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Affix Not Clitic‐Based Vowel Shortening in Modern Arabic Varieties 现代阿拉伯语变体中基于词缀而非词缀的元音缩短

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12287

Emily Lindsay‐Smith

Word formation in most languages is inextricably linked to a distinction between clitics and affixes. Although famous for its templatic morphological structure, Arabic also contains concatenative formatives some of whose status as clitics or affixes is controversial. It is well known that Arabic varieties exhibit a range of interacting shortening and lengthening processes. Some of the shortening processes have been linked to the clitic/affix distinction in the Arabic literature. In this paper, I discuss two vowel shortening processes, CSS‐Morph and CSS‐Phon, that are often conflated as the same Closed Syllable Shortening process. Based on evidence from 16 modern Arabic varieties, I show that these CSS processes are in fact two independent processes. While CSS‐Morph is a phonological alternation within a morphophonological context, CSS‐Phon is purely phonological. Neither provides evidence to classify any formative as a clitic or indeed differentiate between formatives as suffixes or clitics.

大多数语言的构词法都与词素和词缀之间的区别密不可分。虽然阿拉伯语以其模板形态结构而闻名，但它也包含一些连缀构词，其中一些构词是词缀还是词素尚存争议。众所周知，阿拉伯语变体表现出一系列相互作用的缩短和延长过程。在阿拉伯语文献中，有些缩短过程与词缀/词缀的区别有关。在本文中，我将讨论两种元音缩短过程--CSS-Morph 和 CSS-Phon，这两种过程经常被混为一谈，被视为同一封闭音节缩短过程。基于 16 个现代阿拉伯语变体的证据，我证明了这两个 CSS 过程实际上是两个独立的过程。CSS-Morph 是在形态音素背景下的音素交替，而 CSS-Phon 则纯粹是音素交替。二者都没有提供证据将任何状语归类为词缀，或区分状语是后缀还是词缀。

引用次数: 0

From People's King to King of a Country: The Development of the Place Element Modifying the Title Paired in Apposition with a Personal Name Traced in the Peterborough Chronicle 从人民的国王到一国之王：彼得伯勒编年史》中与人名搭配的地名元素对头衔的修饰发展溯源

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12286

Seiji Shinkawa

A king was typically referred to as people's king in the early period of Old English, whereas today, king of a country is the most commonly used. This study attempts to trace the development of the place element modifying the title paired in apposition with a personal name in the tradition of vernacular English historiography as represented by the Peterborough Chronicle. There existed a strong tendency to specify a smaller land area (city, town, etc.) with the genitive form of the name of the place or with a prepositional phrase involving the place-name and a larger one (kingdom, shire, etc.) with the genitive form of the name of the people living there in Early Old English. In later periods, however, the prepositional phrase was left as the only place element available for either a smaller or larger land area. Various prepositions heading the prepositional phrase became limited during the Old English period to just one in Early Middle English. Thus, the shift from people's king to king of a country was almost complete in Early Middle English. These findings are related to more general patterns of syntactic change in the noun phrase in English to highlight their current relevance.

在古英语早期，国王通常被称为人民的国王，而今天，一国之王是最常用的称呼。本研究试图追溯在以《彼得伯勒编年史》为代表的英国方言史学传统中，修饰与人名配对的称谓的地点元素的发展。在早期古英语中，有一种强烈的倾向，即用地名的属格形式或涉及地名的介词短语来指定较小的土地区域（城市、城镇等），用居住在那里的人的属格形式来指定较大的土地区域（王国、郡等）。不过，在后来的时代，介词短语成为唯一可用于较小或较大土地区域的地名要素。在古英语时期，以介词短语为标题的各种介词变得有限，在中古英语早期只有一种。因此，从 "人民的国王 "到 "一国之王 "的转变在中古英语早期几乎已经完成。我们将这些发现与英语中名词短语句法变化的更一般模式联系起来，以突出它们的现实意义。

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引用次数: 0

Sound Change and Analogy, Again: Brugmann's Law and the Hunt For O-Grades in Indo-Iranian* 音变和类比，再一次:布鲁格曼定律和寻找印度-伊朗语的o级*

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-27 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12272

Laura Grestenberger

This article revisits the interaction between regular ‘Neogrammarian’ sound change (defined as a purely phonological process) and subsequent morphological change (especially changes subsumed under the term ‘analogy’) in the development of the outcomes of Brugmann's Law (BL) in Indo-Iranian. The traditional formulation of BL states that Proto-Indo-European *o became Indo-Iranian /ā/ in open syllables and /a/ elsewhere, positing a purely phonological context of application. Alternatively, Kiparsky (2010) has argued for a revised version of BL in which the accent and ablaut properties of the affected forms play a role, hence essentially for a synchronic morphophonological rule. I argue that this revised version fails both from the perspective of comparative reconstruction and as a synchronic rule based on a detailed study of the forms cited as evidence for the revised rule. Rather, in order to identify inherited *o in Indo-Iranian the effects of the ‘blind’ Neogrammarian rule must be separated from the synchronic morphological rules of the attested languages. This paper thus makes a methodological contribution in defence of the Neogrammarian approach to sound change, but also an empirical contribution by showing that this approach, in combination with a strictly lexical definition of analogy, can account for some conspicuous exceptions to traditional BL.

本文回顾了在印度-伊朗语Brugmann定律(BL)结果的发展过程中，规则的“新语法学”语音变化(定义为纯粹的音系过程)和随后的形态变化(特别是包含在术语“类比”下的变化)之间的相互作用。BL的传统说法是，原始印欧语系的*o在开放音节和/a/其他地方变成了印度-伊朗语的/ā/，假设了一个纯粹的音系语境的应用。或者，Kiparsky(2010)提出了一个BL的修订版，其中受影响形式的重音和ablaut属性起作用，因此本质上是一种共时语音学规则。我认为，无论是从比较重建的角度来看，还是基于对作为修订规则证据的形式的详细研究，这一修订版本都是失败的。相反，为了识别印度-伊朗语中继承的*o，必须将“盲目的”新语法学规则的影响与已证实的语言的共时形态规则分开。因此，本文在方法论上为新语法学家研究声音变化的方法做出了贡献，但在经验上也做出了贡献，表明这种方法与类比的严格词汇定义相结合，可以解释传统BL的一些明显例外。

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引用次数: 0

Central Siberian Yupik Influence on Sirenikski Verbal Inflection 西伯利亚中部尤皮克语对Sirenikski词形变化的影响

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12274

Anna Berge

Language contact is pervasive in the history of all Eskaleut languages of the Pacific Rim, and the languages show contact effect regardless of typological similarity or degree of relatedness. Moreover, the degree of contact has allowed for the borrowing of features that are generally thought of as relatively impervious to borrowing, including verb inflection. In particular, Sirenikski has been in close contact with the closely related language Central Siberian Yupik, and contact effects on the phonology, prosodic system and lexicon have been well described, however, the verbal inflectional morphology has largely been assumed to be cognate. In this article, I present evidence that some elements of the inflectional paradigm have been borrowed from Central Siberian Yupik.

在环太平洋地区的所有埃斯卡柳特语的历史中，语言接触是普遍存在的，而这些语言无论类型学上的相似性或亲缘程度如何，都表现出接触效应。此外，接触的程度允许借用通常被认为相对不受借用影响的特征，包括动词变形。特别是Sirenikski语与中西伯利亚尤皮克语有密切的接触，接触对语音、韵律系统和词汇的影响都有很好的描述，然而，言语屈折形态在很大程度上被认为是同源的。在这篇文章中，我提出的证据表明，屈折范式的一些元素已经从中央西伯利亚Yupik借用。

引用次数: 0

The Origin of Differential Object Marking and Tripartite Alignment in Udi (East Caucasian) 乌地(东高加索)差分目标标记和三方对齐的起源

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12276

Gilles Authier

Thanks to the discovery in Mount Sinai Monastery of the Albanian palimpsest, which contains fragments of the Bible in an ancient form of Udi, this language has become the earliest attested member of the East Caucasian family. However, due to its long evolution in contact with unrelated languages, both old and modern Udi show many characteristics unknown to their closest relatives, including Differential Object Marking. Combined with ergative case marking, this feature results in a rare ‘tripartite alignment’. After describing the case marking of arguments in Lezgian, modern dialects of Udi and the three non-East Caucasian languages of the area (Tat, Azeri and Armenian) showing Differential Object Marking, we examine the available Old Udi / Caucasian Albanian data, compare them with data from Old Armenian, Old Turkic and Middle Iranian, and try to assess the best candidate for the source of the Udi phenomenon in the light of what is known about its history in terms of contact and sociolinguistic dominance.

由于在西奈山修道院发现了阿尔巴尼亚语重写本，其中包含古代形式的《圣经》碎片，这种语言已成为最早的东高加索语系成员。然而，由于它与不相关的语言接触的长期演变，无论是古代还是现代的乌地语都表现出许多他们最接近的亲戚所不知道的特征，包括差异对象标记。结合否定的情况下标记，这一特点导致了罕见的“三方对齐”。在描述了列日亚语、乌地语现代方言和该地区的三种非东高加索语言(泰语、阿塞拜疆语和亚美尼亚语)中显示不同对象标记的论点的格标记之后，我们检查了现有的古乌地语/高加索阿尔巴尼亚语数据，将它们与古亚美尼亚语、古突厥语和中伊朗语的数据进行了比较。并尝试根据已知的接触史和社会语言学优势来评估Udi现象的最佳来源。

引用次数: 0

Contact-Induced Changes in Morphosyntax: An Introduction 接触引起的形态语法变化:导论

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12285

Michele Bianconi, Robin Meyer

The study of language contact and contact-induced change has seen a rise in scholarly attention since Weinreich's Languages in Contact (1953), and especially after Thomason & Kaufman's (1988) Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Since then, numerous textbooks and handbooks (Heine & Kuteva 2005; Matras 2007, 2020; Hickey 2010, 2017), edited volumes (Aikhenvald & Dixon 2001, 2007; Braunmüller et al. 2014; Bianconi et al. 2022), monographs (Chamoreau & Léglise 2012; Coghill 2016; Fendel 2022; Meyer 2023; Bianconi forthcoming) and dissertations, both on modern (Bisiada 2014) and on ancient (Capano 2020) languages have appeared. These dealt with a wide variety of aspects of language contact from different vantage points, frameworks and approaches – for instance, Thomason's (2001) socio-structural approach vs. Myers-Scotton's (2002) purely structural, model-based one.

Among the types of contact-induced change, those affecting the morphosyntax of one of the languages in contact represent a hitherto comparatively understudied field – especially from a typological perspective. But these phenomena are of particular interest because they illustrate that even typologically uncommon changes to very basic patterns of a language can result from contact (e.g. changes in morphosyntactic alignment, cf. Coghill 2016; Meyer 2019, 2023). Also, they suggest that speakers of a contact language index constructions with individual languages less strictly than we may assume intuitively (cf. e.g. Höder 2014).

In many such studies, the languages under examination are either well-attested historically, or there are still native speakers, with or without a contact background, who may be consulted. This availability of data allows for thorough diachronic studies (e.g. for English and Norman French) and for assessing the status of a potentially contact-induced change (e.g. grammaticalisation patterns in Spanish–American communities as reported by Fishman et al. 1971 respectively).

Yet, the situation is considerably less clear in scenarios where contact took place prior to attestation (e.g. Parthian and Armenian) or where documentation has been minimal until relatively recent times (Amazonian languages and the languages of Papua New Guinea); where languages have no written tradition, but have influenced a written language (English and Romani; Lekoudesch and German); where languages are attested in different historical depth (Sanskrit and Dravidian); where contact-induced changes appear to be restricted in genre (Armenian and Greek; Egyptian and Greek); where dialects or varieties of the

关于这些语言的文章，长期以来构成了“比较文献学”的基石，在卷的前半部分以松散的时间顺序排列，之前只是更广泛地考虑了语言接触的类型学。接下来，就像语言学本身的历史一样，在最近的过去，人们更多地关注较少研究的语言，本书的后半部分致力于研究尤皮克语、乌地语和玛雅语等“罕见”语言中可能存在的接触诱发现象。该卷以一对论文结束，旨在提供一个更广阔的视角和不同的概念框架，在其中考虑，探索和解释接触引起的形态语法变化。打开卷，罗宾·迈耶的论文调查和批判性地讨论了需求，挑战，以及构建接触诱发变化的类型学的限制。他倡导以数据库为中心的方法，这种方法由WALS开创，并由Grambank继续，他概述了接触类型学需要考虑的其他维度和因素，并以形态句法对齐变化为例说明了它所面临的内在局限性。对古典亚美尼亚语、轻型瓦尔皮里语和东北新阿拉姆语的三个案例研究，以及来自其他九种语言的数据，强调了更大的可发现性、更详细的描述和更透明或统一的术语是这一新兴领域蓬勃发展的基本要求。本文首先讨论了特定的接触场景，Marta Capano和Michele Bianconi的文章以古希腊方言为例，分析了一种特殊的形态学特征-essi中的与格复数后缀及其类推扩展。这种词尾出现在同一种语言的不同方言中，传统上被解释为接触的结果。作者回顾了碑文和文学语料库中所有可用的证据，并权衡了支持和反对接触的不同假设，得出结论认为，这种结局可能有多种方式出现，因此不应被用作古希腊方言品种历时分支的决定性等音损失。几个世纪以来，维多利亚·芬德尔的论文研究了从4世纪到7世纪中期的埃及希腊文献纸莎草语料库中支持动词结构中的直接宾语结构。到那时，希腊语已经与科普特语共存了大约一千年，芬德尔的分析表明，这个数据样本中存在的直接宾语结构可以用多种方式来解释，其中包括但不限于语言接触。她指出，直接宾语结构已经是继承自古典希腊语的一种边缘模式，她认为这些模式中的一些可以归因于继承或扩展到新的语境。与此同时，某些作者确实通过个人选择或由于社会压力而扩大了这种模式，揭示了科普特语的影响。Chiara Gianollo和Marina Benedetti从语言接触的角度研究了希腊和拉丁自反所有格形容词ídios和本体的起源。在分析这一迄今尚未得到充分研究的话题时，他们认为，拉丁固有人格的发展;Peculiar’变成反身所有格形容词受到ídios’private;" personal "在希腊文新约中。他们观察到，在新约中，这个特定的形容词作为反身所有格术语发挥了创新的作用，并认为这种转变源于系统内部，是由古典希腊语中发现的反身所有格形式的消失带来的。在更普遍的层面上，他们认为翻译实践是语言变化的催化剂，同时也与系统内部压力有关。在他的研究中世纪欧洲语言的论文中，Giacomo Bucci提出了日耳曼语与周边语言之间史前语言接触的问题，并提出日耳曼语可能与波罗的海语一起，在波罗的海沿岸地区语言(尤其是芬兰语)中与分割相关的现象的传播中发挥了作用。在研究两种未被充分探索的现象——所谓的“量化属格”和“否定属格”——时，作者论证了它们在许多早期日耳曼语言中的存在，强调了它们在史前环波罗的海地区语言接触相关的未来研究中的重要性。再一次快进几个世纪，Xavier Bach的文章认为，接触现象和独立发展都在欧西语和法语中否定标记的历时性中发挥了作用。法语的影响被认为在欧西语中充当过语后否定标记的过程中发挥了作用，而ne的消失则被认为是两种语言的独立发展。两种语言之间的进一步比较表明，在Jespersen的循环中，奥西坦语比法语更进一步，允许通过出现在带有否定不定词的否定和谐结构中。这种区别使欧西坦语与法语区别开来，法语中只有ne可以在这种上下文中使用。Gilles Authier的贡献将印欧语言抛之脑后，探索了乌地语(Lezgic分支的东高加索语言)中不同物体标记的起源。从接触语言如阿塞拜疆语、泰语和现代东亚美尼亚语的共时性数据，以及他们的祖先高加索阿尔巴尼亚语和古典亚美尼亚语的历时性证据中，该论文表明，没有一种接触语言作为这种特殊争论标记模式的明显模型脱颖而出。他建议将该地区的DOM视为一种局部现象，同时建议古典波斯语是Udi及其祖先中这种模式最不可能的模型。从高加索到西伯利亚，Anna Berge的论文提供了一个新的视角来看待Sirenik人和中西伯利亚Yupik人之间建立的联系关系，他们都是爱斯基摩家族Yupik分支的成员。虽然过去已经对Sirenik语的音韵、韵律和词汇中的接触效应进行了探索，但本研究通过概述西伯利亚中部尤皮克语对Sirenik语屈变形态的影响，扩展了我们对这种接触情况的理解。作者认为，某些在历史上被误解为古语的Sirenik形式实际上是借用的，这是由于在使用语言的群体中广泛使用多种语言造成的。对这些借款的错误识别，反过来，是过分强调Sirenik保守主义的结果。Berge的发现强调了有必要系统地回顾语言接触在原始埃斯卡留特重建中的作用。James Tandy的文章横跨太平洋来到美洲，涉及危地马拉中部的一些东玛雅语言的词缀借用，所有这些语言都有一个创新的完成分词- max。使用来自Poqom的数据，这个标记的起源，以及沿着Sacapulas走廊传播的语言(Uspanteko, Sakapultek, Sipakapense, Northern Mam)， Tandy探索了模型语言和接收语言之间的功能变化和不同的传播方式。他的研究结果强调了接触引起的变化的多样性，即使在相似的情况下，以及结构相似性和多语言社区在借用过程中的重要性。Kaius Sinnemäki和Noora Ahola超越了关于个体接触情景及其影响的问题，探讨了如何探索接触引起的变化在未经充分证实的语言家族中。以南岛语系的阿罗里斯语和巴布亚语系的阿当语之间的相互作用为例，并使用计算系统发育方法重建祖先语言，他们将贝叶斯重建与最近仅使用一种密切相关的语言作为基准的建议进行了比较和对比。他们对140个与附加名词占有相关的二值化形态句法特征的评估清楚地表明，基准建模更简单，计算和方法上的负担更少，并且产生的结果与贝叶斯方法没有显著差异，因此在考虑语言接触的影响时，可以节省时间和精力。Henri Kauhanen、George Walkden、Gemma McCarley、Molly Rolf和Sarah Einhaus的文章中也提出了类似的创新方法，他们主张使用历史语料库来更好地理解接触引起的变化。他们特别关注接触发生的地点和时间问题，提出了三个案例研究，说明形态句法简化的历时性和地理扩散:英语中的数字和谐，拉丁美洲西班牙语中的空主语，以及巴尔干斯拉夫语的格系。他们详细的定量研究不仅描绘了变化的历时性和地理特征的更清晰图景，而且进一步能够回答有关HOW的问题，即影响这些变化的特定社会语言学因素。在本卷中提出的案例研究的选择并不要求全面。然而，这清楚地表明，对语言接触的研究是值得投资的，语言学不同分支之间的对话也越来越富有成果。它们都产生了一些结果，我们可以在这些结果的基础上建立新的分析，改进我们的方法，扩大我们对人类文化和自然的认识。

{"title":"Contact-Induced Changes in Morphosyntax: An Introduction","authors":"Michele Bianconi, Robin Meyer","doi":"10.1111/1467-968x.12285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.12285","url":null,"abstract":"The study of language contact and contact-induced change has seen a rise in scholarly attention since Weinreich's Languages in Contact (1953), and especially after Thomason & Kaufman's (1988) Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Since then, numerous textbooks and handbooks (Heine & Kuteva 2005; Matras 2007, 2020; Hickey 2010, 2017), edited volumes (Aikhenvald & Dixon 2001, 2007; Braunmüller et al. 2014; Bianconi et al. 2022), monographs (Chamoreau & Léglise 2012; Coghill 2016; Fendel 2022; Meyer 2023; Bianconi forthcoming) and dissertations, both on modern (Bisiada 2014) and on ancient (Capano 2020) languages have appeared. These dealt with a wide variety of aspects of language contact from different vantage points, frameworks and approaches – for instance, Thomason's (2001) socio-structural approach vs. Myers-Scotton's (2002) purely structural, model-based one.\u0000Among the types of contact-induced change, those affecting the morphosyntax of one of the languages in contact represent a hitherto comparatively understudied field – especially from a typological perspective. But these phenomena are of particular interest because they illustrate that even typologically uncommon changes to very basic patterns of a language can result from contact (e.g. changes in morphosyntactic alignment, cf. Coghill 2016; Meyer 2019, 2023). Also, they suggest that speakers of a contact language index constructions with individual languages less strictly than we may assume intuitively (cf. e.g. Höder 2014).\u0000In many such studies, the languages under examination are either well-attested historically, or there are still native speakers, with or without a contact background, who may be consulted. This availability of data allows for thorough diachronic studies (e.g. for English and Norman French) and for assessing the status of a potentially contact-induced change (e.g. grammaticalisation patterns in Spanish–American communities as reported by Fishman et al. 1971 respectively).\u0000Yet, the situation is considerably less clear in scenarios where contact took place prior to attestation (e.g. Parthian and Armenian) or where documentation has been minimal until relatively recent times (Amazonian languages and the languages of Papua New Guinea); where languages have no written tradition, but have influenced a written language (English and Romani; Lekoudesch and German); where languages are attested in different historical depth (Sanskrit and Dravidian); where contact-induced changes appear to be restricted in genre (Armenian and Greek; Egyptian and Greek); where dialects or varieties of the ","PeriodicalId":44794,"journal":{"name":"TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Ancient Greek Datives in -essi: Contact or Independent Innovations?1 古希腊无格格:联系还是独立创新?1

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12282

Marta Capano, Michele Bianconi

The Ancient Greek datives in -essi have posed a longstanding challenge in Greek linguistics, with their traditional categorisation as ‘Aeolic’ but their widespread presence across Aeolic and non-Aeolic regions. This article investigates the origin and diffusion of this trait, examining both the early Greek evidence (in particular the Lesbian poets, Homer, and Mycenaean Greek) and that from specific areas, namely Sicily and Pamphylia, which are often overlooked despite their history of language contact. We argue that it is not necessary to have a single explanation for the origin and spread of -essi and that independent innovations in Greek dialects better account for the material. Despite the lack of a unitary account, we suggest that something comparable to the concept of “drift” could underlie such a development. By analysing the epigraphic evidence from Sicily and Pamphylia, we conclude that the presence of -essi cannot be solely attributed to contact in all the areas in which it is attested. This perspective challenges the notion of -essi as a strong dialectal isogloss useful for diachronic dialectal taxonomy. More generally, this case study confirms the importance of considering diachronic typology and language contact to gain a more comprehensive understanding of language change.

在-essi中的古希腊语形容词对希腊语语言学构成了一个长期的挑战，因为它们传统上被归类为“Aeolic”，但它们在Aeolic和非Aeolic地区广泛存在。本文调查了这一特征的起源和传播，研究了早期希腊的证据(特别是女同性恋诗人、荷马和迈锡尼希腊人)，以及来自特定地区的证据，即西西里和旁菲利亚，尽管他们的语言接触历史经常被忽视。我们认为，对-essi的起源和传播没有必要有一个单一的解释，希腊方言的独立创新更好地解释了材料。尽管缺乏统一的解释，但我们认为，类似于“漂移”概念的东西可能是这种发展的基础。通过分析来自西西里岛和旁菲利亚的铭文证据，我们得出结论，-essi的存在不能仅仅归因于在所有被证明的地区的接触。这一观点挑战了-essi作为一种对历时方言分类学有用的强方言等音的概念。更一般地说，这个案例研究证实了考虑历时类型学和语言接触对于更全面地理解语言变化的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Support-Verb Constructions with Objects: Greek-Coptic Interference in the Documentary Papyri?1 带宾语的支持动词结构:希腊-科普特语对文献纸莎草的干扰?1

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12279

Victoria Beatrix Fendel

Support-verb constructions are combinations of a verb and a noun that fill the predicate slot, for example, to make a suggestion in I made the suggestion yesterday. The article examines direct-object structures with support-verb constructions in Greek documentary papyri from fourth- to mid-seventh-century Egypt. By the fourth century, Greek and Egyptian (at this stage called Coptic) had co-existed in Egypt for about a millennium and the latter was gaining ground. The article focusses on the support-verb-construction families surrounding ἐξουσίαν exousian ‘power’ and ἐγγύην egguēn ‘surety’ as well as on a selection of structures with ποιέομαι poieomai ‘to do’. The article finds that direct-object structures in the data sample have differing explanations. Direct-object patterns are a marginal pattern in classical Greek already, such that some patterns can be explained by inheritance or the extension of a pattern to new contexts. However, some writers either idiolectally or sociolectally applied object patterns more widely based on the Coptic parallel. The syntax of support-verb constructions in Greek does not run counter to the verbal syntax otherwise, which may aid the fact that they do not introduce systemic changes.

支持动词结构是动词和名词的组合，用于填补谓词槽，例如，在I made the suggestion yesterday中提出建议。本文考察了从4世纪到7世纪中期的埃及希腊文献纸莎草纸中的直接宾语结构和支持动词结构。到第四世纪，希腊语和埃及语(在这个阶段被称为科普特语)在埃及共存了大约一千年，后者正在取得进展。本文就着重那些坏家伙support-verb-construction家庭周围ἐξουσίανexousian“权力”和ἐγγύηνegguēn“保证人”以及结构的选择与ποιέομαιpoieomai‘做’。文章发现数据样本中的直接宾语结构有不同的解释。直接对象模式在古典希腊语中已经是一种边缘模式，因此有些模式可以通过继承或将模式扩展到新的上下文中来解释。然而，一些作家在个人或社会上更广泛地应用了基于科普特语平行的对象模式。在希腊语中，支持动词结构的句法并不与动词性句法相反，这可能有助于它们不会引起系统的变化。

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引用次数: 0

Towards a Typology of Contact-Induced Change Questions, Problems and the Path Ahead 走向接触诱发变化的类型学问题、问题和前进的道路

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12283

Robin Meyer

The fields of linguistic typology, contact linguistics and historical linguistics frequently interact with one another and each draws on the insights gained in the others. To date, however, there is no effective and systematic cooperation between these subdisciplines, no database comparing the typological distribution of features with common outcomes or mechanisms of internal change and the results of contact-induced change. Seeking to lay the foundation for just such a cooperation, this paper outlines and critically discusses the necessity, advantages and inherent limitations of a typology of contact-induced change and how it may be used to better understand language change and language contact. It suggests that a database similar to WALS or Grambank, enriched with extra-linguistic information, would be a suitable starting point for such an endeavour. At the example of contact-induced morphosyntactic alignment change, some of the concrete issues of compiling a minimal dataset for one change are illustrated and the potential for typological insights highlighted.

语言类型学、接触语言学和历史语言学这三个领域经常相互影响，相互借鉴。然而，到目前为止，这些分支学科之间还没有有效和系统的合作，也没有数据库来比较具有共同结果或内部变化机制的特征的类型分布和接触引起的变化的结果。为了为这种合作奠定基础，本文概述并批判性地讨论了接触诱发变化的类型学的必要性、优势和固有局限性，以及如何使用它来更好地理解语言变化和语言接触。它表明，一个类似于WALS或Grambank的数据库，丰富了额外的语言信息，将是这样一个努力的合适起点。在接触引起的形态句法对齐变化的例子中，说明了为一个变化编译最小数据集的一些具体问题，并强调了类型学见解的潜力。

引用次数: 0

The Contribution of Germanic to the Expansion of Partitive-Related Phenomena in the Prehistoric Circum-Baltic Area1 日耳曼语对史前环波罗的海地区分区相关现象扩展的贡献

IF 0.3 4区文学 Q2 Arts and Humanities

TRANSACTIONS OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1111/1467-968x.12281

Giacomo Bucci

The primary objective of this article is to expand the discussion on partitive-related phenomena diffusion in the prehistoric Circum-Baltic area by considering the role of early Germanic languages. The central message is that early Germanic languages have been historically overlooked in the study of partitive phenomena in the Circum-Baltic area, and this paper aims to address this oversight. After briefly discussing the main hypotheses related to the development and spread of partitive functions, the focus will shift to two understudied phenomena in early Germanic languages, namely the ‘genitive of quantification’ and the ‘genitive of negation’. It will be shown that these two phenomena were present in early Germanic languages, suggesting that they should be included in further studies concerned with contact in the prehistoric Circum-Baltic area.

本文的主要目的是通过考虑早期日耳曼语言的作用，扩大对史前环波罗的海地区与分割有关的现象扩散的讨论。中心信息是，早期日耳曼语言在历史上被忽视了在波罗的海沿岸地区的分割现象的研究，本文旨在解决这一疏忽。在简要讨论了与分函数的发展和传播有关的主要假设之后，重点将转移到早期日耳曼语言中两个尚未得到充分研究的现象，即“量化的属格”和“否定的属格”。研究将表明，这两种现象在早期日耳曼语言中是存在的，这表明它们应该被纳入有关史前环波罗的海地区接触的进一步研究中。

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