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Learning from Dar es Salaam: Harvard’s “Project Tanganyika” and a Nodal Perspective on Decolonization’s Itineraries 学习达累斯萨拉姆:哈佛大学的“坦噶尼喀计划”与非殖民化路线的节点视角
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902633
Andrew Ivaska
Abstract:This article traces the history of Harvard’s “Project Tanganyika” and its encounter with Dar es Salaam’s burgeoning community of Southern African political exiles. An unsung predecessor to Kennedy’s Peace Corps, Project Tanganyika began in 1961 amidst a Harvard campus reckoning with issues of race, civil rights and global decolonization. Sending groups of mostly white undergraduates to Dar es Salaam as volunteer teachers, the Project would become uncannily central to the city’s emerging fame as a haven for leftwing exiles and fellow-travelers. For many Project volunteers and liberation movement leaders, the initiative was mutually generative, even as it resonated in more ambivalent ways for rank-and-file cadres. In both its generative capacity and its limitations, Project Tanganyika’s trajectory provides a glimpse of the junction of African decolonization and US civil rights in a manner inflected by race, class, and mobility.
摘要:本文追溯了哈佛大学“坦噶尼喀项目”的历史,以及它与达累斯萨拉姆迅速发展的南部非洲政治流亡者群体的相遇。作为肯尼迪和平队的默默无闻的前身,坦噶尼喀计划于1961年在哈佛大学校园内开始,当时正在考虑种族、民权和全球非殖民化问题。该项目将主要由白人大学生组成的团体派往达累斯萨拉姆担任志愿教师,它将不可思议地成为这座城市作为左翼流亡者和同路人避风港的名声的核心。对于许多项目志愿者和解放运动领导人来说,这项倡议是相互促进的,尽管它在普通干部中产生了更矛盾的共鸣。在其产生能力和局限性方面,坦噶尼喀计划的轨迹以一种受种族、阶级和流动性影响的方式,为非洲非殖民化和美国民权的结合提供了一瞥。
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引用次数: 0
The “Unwilling or Unable” Doctrine and the Political Economy of the War on Terror “不愿或不能”主义与反恐战争的政治经济学
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902628
Ntina Tzouvala
Abstract:The 'unwilling or unable' doctrine is amongst the most contested in contemporary international law. However, this paper is not concerned with whether ‘unwilling or unable’ accurately reflects the international law of self-defense and force. Rather, drawing from critical security studies, especially those strands that study the relationship between the war on terror, and capitalist accumulation, and critical political economy this paper examines the forms of political economy and statehood implicit in the doctrine. The article argues two things: first, the doctrine envisages a gradated form of sovereignty dedicated to the reproduction of racial capitalism. Secondly, the doctrine incorporates the imperatives of financial capitalism insofar that it seeks to guarantee ongoing demand for military services and equipment into the future.
摘要:“不愿或不能”原则是当代国际法中争议最大的原则之一。然而,本文并不关心“不愿意”或“不能”是否准确地反映了自卫和武力的国际法。相反,从批判性安全研究中,特别是那些研究反恐战争与资本积累之间关系的研究,以及批判性政治经济学中,本文考察了隐含在该学说中的政治经济学和国家地位的形式。这篇文章论证了两点:首先,该学说设想了一种致力于种族资本主义再生产的主权等级形式。其次,该学说在寻求保证未来对军事服务和装备的持续需求的范围内,纳入了金融资本主义的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Force-Feeding and “The Right to Maim”: Hunger Strikes at Guantánamo Bay 强制喂食与“Maim的权利”:关塔那摩湾的饥饿罢工
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902627
Nicole M Georges
Abstract:This article explores how “involuntary enteral feeding” at the Joint Task Force – Guantanamo (JTF-GTMO) allows for the United States to thwart the hunger striking protests of detainees resisting grave mistreatment and unlawful incarceration. Involuntary enteral feeding, also referred to as force-feeding in this article, is presented in the JTF-GTMO’s standard operating procedure as a necessary medical intervention used to rescue the frail hunger striker, but in fact uses excessive violence and causes further injury to the ailing detainee. This purportedly lifesaving protocol enables the US to interrupt hunger strikers’ protests and ironically underscores the very conditions inspiring detainee striking efforts.
摘要:本文探讨了关塔那摩联合特遣部队(JTF-GTMO)的“非自愿肠内喂养”如何让美国挫败被拘留者抵制严重虐待和非法监禁的绝食抗议。JTF-GTMO的标准操作程序中提出了非自愿肠内喂养,在本文中也称为强迫喂养,作为一种必要的医疗干预措施,用于救助虚弱的绝食者,但实际上使用了过度的暴力,并对患病的被拘留者造成了进一步的伤害。这项据称是拯救生命的协议使美国能够中断绝食抗议活动,具有讽刺意味的是,它强调了激发被拘留者罢工努力的条件。
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引用次数: 0
The Limits of Pharmaceutical Internationalism: Mexico, the Third World, and the Resource of Medicinal Plants in the 1970s 医药国际主义的极限:1970年代的墨西哥、第三世界和药用植物资源
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902632
Joshua Mentanko
Abstract:In the 1970s, research into traditional medicine helped suture solidarity between Mexico and the Third World. The Mexican national agency for traditional medicine research convened a meeting of researchers in the same field from Africa, Asia, and Latin America as well as the World Health Organization and Organization of African Unity in 1977 in Mexico City. Transcripts from their discussions demonstrate how parallel conversations about decolonizing global health and the global economy converged around revalorizing medicinal plants as the basis for sovereignty and development. The article also excavates tensions within this common front around negotiating internal gender and cultural differences.
摘要:在20世纪70年代,对传统医学的研究帮助墨西哥和第三世界团结起来。墨西哥国家传统医学研究机构于1977年在墨西哥城召集了来自非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲以及世界卫生组织和非洲统一组织的同一领域研究人员会议。他们的讨论记录表明,关于全球健康非殖民化和全球经济的平行对话是如何围绕将药用植物重新估价作为主权和发展的基础而进行的。文章还挖掘了这一共同战线内部围绕内部性别和文化差异谈判的紧张关系。
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引用次数: 0
Contributors 贡献者
Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902636
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引用次数: 0
Sovereignty Beyond Decolonization: Post-Imperial British Policing and Colombian Criminal Justice, c. 1960–1975 超越非殖民化的主权:后帝国英国警务和哥伦比亚刑事司法,约1960-1975年
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902630
R. Karl
Abstract:This article examines the trajectories of British intelligence officer Eric T.D. Lambert and an incarcerated Afro-Colombian named Germán Angulo, whose intersecting stories reveal the post-imperial displacement of expertise in the 1960s, as well as the features of societies that imperial expertise misses: social/racial hierarchies and the nature of the politics that sustain them. The tension between British post-imperialism liberalism and Colombian ideologies of “racial democracy,” on the one hand, and the lived reality of race in carceral institutions on the other, demonstrates how decolonization’s redefinition of sovereignty, law, and belonging configured a global moment that reached even long-independent nation-states.
摘要:本文考察了英国情报官员埃里克·t·d·兰伯特(Eric T.D. Lambert)和被监禁的非洲裔哥伦比亚人Germán安古洛(Germán Angulo)的轨迹,他们的交叉故事揭示了20世纪60年代后帝国时代专家的流离失所,以及帝国专家所忽略的社会特征:社会/种族等级制度和维持它们的政治性质。英国后帝国主义的自由主义与哥伦比亚的“种族民主”意识形态之间的紧张关系,以及殖民地制度中的种族现实之间的紧张关系,表明了非殖民化对主权、法律和归属的重新定义如何构成了一个全球性的时刻,甚至影响了长期独立的民族国家。
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引用次数: 0
The Jurisprudence of Decolonization: The Postcolonial Career of D. N. Pritt and the Labor of Insurgent Lawyering 非殖民化的法学:D.N.Pritt的后殖民生涯与叛乱律师的劳动
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902634
Rohit De
Abstract:Following the postcolonial career of the British lawyer, Denis Nowell Pritt across Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, this article excavates the largely unheralded ways insurgent lawyers representing anti-colonial and opposition movements across the decolonizing British Empire developed a toolbox of shared legal strategies, techniques and precedents to resist and transform colonial legal inheritances. Shifting from histories of international treaties and national legislation to the labor and practice of lawyering makes visible a transnational jurisprudence of decolonization s produced before local courts in Guyana, India, Kenya and Singapore and sustained by local communities and lawyers.
摘要:继英国律师Denis Nowell Pritt在亚洲、非洲和加勒比地区的后殖民生涯之后,本文挖掘了代表非殖民化大英帝国反殖民和反对派运动的叛乱律师开发共享法律战略工具箱的基本不为人知的方式,抵抗和改造殖民地法律继承的技术和先例。从国际条约和国家立法的历史转向律师的劳动和实践,使圭亚那、印度、肯尼亚和新加坡地方法院产生并由当地社区和律师维持的非殖民化跨国判例变得显而易见。
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引用次数: 0
Decolonizing the Sky: Global Air Travel at the End of Empire 去殖民化天空:帝国末期的全球航空旅行
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902631
J. Pearson
Abstract:Drawing on a range of case studies from the French and British empires, this article argues that the expansion of global air travel in the second half of the twentieth century was intimately bound up with the decolonization process. These intersections crystallized mid-century as an increasingly diverse group of travelers took to the skies, forcing colonial authorities to reckon with ongoing segregation on the ground. After independence, air travel and tourism offered new states an opportunity to craft national identities and forge transnational solidarities. In certain instances, however, efforts to expand these industries reinforced economic dependence on their former colonizers. Racism, too, continued to shape the experiences of tourists from recently sovereign nations as they made their way through the world using transportation networks that remained deeply embedded in imperial structures.
摘要:本文通过对法国和大英帝国的一系列案例研究,认为20世纪下半叶全球航空旅行的扩张与非殖民化进程密切相关。世纪中叶,随着越来越多的不同群体的旅行者登上天空,这些交叉点变得清晰起来,迫使殖民当局考虑到地面上持续的种族隔离。独立后,航空旅行和旅游业为新成立的国家提供了塑造民族认同和建立跨国团结的机会。然而,在某些情况下,扩大这些工业的努力加强了对其前殖民者的经济依赖。种族主义也继续影响着来自新近主权国家的游客的经历,因为他们使用的交通网络仍然深深植根于帝国结构。
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引用次数: 1
Human Rights, Revolutionary Humanitarianism, and African Liberation in 1970: Unsettling Discontinuities in Human Rights History 1970年的人权、革命人道主义和非洲解放:人权史上令人不安的不连续性
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902635
Meredith Terretta
Abstract:This is the story of the Comité International de la Défense d’Ernest Ouandié (CIDEO), established in Paris 1970 to prevent the execution of Ernest Ouandié, commander of the underground liberation army in Cameroon. Comprised of lawyers, intellectuals, and clergy, the committee framed its defense of the African revolutionary in human rights terms, portraying the Cameroonian legal system as non-compliant with its constitutional commitment to human rights, and appealing globally for clemency once he was sentenced to death. CIDEO’s human rights strategy shows the shifting relationship between violence and human rights in the era of decolonization, making visible the historical, political, and geographical contingencies within which human rights were revolutionary. This analysis of the committee’s advocacy reveals that present-day definitional criteria of human rights have too often shaped the way their history is reconstructed.
摘要:这是国际保卫欧内斯特·乌安迪委员会(CIDEO)的故事,该委员会成立于1970年巴黎,旨在阻止处决喀麦隆地下解放军指挥官欧内斯特·瓦安迪。该委员会由律师、知识分子和神职人员组成,从人权角度为这位非洲革命者辩护,将喀麦隆法律体系描述为不符合宪法对人权的承诺,并在他被判处死刑后向全球呼吁宽大处理。CIDEO的人权战略表明,在非殖民化时代,暴力与人权之间的关系发生了变化,使人们看到了人权具有革命性的历史、政治和地理偶然性。对委员会主张的分析表明,当今人权的定义标准往往影响了其历史的重建方式。
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引用次数: 0
Global History and Decolonization: A Moment of Possibility, a Call for Integration 全球历史与非殖民化:一个可能的时刻,一个一体化的呼声
IF 1.1 Q3 SOCIAL ISSUES Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/hum.2023.a902629
Zaib Aziz, Charlotte Kiechel
Abstract:This introduction surveys recent scholarship that examines decolonization in a global frame. While doing so, it contends that a paradox defines the current state of the field. Many historians have broached the topic of decolonization and highlighted its salience in world history. Yet, the history of decolonization has been an undertheorized topic of study in the field of global history. Few scholars have articulated the potential contribution of global history with respect to historicizing the global ends of empire. This introduction amends this historiographical oversight. It insists that global history holds a clear advantage for examining the structural and normative changes which the process of decolonization encompasses. This special issue claims this advantage by returning to two of global history’s long-standing commitments: its embrace of methodological pluralism and focus on analytical integration. This introduction argues that historians will benefit from deploying an integrated global historical approach when evaluating decolonization in a global frame. It then explores how the subsequent six articles demonstrate this approach’s analytical advantages.
摘要:这篇引言调查了最近在全球框架内研究非殖民化的学术。在这样做的同时,它认为一个悖论定义了该领域的当前状态。许多历史学家提出了非殖民化的话题,并强调了它在世界历史上的重要性。然而,非殖民化历史一直是全球历史领域中一个理论不足的研究主题。很少有学者阐明全球历史在将帝国的全球目的历史化方面的潜在贡献。这一介绍弥补了这种历史性的疏忽。它坚持认为,全球历史在审查非殖民化进程所包含的结构和规范变化方面具有明显的优势。这期特刊通过回归全球历史的两个长期承诺来宣称这一优势:它拥抱方法论多元主义和专注于分析整合。这篇引言认为,历史学家在全球框架内评估非殖民化时,将受益于采用综合的全球历史方法。然后,它探讨了随后的六篇文章如何展示这种方法的分析优势。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Humanity-An International Journal of Human Rights Humanitarianism and Development
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