Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.7591/9781501711404-002
enerGY OPtiOnS, FOr DarFUr, N. Meith, DOMeStiC enerGY, OPtiOnS FOr DarFUr, T. Contents
{"title":"Acronyms and abbreviations","authors":"enerGY OPtiOnS, FOr DarFUr, N. Meith, DOMeStiC enerGY, OPtiOnS FOr DarFUr, T. Contents","doi":"10.7591/9781501711404-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501711404-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116239514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-31DOI: 10.7591/9781501711411-002
General
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither do they necessarily reflect the views of the OECD, its Member countries or of the beneficiaries participating in the activity. ATTRACTIVENESS OF CIVIL SERVICE IN THE WESTERN BALKANS
{"title":"Acronyms and abbreviations","authors":"General","doi":"10.7591/9781501711411-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501711411-002","url":null,"abstract":"This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein are those of the author and can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither do they necessarily reflect the views of the OECD, its Member countries or of the beneficiaries participating in the activity. ATTRACTIVENESS OF CIVIL SERVICE IN THE WESTERN BALKANS","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134325640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03464.X
B. Logan
A formal power series solution (i) x(t) = Σ1∞ mk xk(t) is given for the companding problem (ii) Bf{x(t)} = my(t), B{x(t)} = x(t), where B is the bandlimiting operator defined by Bg = (Bg)(t) = ∫ g(s)[sin λ(t − s)]/[π(t − s)]ds and f(t) has a Taylor series with f(0) = 0, f′(0) ≠ 0. Expressions for the xk are given in terms of the coefficients of f, and operations on y, and in a different form in terms of the coefficients of the inverse function φ, φ{(x)} = x. A series development is given for a bandlimited z(t), Bz = z, such that the solution of (ii) is given by x = Bφ(z). Also a series development is given for the “approximate identity”, x ≐ Bφ{Bf(x)}, where x = x(t), Bx = x, which is shown to be a good approximation to x for fairly linear f(x), not necessarily having a Taylor series expansion. As an example of one application of the results, a few terms are given for correction of the “inband” distortion arising in envelope detection of “full-carrier” single-sideband signals. The results should prove useful in correcting small distortions in other transmission systems. Finally, it is shown that the formal series solution (i) actually converges for sufficiently small |m|. This involves proving that the companding problem (ii) has a unique solution for arbitrary complex-valued y(t) and complex m of sufficiently small magnitude, the solution x(t; m) being, for each t, an analytic function of the complex variable m in a neighborhood of the origin. It is a curious fact, as shown by an interesting example, that the series (i) may converge for values of m for which it is not a solution of (ii).
{"title":"Series solutions of companding problems","authors":"B. Logan","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03464.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03464.X","url":null,"abstract":"A formal power series solution (i) x(t) = Σ<inf>1</inf><sup>∞</sup> m<sup>k</sup> x<inf>k</inf>(t) is given for the companding problem (ii) Bf{x(t)} = my(t), B{x(t)} = x(t), where B is the bandlimiting operator defined by Bg = (Bg)(t) = ∫ g(s)[sin λ(t − s)]/[π(t − s)]ds and f(t) has a Taylor series with f(0) = 0, f′(0) ≠ 0. Expressions for the x<inf>k</inf> are given in terms of the coefficients of f, and operations on y, and in a different form in terms of the coefficients of the inverse function φ, φ{(x)} = x. A series development is given for a bandlimited z(t), Bz = z, such that the solution of (ii) is given by x = B<inf>φ</inf>(z). Also a series development is given for the “approximate identity”, x ≐ Bφ{Bf(x)}, where x = x(t), Bx = x, which is shown to be a good approximation to x for fairly linear f(x), not necessarily having a Taylor series expansion. As an example of one application of the results, a few terms are given for correction of the “inband” distortion arising in envelope detection of “full-carrier” single-sideband signals. The results should prove useful in correcting small distortions in other transmission systems. Finally, it is shown that the formal series solution (i) actually converges for sufficiently small |m|. This involves proving that the companding problem (ii) has a unique solution for arbitrary complex-valued y(t) and complex m of sufficiently small magnitude, the solution x(t; m) being, for each t, an analytic function of the complex variable m in a neighborhood of the origin. It is a curious fact, as shown by an interesting example, that the series (i) may converge for values of m for which it is not a solution of (ii).","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133066114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03460.X
Donald R. Smith
We describe a model for special-service circuit activity to assist in forecasting, provisioning, and “churn” studies. We assume that customers order a random number of circuits for an exponentially distributed period of time and that the rate of new connect orders grows exponentially with time. These assumptions yield simple formulae giving the means and variances of the number of active circuits at a future time and the total number of connected and disconnected circuits during a future period. Distributions of these variables can, in principle, also be computed. There are three important parameters characterizing the model: growth rate, disconnect rate, and batchiness; we describe their physical meaning and discuss methods to estimate them. This document describes the analytical portion of an effort to develop a model based on the physics of special-service circuit activity.
{"title":"A model for special-service circuit activity","authors":"Donald R. Smith","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03460.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03460.X","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a model for special-service circuit activity to assist in forecasting, provisioning, and “churn” studies. We assume that customers order a random number of circuits for an exponentially distributed period of time and that the rate of new connect orders grows exponentially with time. These assumptions yield simple formulae giving the means and variances of the number of active circuits at a future time and the total number of connected and disconnected circuits during a future period. Distributions of these variables can, in principle, also be computed. There are three important parameters characterizing the model: growth rate, disconnect rate, and batchiness; we describe their physical meaning and discuss methods to estimate them. This document describes the analytical portion of an effort to develop a model based on the physics of special-service circuit activity.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126368845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03457.X
K. Eng, B. Haskell
We describe here a simple method to synchronize three TV signals originated from noncolocated up-link stations in a satellite Time-Compression Multiplexing (TCM) system. In this system, information in three fields of each TV picture is compressed into a single field time so that the compressed signals from the three sources can be time multiplexed for transmission. The up-link synchronization ensures that the Radio Frequency (RF) bursts from different sources will arrive at the satellite without collision. Our method employs a dynamic master/slave arrangement whereby the first station signing on assumes the role of a master. The other stations subsequently can synchronize their transmissions to the master's by simply monitoring the received RF bursts from the satellite, measuring their respective delays to the spacecraft, and then phase locking their local color subcarrier clocks to the master's transmitted bursts. When the master station stops transmitting, an automatic procedure is provided for the second station to take over as the new master. The worst-case jitter performance is well below 100 ns, and the initial acquisition time can be kept less than one-half second. These are more than adequate for the present TV application, although further improvements are possible if necessary.
{"title":"Synchronization of noncolocated TV signals in a satellite Time-Compression Multiplexing system","authors":"K. Eng, B. Haskell","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03457.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03457.X","url":null,"abstract":"We describe here a simple method to synchronize three TV signals originated from noncolocated up-link stations in a satellite Time-Compression Multiplexing (TCM) system. In this system, information in three fields of each TV picture is compressed into a single field time so that the compressed signals from the three sources can be time multiplexed for transmission. The up-link synchronization ensures that the Radio Frequency (RF) bursts from different sources will arrive at the satellite without collision. Our method employs a dynamic master/slave arrangement whereby the first station signing on assumes the role of a master. The other stations subsequently can synchronize their transmissions to the master's by simply monitoring the received RF bursts from the satellite, measuring their respective delays to the spacecraft, and then phase locking their local color subcarrier clocks to the master's transmitted bursts. When the master station stops transmitting, an automatic procedure is provided for the second station to take over as the new master. The worst-case jitter performance is well below 100 ns, and the initial acquisition time can be kept less than one-half second. These are more than adequate for the present TV application, although further improvements are possible if necessary.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134165070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03463.X
B. Logan, J. Mazo, A. Odlyzko, L. Shepp
Let xi be members of a stationary sequence of zero mean Gaussian random variables having correlations Exi xj = σ2 ρ|i-j|, 0 < ρ < 1, σ > 0. We address the behavior of the averaged product qm(ρ, σ) ≡ Ex1 x2 ··· x2m−1 x2m as m becomes large. Our principal result when σ2 = 1 is that this average approaches zero (infinity) as ρ is less (greater) than the critical value ρc = 0.563007169…. To obtain this we introduce a linear recurrence for the ρm·(ρ, σ), and then continue generating an entire sequence of recurrences, where the (n + 1)-st relation is a recurrence for the coefficients that appear in the nth relation. This leads to a new, simple continued fraction representation for the generating function of the qm(ρ, σ). The related problem with qm(ρ, σ) = E| x1 ··· xm| is studied via integral equations and is shown to possess a smaller critical correlation value.
{"title":"On the average product of Gauss-Markov variables","authors":"B. Logan, J. Mazo, A. Odlyzko, L. Shepp","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03463.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03463.X","url":null,"abstract":"Let x<inf>i</inf> be members of a stationary sequence of zero mean Gaussian random variables having correlations Ex<inf>i</inf> x<inf>j</inf> = σ<sup>2</sup> ρ<sup>|i-j|</sup>, 0 < ρ < 1, σ > 0. We address the behavior of the averaged product q<inf>m</inf>(ρ, σ) ≡ Ex<inf>1</inf> x<inf>2</inf> ··· x<inf>2m−1</inf> x<inf>2m</inf> as m becomes large. Our principal result when σ<sup>2</sup> = 1 is that this average approaches zero (infinity) as ρ is less (greater) than the critical value ρ<inf>c</inf> = 0.563007169…. To obtain this we introduce a linear recurrence for the ρ<inf>m</inf>·(ρ, σ), and then continue generating an entire sequence of recurrences, where the (n + 1)-st relation is a recurrence for the coefficients that appear in the nth relation. This leads to a new, simple continued fraction representation for the generating function of the q<inf>m</inf>(ρ, σ). The related problem with q<inf>m</inf>(ρ, σ) = E| x<inf>1</inf> ··· x<inf>m</inf>| is studied via integral equations and is shown to possess a smaller critical correlation value.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125910232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03465.X
B. Logan
Given two baseband signals f(t) and g(t), suitably restricted in amplitude and bandlimited to [λ, μ] and [−μ, −λ], 0 < λ < μ < ∞, it is shown how to generate a carrier signal, s(t) = A(t) cos{ct + φ(t)}, bandlimited to [c − β, c + β] and [−(c + β), − (c − β)], where β need be only sightly larger than μ, and such that f(t) and g(t) may be recovered by bandlimiting log A(t) and (φ(t), respectively. The restriction λ > 0, i.e., that the baseband signals be bandpass, is not essential but it is a practical constraint in approximating the required operations. Also a modification is given for conserving bandwidth in case the signals f(t) and g(t) are of disparate bandwidths.
{"title":"Bandwidth-conserving independent amplitude and phase modulation","authors":"B. Logan","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03465.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03465.X","url":null,"abstract":"Given two baseband signals f(t) and g(t), suitably restricted in amplitude and bandlimited to [λ, μ] and [−μ, −λ], 0 < λ < μ < ∞, it is shown how to generate a carrier signal, s(t) = A(t) cos{ct + φ(t)}, bandlimited to [c − β, c + β] and [−(c + β), − (c − β)], where β need be only sightly larger than μ, and such that f(t) and g(t) may be recovered by bandlimiting log A(t) and (φ(t), respectively. The restriction λ > 0, i.e., that the baseband signals be bandpass, is not essential but it is a practical constraint in approximating the required operations. Also a modification is given for conserving bandwidth in case the signals f(t) and g(t) are of disparate bandwidths.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123879913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03459.X
Anurag Kumar
Most Markovian queueing networks that arise as models of stochastic congestion systems (e.g., communication networks and multiprogrammed computer systems) do not have a product form in their stationary probability distributions, and hence are not amenable to the simplicity of product-form analysis. In this paper we suggest an approach for systematically examining the validity of a class of approximation schemes that is based on the idea of equivalent networks and is used for the approximate equilibrium analysis of nonproduct-form networks. We study equivalent networks, and prove a generalization of the so-called “Norton's” Theorem for closed product-form networks in order to study and generalize the equivalent flow method for the approximate analysis of nonproduct-form queueing networks. We then present the results of a study of the approximation scheme as applied to a type of network model (called a central-server model) that arises frequently in modeling multiprogrammed computer systems. In this model the central server uses a priority discipline, so the resulting network is nonproduct form. This study demonstrates the situations under which the approximation can be expected to do well or poorly and the kinds of errors it introduces.
{"title":"Equivalent queueing networks and their use in approximate equilibrium analysis","authors":"Anurag Kumar","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03459.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03459.X","url":null,"abstract":"Most Markovian queueing networks that arise as models of stochastic congestion systems (e.g., communication networks and multiprogrammed computer systems) do not have a product form in their stationary probability distributions, and hence are not amenable to the simplicity of product-form analysis. In this paper we suggest an approach for systematically examining the validity of a class of approximation schemes that is based on the idea of equivalent networks and is used for the approximate equilibrium analysis of nonproduct-form networks. We study equivalent networks, and prove a generalization of the so-called “Norton's” Theorem for closed product-form networks in order to study and generalize the equivalent flow method for the approximate analysis of nonproduct-form queueing networks. We then present the results of a study of the approximation scheme as applied to a type of network model (called a central-server model) that arises frequently in modeling multiprogrammed computer systems. In this model the central server uses a priority discipline, so the resulting network is nonproduct form. This study demonstrates the situations under which the approximation can be expected to do well or poorly and the kinds of errors it introduces.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121700964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03456.X
K. Eng, B. Haskell, R. Schmidt
We describe how Time-Compression Multiplexing (TCM) might enable the transmission of three National Television System Committee (NTSC) color TV signals through a satellite transponder of 36-MHz bandwidth. The input TV signals are processed such that three fields from each TV source are compressed into an ordinary field period. This is accomplished by sending one field as is but time compressed; the other two fields are sent as differential signals, also time compressed such that all three fit into a single field period. The resultant compressed waveforms are then time multiplexed between the three sources and have a combined baseband bandwidth of 7.52 MHz for an optimal case, or 8.4 MHz for a practical version. In either case, both the transmitter-multiplexer and the receiver-demultiplexer require only three field memories for (digital) signal processing. Performance is expected to be of network broadcast quality (i.e., weighted signal-to-noise ratio, s/n ≥ 56 dB) for the optimal case of 7.52-MHz baseband if 12-meter receive earth stations are employed in a system such as COMSTAR. The practical version, on the other hand, would yield an s/n ≈ 54 dB.
{"title":"Time-Compression Multiplexing (TCM) of three broadcast-quality TV signals on a satellite transponder","authors":"K. Eng, B. Haskell, R. Schmidt","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03456.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03456.X","url":null,"abstract":"We describe how Time-Compression Multiplexing (TCM) might enable the transmission of three National Television System Committee (NTSC) color TV signals through a satellite transponder of 36-MHz bandwidth. The input TV signals are processed such that three fields from each TV source are compressed into an ordinary field period. This is accomplished by sending one field as is but time compressed; the other two fields are sent as differential signals, also time compressed such that all three fit into a single field period. The resultant compressed waveforms are then time multiplexed between the three sources and have a combined baseband bandwidth of 7.52 MHz for an optimal case, or 8.4 MHz for a practical version. In either case, both the transmitter-multiplexer and the receiver-demultiplexer require only three field memories for (digital) signal processing. Performance is expected to be of network broadcast quality (i.e., weighted signal-to-noise ratio, s/n ≥ 56 dB) for the optimal case of 7.52-MHz baseband if 12-meter receive earth stations are employed in a system such as COMSTAR. The practical version, on the other hand, would yield an s/n ≈ 54 dB.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114120054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-12-01DOI: 10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03458.X
R. Clarke
The reflection that occurs when a beam, rather than a plane wave, is incident normally on a quarter-wavelength matching layer can be of vital importance in semiconductor laser design. An analysis in three dimensions is given for the general case of a field of arbitrary form and polarization incident on the matching layer. The field is represented as an angular spectrum of plane waves, each component plane wave being modified by the appropriate Fresnel reflection coefficient to give the field reflected back onto the diode structure. Brown's antenna reciprocity theorem is used to determine the amplitude of the corresponding mode traveling back down the diode.
{"title":"Theory of reflection from antireflection coatings","authors":"R. Clarke","doi":"10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03458.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/J.1538-7305.1983.TB03458.X","url":null,"abstract":"The reflection that occurs when a beam, rather than a plane wave, is incident normally on a quarter-wavelength matching layer can be of vital importance in semiconductor laser design. An analysis in three dimensions is given for the general case of a field of arbitrary form and polarization incident on the matching layer. The field is represented as an angular spectrum of plane waves, each component plane wave being modified by the appropriate Fresnel reflection coefficient to give the field reflected back onto the diode structure. Brown's antenna reciprocity theorem is used to determine the amplitude of the corresponding mode traveling back down the diode.","PeriodicalId":447574,"journal":{"name":"The Bell System Technical Journal","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117104087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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