Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301218
D. Binkley
Monte Carlo analysis is used to model statistical noise associated with scintillation-detector photoelectron emissions and photomultiplier tube operation. The impulse response of a photomultiplier tube, front-end amplifier, and constant-fraction discriminator (CFD) is modeled so that the effects of front-end bandwidth and constant-fraction delay and fraction can be evaluated for timing-system optimizations. Monte Carlo timing resolution for a bismuth germanate (BGO)/photomultiplier scintillation detector, CFD timing system is presented as a function of constant-fraction delay for 511-keV coincident gamma rays in the presence of Compton scatter. Monte Carlo results are in good agreement with measured results, indicating better timing resolution with decreasing constant-fraction delay. Monte Carlo energy-discrimination performance is experimentally verified along with the timing resolution (Monte Carlo resolution of 3.1 ns FWHM versus measured resolution of 3.3 ns FWHM) for a front-end rise time of 10 ns (10-90%). CFD delay of 8 ns, and CFD fraction of 20%.<>
{"title":"Optimization of scintillation-detector timing systems using Monte Carlo analysis","authors":"D. Binkley","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301218","url":null,"abstract":"Monte Carlo analysis is used to model statistical noise associated with scintillation-detector photoelectron emissions and photomultiplier tube operation. The impulse response of a photomultiplier tube, front-end amplifier, and constant-fraction discriminator (CFD) is modeled so that the effects of front-end bandwidth and constant-fraction delay and fraction can be evaluated for timing-system optimizations. Monte Carlo timing resolution for a bismuth germanate (BGO)/photomultiplier scintillation detector, CFD timing system is presented as a function of constant-fraction delay for 511-keV coincident gamma rays in the presence of Compton scatter. Monte Carlo results are in good agreement with measured results, indicating better timing resolution with decreasing constant-fraction delay. Monte Carlo energy-discrimination performance is experimentally verified along with the timing resolution (Monte Carlo resolution of 3.1 ns FWHM versus measured resolution of 3.3 ns FWHM) for a front-end rise time of 10 ns (10-90%). CFD delay of 8 ns, and CFD fraction of 20%.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134538559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Newcomer, R. Van Berg, H. Williams, S. Tedja, J. van der Spiegel
The ASD-8 is a bipolar integrated circuit that provides eight channels of amplifier, shaper, and discriminator on a 2.8*4.7 mm silicon substrate. It was designed for use in the straw-based central tracking system of the SDC detector. Competing requirements for short measurement time ( approximately= 15 mW/ch), and low operational threshold ( approximately=1 fC) led to the choice of a largely differential circuit which includes detector tail compensation. Threshold control with lockout is provided for each discriminator. Tests with parts from a recently fabricated prototype run indicate excellent yield and stable operation with little or no internal crosstalk.<>
{"title":"A fast, low power amplifier, shaper and discriminator for high rate straw tracking systems","authors":"F. Newcomer, R. Van Berg, H. Williams, S. Tedja, J. van der Spiegel","doi":"10.1109/23.256630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/23.256630","url":null,"abstract":"The ASD-8 is a bipolar integrated circuit that provides eight channels of amplifier, shaper, and discriminator on a 2.8*4.7 mm silicon substrate. It was designed for use in the straw-based central tracking system of the SDC detector. Competing requirements for short measurement time ( approximately= 15 mW/ch), and low operational threshold ( approximately=1 fC) led to the choice of a largely differential circuit which includes detector tail compensation. Threshold control with lockout is provided for each discriminator. Tests with parts from a recently fabricated prototype run indicate excellent yield and stable operation with little or no internal crosstalk.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133069068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301494
J. Ollinger, G. Johns, M. T. Burney
A method for approximating the mean of the distribution of scattered events in which only one of the two photons is scattered is presented. The technique uses emission images, transmission images, and the physics of Compton scatter to compute the estimate with a table-driven approach. Although implemented for use with scanners using interplane septa, the algorithm is three-dimensional in nature and can be easily extended for use with fully 3-D data. Preliminary phantom studies show good agreement between the estimated and experimental scatter distributions.<>
{"title":"Model based scatter correction in three dimensions (positron emission tomography)","authors":"J. Ollinger, G. Johns, M. T. Burney","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301494","url":null,"abstract":"A method for approximating the mean of the distribution of scattered events in which only one of the two photons is scattered is presented. The technique uses emission images, transmission images, and the physics of Compton scatter to compute the estimate with a table-driven approach. Although implemented for use with scanners using interplane septa, the algorithm is three-dimensional in nature and can be easily extended for use with fully 3-D data. Preliminary phantom studies show good agreement between the estimated and experimental scatter distributions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"59 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114024203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301314
O. Sasaki, M. Nomachi, T. Ohska, H. Fujii
A VME barrel shifter system for event reconstruction was developed for the SDC (Solenoidal Detector Collaboration) experiment. A special semi-custom switch IC was also developed for it. The system takes in fragments of a physical event through its inputs, combines and reorganizes them, and produces a complete data set of the event from one of its outputs. The complete output data set for successive events will be delivered to waiting computers at its outputs. Up to 3-Gb/s signal trains can be fed through the switch unit. This system is VME 6U compatible and the switching can be controlled by a commercially available VME module. The building blocks of this barrel shifter system are switch modules, O/E and E/O converter modules, and a dedicated crate. The switch modules are a dual-4*4/quad-2*2 unit and an 8*8 unit; they can be combined to deal with a very large number of input/output channels.<>
{"title":"A VME barrel shifter system for event reconstruction for up to 3 Gbps signal trains","authors":"O. Sasaki, M. Nomachi, T. Ohska, H. Fujii","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301314","url":null,"abstract":"A VME barrel shifter system for event reconstruction was developed for the SDC (Solenoidal Detector Collaboration) experiment. A special semi-custom switch IC was also developed for it. The system takes in fragments of a physical event through its inputs, combines and reorganizes them, and produces a complete data set of the event from one of its outputs. The complete output data set for successive events will be delivered to waiting computers at its outputs. Up to 3-Gb/s signal trains can be fed through the switch unit. This system is VME 6U compatible and the switching can be controlled by a commercially available VME module. The building blocks of this barrel shifter system are switch modules, O/E and E/O converter modules, and a dedicated crate. The switch modules are a dual-4*4/quad-2*2 unit and an 8*8 unit; they can be combined to deal with a very large number of input/output channels.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114194810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301365
R. Cuddapah, D. Bertsch, B. Dingus, C. Fichtel, S. Hunter, D. Thompson
In order to continue the achievements in high-energy (10 MeV-100-GeV) gamma-ray astronomy made with the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), a next-generation high-energy gamma-ray telescope with a large increase in sensitivity coupled with improved angular resolution will be required. This telescope is envisioned as a 2-m*2-m active area telescope using drift chambers for the imaging detector. The four major components of the instrument are the anticoincidence shield, the track imaging system, the coincidence/time-of-flight system, and the energy measurement system. The authors discuss the design goals and challenges for the four subsystems and the techniques being used to achieve them, as well as the design and performance of high-speed electronics that are being developed specifically for this application.<>
{"title":"Development of a high energy gamma-ray telescope for space flight using drift chambers","authors":"R. Cuddapah, D. Bertsch, B. Dingus, C. Fichtel, S. Hunter, D. Thompson","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301365","url":null,"abstract":"In order to continue the achievements in high-energy (10 MeV-100-GeV) gamma-ray astronomy made with the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO), a next-generation high-energy gamma-ray telescope with a large increase in sensitivity coupled with improved angular resolution will be required. This telescope is envisioned as a 2-m*2-m active area telescope using drift chambers for the imaging detector. The four major components of the instrument are the anticoincidence shield, the track imaging system, the coincidence/time-of-flight system, and the energy measurement system. The authors discuss the design goals and challenges for the four subsystems and the techniques being used to achieve them, as well as the design and performance of high-speed electronics that are being developed specifically for this application.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"132 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114430158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301131
M. Miyajima, S. Sasaki, H. Tawara
In order to estimate the number of scintillation photons emitted in NaI(Tl) and plastic scintillators by gamma-rays, the number of photoelectrons from the photomultiplier photocathode was absolutely measured with several combinations of photomultipliers and scintillators. The photomultipliers were used as a vacuum photodiode. The number of scintillation photons was estimated by using the effective quantum efficiency and the collection efficiency of photons by the photocathode.<>
{"title":"Number of scintillation photons emitted in NaI(Tl) and plastic scintillators by gamma-rays","authors":"M. Miyajima, S. Sasaki, H. Tawara","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301131","url":null,"abstract":"In order to estimate the number of scintillation photons emitted in NaI(Tl) and plastic scintillators by gamma-rays, the number of photoelectrons from the photomultiplier photocathode was absolutely measured with several combinations of photomultipliers and scintillators. The photomultipliers were used as a vacuum photodiode. The number of scintillation photons was estimated by using the effective quantum efficiency and the collection efficiency of photons by the photocathode.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117251745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301291
G. Mirabelli, E. Petrolo, E. Velente, R. Cardarelli, R. Santonico, M. L. Ferrer
The authors describe a transceiver VLSI chip for optical data transmission, at 1 Gb/s (1.4 Gb/s in selected production), made in GaAs technology. The transceiver performs parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion as well as encoding and decoding of 32-b data words. The circuit operates in a completely asynchronous mode, allowing the possibility of switching on-off the transmission in a few ns and of using the transceiver not only in point-to-point topologies, but also in flooding topologies (i.e. star connections). The radiation hardness and the relatively low power consumption, with respect to TTL, of the GaAs, extend the use of the chip to a large number of applications in present and future high-energy physics experimental apparatus.<>
{"title":"A GaAs transceiver chip for optical data transmission","authors":"G. Mirabelli, E. Petrolo, E. Velente, R. Cardarelli, R. Santonico, M. L. Ferrer","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301291","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe a transceiver VLSI chip for optical data transmission, at 1 Gb/s (1.4 Gb/s in selected production), made in GaAs technology. The transceiver performs parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel conversion as well as encoding and decoding of 32-b data words. The circuit operates in a completely asynchronous mode, allowing the possibility of switching on-off the transmission in a few ns and of using the transceiver not only in point-to-point topologies, but also in flooding topologies (i.e. star connections). The radiation hardness and the relatively low power consumption, with respect to TTL, of the GaAs, extend the use of the chip to a large number of applications in present and future high-energy physics experimental apparatus.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"287 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115891977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301305
R. Cummings
Summary form only. The High-Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI) and Fiber Channel industry-standard interfaces are defined by a family of standards produced by Task Group X3T9.3 of the Accredited Standards Committee X3T9. HIPPI defines operation at 100 or 200 Mb/s up to 10 km and also supports serial electrical interfaces for short distances.<>
{"title":"An overview and status of the HIPPI and Fibre Channel standards","authors":"R. Cummings","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301305","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only. The High-Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI) and Fiber Channel industry-standard interfaces are defined by a family of standards produced by Task Group X3T9.3 of the Accredited Standards Committee X3T9. HIPPI defines operation at 100 or 200 Mb/s up to 10 km and also supports serial electrical interfaces for short distances.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"171 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116125451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301059
B. Sahiner, A. Yagle
Some new results on constrained image reconstruction are presented. Given constraints on pixel values and the statistics of additive noise in the projections, it is shown how to compute the minimum mean-square estimate of the reconstructed image. The authors also present some results on the use of the wavelet transform to perform spatially varying filtering of the image and show how noise can be suppressed in flat areas of the image. They then combine the previous results into a new constrained image reconstruction procedure, in which image constraints are applied in the wavelet domain. The new procedure improves the reconstructed image not only in locations where wavelet constraints are applied, but also in other regions.<>
{"title":"On the use of wavelets in inverting the Radon transform","authors":"B. Sahiner, A. Yagle","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301059","url":null,"abstract":"Some new results on constrained image reconstruction are presented. Given constraints on pixel values and the statistics of additive noise in the projections, it is shown how to compute the minimum mean-square estimate of the reconstructed image. The authors also present some results on the use of the wavelet transform to perform spatially varying filtering of the image and show how noise can be suppressed in flat areas of the image. They then combine the previous results into a new constrained image reconstruction procedure, in which image constraints are applied in the wavelet domain. The new procedure improves the reconstructed image not only in locations where wavelet constraints are applied, but also in other regions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116259843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1992-10-25DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301379
W. Gangloff, C. L. Werner
The I&C (instrumentation and control) modernization program for the Temelin VVER 1000 plants illustrates the advantages of a modern digital distributed processing architecture in providing a flexible modular approach incorporating the latest I&C technology available in the nuclear industry. Beginning with a comprehensive safety analysis and functional design consistent with Western practice, the modernization goes beyond simply meeting Western standards of safety. Incorporation of extensive self-diagnostic capability, the use of modern high-speed data communications, and the exploitation of powerful workstations in a distributed processing environment all bring advantages in installation, operation, and maintenance over conventional system designs. For the future, the modernization provides the basis for easy adoption of new improved sensors, faster, more powerful processors, or decision support packages such as expert systems for equipment and system performance monitoring and diagnosis, predictive maintenance planning, or total plant operations optimization.<>
{"title":"I&C modernization for VVER reactors","authors":"W. Gangloff, C. L. Werner","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301379","url":null,"abstract":"The I&C (instrumentation and control) modernization program for the Temelin VVER 1000 plants illustrates the advantages of a modern digital distributed processing architecture in providing a flexible modular approach incorporating the latest I&C technology available in the nuclear industry. Beginning with a comprehensive safety analysis and functional design consistent with Western practice, the modernization goes beyond simply meeting Western standards of safety. Incorporation of extensive self-diagnostic capability, the use of modern high-speed data communications, and the exploitation of powerful workstations in a distributed processing environment all bring advantages in installation, operation, and maintenance over conventional system designs. For the future, the modernization provides the basis for easy adoption of new improved sensors, faster, more powerful processors, or decision support packages such as expert systems for equipment and system performance monitoring and diagnosis, predictive maintenance planning, or total plant operations optimization.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":447239,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115384506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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