Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma最新文献

Research examining the influence of physical and emotional sibling violence on siblings’ relationships across the lifespan is scant. This exploratory research examined whether affect, behavior, and cognitions associated with closest-aged sibling relationships in childhood as well as the occurrence of behaviors associated with physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood impacted adult sibling relationships in a sample of 156 adults. Using the Lifespan Sibling Relationship Scale (Riggio J Soc Pers Relat 17(6):707–728, 2000), associations were found between all aspects of childhood and adulthood sibling relationships. Frequency of sibling violence behaviors correlated with Child Affect and Adult Behavior. Differences were found between females and males on Child Affect, Adult Behavior, and Frequency of Sibling Violence Behaviors. Regression models examined whether childhood sibling relationship quality (Child Affect, Child Behavior, Child Cognitions), frequency of sibling violence behaviors in childhood, and gender predicted Adult Affect, Adult Behavior, Adult Cognitions. Child Affect and Child Cognitions predicted Adult Affect, Child Behavior and gender predicted Adult Behavior, and only Child Cognitions predicted Adult Cognition. Frequency of physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood did not predict Adult Affect, Adult Behavior, or Adult Cognitions individually. However, frequency of physical and emotional sibling violence in childhood was associated with a total adult sibling relationship score when controlling for a total childhood sibling relationship score. Findings suggest the need for future research to consider the complexity of closest-aged sibling relationships across the lifespan and how physical and emotional sibling violence factors into how individuals perceive their relationships with siblings.

Witnessing violence between parents during childhood has an impact on individuals' attachment and romantic relationship behaviors. As a result, individuals have expectations according to the attitudes, beliefs, and values that constitute a healthy and unhealthy relationship, which they developed both their early and childhood experiences, and they can act accordingly. Therefore, this study aimed to qualitatively explore the way in which adult women who witnessing inter-parental intimate partner violence (IPV) in childhood, qualities characterize a romantic relationship in terms of being healthy and unhealthy, and their self-reflective statements about their relationships. The research was carried out according to a descriptive phenomenological design. The participants of the study consisted of 16 females aged between 23–58 (M = 40.62, SD = 11.67), 12 of whom were married and 4 of whom have a romantic relationship. According to the results of the analysis, the participants were able to reveal the characteristics that make up healthy and unhealthy relationships, but they stated problems with verbal and psychological violence in their relationships, open communication, and investment in the relationship. In addition, the participants expressed the conflict behaviors that they and their partners use. The findings are discussed with the literature studies and suggestions for future research are offered.

Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) is extensively implicated as a risk factor preceding the development of Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Traits (OCPT). Nevertheless, the majority of individuals with a history of CAN do not go on to develop OCPT. To date, little research has investigated potential model networks that may help contribute to explaining why CAN sometimes leads to OCPT and not at other times. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether attachment-anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and metacognition have indirect effects in the association between CAN and OCPT in various network models. Undergraduate psychology students (N = 291) participated in an anonymous 30-min online survey consisting of a series of self-report questionnaires regarding child abuse and neglect, attachment, intolerance of uncertainty, metacognition, OCPT, and depression. Bootstrapped serial mediation revealed attachment-anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty had a serial-mediation effect in the association between CAN and OCPT. Serial mediation was not found for metacognition and attachment-anxiety. However, metacognition alone mediated between child emotional abuse and OCPT. These findings expand our currently limited knowledge regarding the etiology of OCPT and suggest that attachment-anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and metacognition may be important contributors for understanding the development of OCPT following CAN exposure. The potential clinical utility for both assessment and treatment are discussed.

Despite their explicit focus on family functioning and mounting evidence of the intergenerational mechanisms of childhood experiences (Zhang et al., 2022), very little is known about the parents of the high-risk youth receiving Intensive Home-Based Treatment (IHBT). Knowledge about parents’ childhood experiences of risk and resilience, which are known to impact parenting behaviors, may provide insight into the complex clinical presentations frequently seen in this population and help guide the implementation of maximally effective interventions. The goal of this study was to examine and characterize the childhood experiences of parents whose children are enrolled in a community-based IHBT. Using a sample of 6,722 parents of children receiving IHBT, we collected parents’ reports of their Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) and Resilient Childhood Events (RCE). In addition to examining the rates and profiles of ACEs and RCEs for the total sample, we examined how these rates and profiles differed between birth and non-birth parents. On average, parents reported 3.5 ACE (sd = 2.8) and 7.9 RCE (sd = 2.0). ACE and RCE scores were negatively related (r = − .43, p < .001). Compared to non-birth parents (e.g., kinship caregivers, foster parents), birth parents had higher ACE scores (3.7 vs. 2.8) and lower RCE scores (7.8 vs. 8.4). This study found high rates of reported childhood adversity among birth and non-birth parents of youth receiving IHBT. Both groups also reported substantial childhood resiliency-building experiences, highlighting the complexity of these variables. Non-birth parents in our sample presented with lower ACEs and higher resiliency-building experiences than birth parents, but the clinical implications of this trend will require further investigation. Taken together, the present findings lend additional empirical support to the notion that parents in IHBTs – whether biologically related or not to their children – present with childhood experiences that may differ from other parents and may meaningfully impact treatment outcomes. Thoughtful, multidisciplinary, and mixed methods unpacking is needed to form the basis of future policy and practice recommendations.

There is a concern that adolescent mental well-being and resilience has been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the aim of the current investigation was to track adolescents’ resilience from the initial months of the pandemic (T1) to approximately two years later (T2) using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Through interviews, thirty-one adolescents narrated their COVID-19 experiences and reflected on their mental well-being across this timespan. Using these accounts, we identified four groups of adolescents exhibiting one of the following trajectories of resilience: (1) Enduring resilience, (2) Reaching resilience, (3) Declining resilience and (4) Enduring non-resilience. Our findings revealed that most adolescents were able to maintain or develop good resilience on prolonged exposure to COVID-19 adversity (trajectories 1 and 2). This finding is contrary to the prevailing notion that the majority of adolescents’ mental well-being and hence resilience was adversely impacted by COVID-19 in the short and long term. Further qualitative analysis identified key factors that contributed to maintaining and developing greater levels of resilience during the pandemic: quality of friendships, quality of family relationships and regaining a sense of control. Lastly, we found a lack of congruence between quantitative and qualitative measures of mental well-being and resilience, suggesting that they might tap into different constructs/experiences. Significantly, our findings highlight that the majority of teens showed adaptive resilience during the pandemic and highlight the need for further longitudinal qualitative and quantitative research to assess both adaptive and maladaptive impacts of adversity on the adolescents’ mental well-being and resilience.

Prospective professional helpers particularly in psychology are at great risk when they have had adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Their self-regulation as survivors may endanger their profession in the future. A mixed-methods sequential explanatory study aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of the self-regulation of emerging adult students majoring in psychology who survived ACEs. The first study with a cross-sectional survey method identified negative correlation between ACEs and self-regulation. The domain of childhood maltreatment was more strongly negatively associated with impulse control than goal setting. The opposite applied to the domain of family/household dysfunction. Meanwhile, the second study with a narrative method among participants with at least four types of ACEs generated ten narrative themes (i.e. intense self-criticism, excessive self-dedication, awareness, meaning reconstruction, compensation or avoidance, competitiveness, independence, family orientation, social relation patterns, and social support role). Integration of the two results generated four forms of survivors’ typical self-regulation. Two forms were in line with previous concepts (i.e. impulse control and goal setting), the rest were two survivor-specific findings (i.e. cognitive functioning and the value of the other’s presence). There were three groups of participants produced from correspondence analysis. The results indicate that despite their survival, their setting goals and striving for the future, psychology students with more ACEs are still hindered by the terrible memories and their impacts. Self-insufficiency and interpersonal issues particularly may cloud their future profession as helpers. The psychology students themselves or other parties can help improve self-regulation by understanding the possible connections between their ACEs and their current difficulties, separating lingering emotions caused by past history, and improving abilities gradually, intrapersonally and interpersonally.

Purpose: Adults who have been maltreated as children are at risk for a variety of adverse sequalae that can have a negative impact on parents’ emotion-related socialization behaviours (ERSBs) and contribute to the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation difficulties. However, various supports may reduce unsupportive behaviours. Informed by Belsky’s (1984) determinants of parenting model, the goal of the present study was to examine multi-level stressors and supports that may contribute to, or discourage, parents’ use of unsupportive ERSBs. Methods: Mothers and young adults (aged 18–25) from across Canada participated in an online study (N = 185 dyads). Mothers responded to questionnaires assessing multi-level stressors and supports, while young adults reported on their mothers’ ERSBs during adolescence. Results: A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that mothers who reported more impulse control difficulties, who experienced greater revictimization, and who had more severe dissociative symptoms were rated as higher in their use of unsupportive contingencies. However, when contextual supports were added into the model, only revictimization remained associated with unsupportive contingencies. Furthermore, mothers’ positive perceptions of the parent-child relationship were negatively associated with unsupportive contingencies. Conclusions: Preventing revictimization amongst survivors of child maltreatment may be an effective way to prevent the intergenerational continuity of unsupportive emotion socialization and emotion regulation difficulties. Interventions that improve parent-child attachment relationships may also be beneficial to survivors who want to break the cycle of maladaptive parenting.

Findings of high rates of complex trauma among justice-involved young people have engendered interest in developing trauma-informed youth justice systems. Although there have been several reviews of trauma-informed practice in youth justice settings, uncertainty remains about whether this approach can produce the outcomes expected of youth justice services. In this study we summarize findings from recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses to provide an overview of evidence relevant to implementing trauma-informed youth justice. We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews published between 2017 and 2023 that included group-based primary studies of trauma-informed interventions for justice-involved young people. Reviews were located via searches of PsycINFO, PubMedCentral, Embase, Criminal Justice Abstracts with Full Text, and ProQuest. Data extracted from each review included the number and type of primary studies reviewed, and outcomes related to trauma symptomatology, mental health and wellbeing, and justice system involvement. Nine systematic reviews met our inclusion criteria. Improvements in trauma symptoms, mental health and wellbeing, and justice system involvement were documented in each review. The strongest evidence related to the impact of trauma-focused interventions on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, but less evidence was available to demonstrate outcomes of organizational level and systemic components of trauma-informed practice. Each review highlighted the need to strengthen the methodological quality of primary studies. Trauma-informed practice should be seriously considered as part of any effort to implement evidence-based youth justice. This should extend beyond treatment of trauma symptomatology to incorporate a broader approach to trauma-informed practice that is organizationally embedded.

Youth in the legal system (YILS) report high rates of substance use (SU), complex family/social relationships, and chronic trauma. The current study tested the feasibility of a prevention intervention, Trust-based Relational Intervention® (TBRI®), that leverages family systems by strengthening connection and providing emotional and instrumental guidance and support. TBRI includes the primary TBRI Intervention, comprised of Caregiver Training, Youth Training, and joint youth-caregiver Nurture Groups, and TBRI Family Coaching. With a sample of eight youth-caregiver dyads, the study adopted a mixed-methods design with a multi-informant approach to fulfill two goals: (1) testing TBRI as a prevention intervention for opioid use (OU), other SU, and related issues, and (2) testing the feasibility and acceptability of the TBRI Intervention by virtual delivery. Session attendance and completion rates demonstrated feasibility of recruiting and retaining participants and intervention fidelity. Preliminary results were reported on intervention outcomes, including OU and other SU, illegal activities, and educational attainment. Pre- and post-intervention comparisons showed decreases in youth negative urgency, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. Caregiver and staff participants responded favorably to TBRI and its virtual delivery; youth were more capable of expressing their needs and acknowledged the importance of families in preventing problems after discharge from secure facilities. While acknowledging sufficiency of intervention content, caregivers expressed the desire for more sessions. Results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of a trauma-informed, attachment-based prevention intervention for youth and families in contact with the legal system. TBRI is a promising approach for preventing the initiation or escalation of OU among YILS.

Background

Young people in out-of-home care often have trauma histories that negatively impact their development and well-being. As a result, resource parents often face challenges meeting the needs of these youth, which can be addressed by ensuring access to effective trauma-informed training.

Objective

This qualitative study examined the impacts and helpfulness of a trauma-informed program (Resource Parent Curriculum (RPC)) designed for resource parents who care for a young person involved with child welfare.

Methods

Twenty resource parents from two child welfare agencies in Ontario, Canada participated in focus groups and interviews after completing the RPC program.

Results

Results of a thematic analysis indicated that, through use of relevant materials from the program, resource parents reported a better understanding of trauma reactions in their resource child. This improved understanding influenced their parenting approach when addressing their child’s behaviours through consideration of their underlying needs.

Conclusions

The findings can be used to support trauma-informed programming for resource parents within child welfare.