 mmol/l) and 155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/l) during an OGTT, to report abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) using ROC curve analyses. We determined the empirical optimal cut point for 1-hr PG for our multi ethnic cohort using the Youden Index.

Results: About 1-hour and 2-hours plasma glucose showed the highest predictive potential based on Areas under the curve (AUC) values of 0.91 [CI: 0.85, 0.97] and 1 [CI: 1, 1], respectively. Further comparison of the ROC curves of the 1-hour and 2-hour PG measurements as predictors of an abnormal OGTT showed that their associated AUCs differed significantly (X²(1) = 9.25, P < .05). Using 132.5 mg/dL as the cutoff point for plasma glucose at 1-hour yielded a ROC curve with an AUC of 0.796, a sensitivity of 88%, and a specificity of 71.2%. Alternatively, the cutoff point of 155 mg/dL resulted in a ROC AUC of 0.852, a sensitivity of 80%, and a specificity of 90.4%.

Conclusion: Our cross-sectional study affirms that the 1-hr PG can identify obese children and adolescents at increased risk for prediabetes and/or T2D with almost the same accuracy as a 2-hr PG. In our multi-ethnic cohort, a 1-hr PG ⩾ 155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/l) serves as an optimal cut-point, using the estimation of the Youden index with AUC of 0.86 and sensitivity of 80%.We support the petition to consider the 1-hr PG as integral during an OGTT, as this adds value to the interpretation of the OGTT beyond the fasting and 2-hr PG.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most debilitating diseases, diabetic neuropathy happens to be the most common and perhaps the most serious complication of diabetes mellitus, often leading to morbidity and mortality. A 60 year old female presented with disorientation, history of vomiting, shortness of breath, respiratory failure initially. Blood reports revealed that she was positive for ketone bodies with elevated HbA1c and general random blood sugar. Chest radiogram revealed atelectasis of the right lung with prominent involvement of right middle and lower lobes. High-resolution computed tomography of chest confirmed the findings and unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve neuropathy due to undetected type 2 diabetes was diagnosed. Although phrenic nerve paralysis is a rare occurrence with diabetes, the possibility shouldn't be overlooked as a presentation of diabetes mellitus.

Background and aims: Maintaining appendicular skeletal muscle mass is important for maintaining the quality of life of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The possibility of GLP-1 receptor agonists for maintaining appendicular skeletal muscle mass has previously been reported. We investigated changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass, measured by body impedance analysis, in elderly patients who were hospitalized for diabetes self-management education.

Methods: The study design was a retrospective longitudinal analysis of the changes in appendicular skeletal muscle mass in hospitalized patients over the age of 70 years. The study subjects consisted of consequential patients who received GLP-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin co-therapy or received basal insulin therapy. Body impedance analysis was performed on the day after admission and on the ninth day of admission. All patients received standard diet therapy and standard group exercise therapy 3 times per week.

Results: The study subjects consisted of 10 patients who received GLP-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin co-therapy (co-therapy group) and 10 patients who received basal insulin (insulin group). The mean change in appendicular skeletal muscle mass was 0.78 ± 0.7 kg in co-therapy group and -0.09 ± 0.8 kg in the insulin group.

Conclusions: This retrospective observational study suggests the possibility of favorable effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist and basal insulin co-therapy for maintaining appendicular skeletal muscle mass during hospitalization for diabetes self-management education.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important microvascular consequence of long-term type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and it can lead to blindness if not properly diagnosed and managed. Nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) is a non-invasive technique for observing capillary microvasculature.

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the nail folds capillaroscopic alterations in patients with T2DM by NVC and correlated the results to DR, and their relation to disease duration and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 62 cases with T2DM (as per the American Diabetes Association criteria). All patients were subjected to NVC and ophthalmological assessment.

Results: NVC revealed that Patients with DR showed significantly higher frequencies of tortuous capillaries, branched capillaries and precapillary edema versus non-DR patients with P < .05. The DR patients with longer disease duration (15-20) years had significantly higher frequencies of branched capillaries, tortuous capillaries, microhemorrhages, and dilated apical capillaries. The frequency of tortuosity and precapillary edema were significantly higher in patients with poor glycemic control. The increased capillary width and branched capillaries were detected as predictors of DR in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion: NVC is a cost-effective, quick, safe, simple, non-invasive, and newly emerging tool to assess the capillaroscopic alterations in diabetic patients as an indicator of severity of DR.