Classical liberals have long held that free markets foster peaceful societies. Many argue that free trade between nations will foster economic interdependence, and peace should ensue as a result. Nevertheless, there are many dissenters. While exploring the relationship between free trade and peace is important, it is only one part of ‘economic freedom.’ More research needs to be conducted to see how countries with high levels of entrepreneurship, low levels of corruption, independent judiciaries, and sound regulatory environments might be fostering peace.
{"title":"The relationship between economic freedom and peace","authors":"Alexander Jelloian","doi":"10.1111/ecaf.12586","DOIUrl":"10.1111/ecaf.12586","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Classical liberals have long held that free markets foster peaceful societies. Many argue that free trade between nations will foster economic interdependence, and peace should ensue as a result. Nevertheless, there are many dissenters. While exploring the relationship between free trade and peace is important, it is only one part of ‘economic freedom.’ More research needs to be conducted to see how countries with high levels of entrepreneurship, low levels of corruption, independent judiciaries, and sound regulatory environments might be fostering peace.</p>","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":"43 2","pages":"229-244"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46556581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to examine debt and currency vulnerability during economic turbulence in the Global South. A panel data analysis is performed on a panel of 25 economies consisting of nine developed and 16 developing countries with a focus on public and private debt. The empirical findings reveal that only public debt build-up has an adverse effect on currency value. There is no evidence of a significant impact of recession periods on currency value for both private and public debt estimations. I also found that private debt build-up can be more harmful than public debt in developing countries. In addition, both public and private debt have increased as percentages of GDP during COVID-19.
{"title":"Debt and currency value during COVID-19 in the Global South","authors":"Behrooz Gharleghi","doi":"10.1111/ecaf.12581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecaf.12581","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The aim of this article is to examine debt and currency vulnerability during economic turbulence in the Global South. A panel data analysis is performed on a panel of 25 economies consisting of nine developed and 16 developing countries with a focus on public and private debt. The empirical findings reveal that only public debt build-up has an adverse effect on currency value. There is no evidence of a significant impact of recession periods on currency value for both private and public debt estimations. I also found that private debt build-up can be more harmful than public debt in developing countries. In addition, both public and private debt have increased as percentages of GDP during COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":"43 2","pages":"201-210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50126209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.12
M. Rani
"Food is an essential need for the survival of mankind. Food security and its maintenance are key concerns of developing countries. India was primarily an agricultural economy like many other developing countries as its agriculture sector has a greater share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The understanding of foodgrain production is substantial to administer the food security level of the country. The present paper aims to analyze the growth of foodgrains production in India. The paper also assesses the current status of foodgrain production in India and identifies the factors that have an impact on the growth of foodgrain production. The data relating to the area, production, and yield of major food grains in India for the period 2010-11 to 2020-21 is collected from various secondary sources. The percentile method is used to analyze the data. The results highlighted that the production of wheat and rice has increased year by year, whereas the production of coarse cereals and pulses fluctuates. It was found that the overall foodgrain production has been on a rising trend with a minor variation in the study period. The present study may persuade policymakers to re-examine and modify the current policies to increase the production of foodgrain, which could meet the food requirements of the country."
{"title":"Growth of Foodgrain Production in India","authors":"M. Rani","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.12","url":null,"abstract":"\"Food is an essential need for the survival of mankind. Food security and its maintenance are key concerns of developing countries. India was primarily an agricultural economy like many other developing countries as its agriculture sector has a greater share in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The understanding of foodgrain production is substantial to administer the food security level of the country. The present paper aims to analyze the growth of foodgrains production in India. The paper also assesses the current status of foodgrain production in India and identifies the factors that have an impact on the growth of foodgrain production. The data relating to the area, production, and yield of major food grains in India for the period 2010-11 to 2020-21 is collected from various secondary sources. The percentile method is used to analyze the data. The results highlighted that the production of wheat and rice has increased year by year, whereas the production of coarse cereals and pulses fluctuates. It was found that the overall foodgrain production has been on a rising trend with a minor variation in the study period. The present study may persuade policymakers to re-examine and modify the current policies to increase the production of foodgrain, which could meet the food requirements of the country.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48520324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.25
P. Paul
"Digital Education is the need of the hour due to the impact of Information Technology in Education, Teaching and Research. Digital Education is composed with other allied mode of education including Online Education, Blended Education, Virtual Education, ICT in Education, Distance Education, and so on. Gradually the uses and impact of Digitalization in Education lead the concept of Digital Education. Digital Education may be the online education or it may be considered as ICT and Computing uses in teaching-learning, educational administration and management. Digital Education and its uses not same in all the countries, states or territories; and people or learners have various thinking, impact and perception regarding the uses of Digital Education. Such use pattern and preference differences are mainly due to the social and economical status of the users or learners. Digital Education is highly depends on Education Technology utilizations in Education and allied activities. This paper is about Digital Education with a special focus on uses, impact and perception among the students Raiganj University and adjacent institutions. Paper highlights the scenario, socio and economic concern about Digital Education and ICT application in Education."
{"title":"Digital Education: Its Uses and Perception among the Students of Raiganj University and Adjacent Institutions - The Social, Technological & Economical Context","authors":"P. Paul","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.25","url":null,"abstract":"\"Digital Education is the need of the hour due to the impact of Information Technology in Education, Teaching and Research. Digital Education is composed with other allied mode of education including Online Education, Blended Education, Virtual Education, ICT in Education, Distance Education, and so on. Gradually the uses and impact of Digitalization in Education lead the concept of Digital Education. Digital Education may be the online education or it may be considered as ICT and Computing uses in teaching-learning, educational administration and management. Digital Education and its uses not same in all the countries, states or territories; and people or learners have various thinking, impact and perception regarding the uses of Digital Education. Such use pattern and preference differences are mainly due to the social and economical status of the users or learners. Digital Education is highly depends on Education Technology utilizations in Education and allied activities. This paper is about Digital Education with a special focus on uses, impact and perception among the students Raiganj University and adjacent institutions. Paper highlights the scenario, socio and economic concern about Digital Education and ICT application in Education.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70597124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.14
Nchumbeni S Ovung
"Nagaland is a state where 48.21% of the total populations are women. Naga society is a patriarchal society and it is believed that women must be respected but Naga society clearly distinguishes gender roles and gender responsibilities. Naga women are in charge of domestic issues such as family while men deal with society and village councils and administration. Women are excluded from the decision making and inheritance of land whether it’s ancestral or self equipped land. Women centric schemes like BBBP and MSK support women and girl child with education and health, encourage them to be more independent, participate in decision making,gives awareness of different day to day activities and importance of girl child. The study highlights the status of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) and Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) and achievement of this two schemes in Nagaland."
“那加兰州48.21%的总人口是妇女。那加社会是一个父权制社会，人们认为妇女必须受到尊重，但那加社会明确区分了性别角色和性别责任。那加妇女负责家庭等家庭事务，而男子负责社会、村委会和行政事务。妇女被排除在决策之外关于土地的形成和继承，无论是祖传土地还是自有土地。BBBP和MSK等以妇女为中心的计划为妇女和女童提供教育和健康支持，鼓励她们更加独立，参与决策，提高人们对不同日常活动和女童重要性的认识。该研究强调了Beti Bachao Beti Padhao（BBBP）和Mahila Shakti Kendra（MSK）的现状，以及这两个计划在那加兰的成就。“
{"title":"A Descriptive Study on the Performance of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) and Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) Schemes in Nagaland","authors":"Nchumbeni S Ovung","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.14","url":null,"abstract":"\"Nagaland is a state where 48.21% of the total populations are women. Naga society is a patriarchal society and it is believed that women must be respected but Naga society clearly distinguishes gender roles and gender responsibilities. Naga women are in charge of domestic issues such as family while men deal with society and village councils and administration. Women are excluded from the decision making and inheritance of land whether it’s ancestral or self equipped land. Women centric schemes like BBBP and MSK support women and girl child with education and health, encourage them to be more independent, participate in decision making,gives awareness of different day to day activities and importance of girl child. The study highlights the status of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) and Mahila Shakti Kendra (MSK) and achievement of this two schemes in Nagaland.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41373679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.3
P. Mishra
"This present study was carried out to examine and analyse the factors determining the labour absorption in agriculture in different agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan with state as a whole. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. 200 respondents from 10 villages were collected for primary data during year of 2018-2019 and secondary data were used of published data from different reports and publications. The findings were showed that farm size has a significant negative relationship with total labour absorption in all agro-climatic regions at the state level except the transitional plain region. The cropping intensity showed a positive association with the total labour utilization in arid western and northern region, transitional plain regions, semi-arid and flood-prone eastern plain and humid south and eastern plain region. The per hectare absorption of tractor hours was displayed a significant negative relationship with the total labour utilization in all the agro-climatic regions with the state level. Expenditure on animal feeds showed a significant positive association with the total human labour utilization in all the agro-climatic regions with the state level except semi-arid and flood-prone eastern plain region. It was observed that the total labour utilization showed a significantly positive relationship with irrigation intensity in arid western and northern region and humid south and eastern plain region. Unemployment of agricultural labourers has negative impact on their income, consumption expenditure and savings. So, there is need to create additional income opportunities for agricultural labourers."
{"title":"Factors Determining labour Absorption in Agriculture in Different Agro-Climatic Regions of Rajasthan","authors":"P. Mishra","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.3","url":null,"abstract":"\"This present study was carried out to examine and analyse the factors determining the labour absorption in agriculture in different agro-climatic regions of Rajasthan with state as a whole. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. 200 respondents from 10 villages were collected for primary data during year of 2018-2019 and secondary data were used of published data from different reports and publications. The findings were showed that farm size has a significant negative relationship with total labour absorption in all agro-climatic regions at the state level except the transitional plain region. The cropping intensity showed a positive association with the total labour utilization in arid western and northern region, transitional plain regions, semi-arid and flood-prone eastern plain and humid south and eastern plain region. The per hectare absorption of tractor hours was displayed a significant negative relationship with the total labour utilization in all the agro-climatic regions with the state level. Expenditure on animal feeds showed a significant positive association with the total human labour utilization in all the agro-climatic regions with the state level except semi-arid and flood-prone eastern plain region. It was observed that the total labour utilization showed a significantly positive relationship with irrigation intensity in arid western and northern region and humid south and eastern plain region. Unemployment of agricultural labourers has negative impact on their income, consumption expenditure and savings. So, there is need to create additional income opportunities for agricultural labourers.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43219901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.35
Mykhaylo Kocherov
"The article is devoted to the analysis of possible mechanisms of economic recovery after the conflict in Ukraine, as well as the role of the international community in this process. The article examines financial and economic instruments that can be used to support economic recovery in Ukraine after the war international financial aid and investments. The authors claim that the effective use of these tools can contribute to a rapid and sustainable economic recovery in Ukraine. The article presented the methodology and results of the research of literary sources with the aim of substantiating and describing the management models of economic systems in the post-war period, considering the requirements for reconstruction. An analysis of the world experience of post-war reconstruction was carried out and differences between the situation in Ukraine and similar processes in Europe were determined. The advantages and disadvantages of management models of economic systems were studied, and the grouping of КРІ factors was carried out. The methods of economic and mathematical modeling were used to form the information and analytical support of the models. The methodology for calculating the integral coefficient of the assessment of the effectiveness of the economic system in the post-war period, which is formed by structuring the basic coefficients and weighting coefficients of the КРІ factors, has been developed. The proposed evaluation system is proposed as hypothetically possible for practical application, and to confirm the relevance and adequacy of the model and methodology, the calculation of the integral coefficient of evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic system in the post-war period by the regions of Ukraine was carried out. The results of the research were used to form a geographical map of the zoning of the regions of Ukraine that were most affected by the war and need support, investment, and recovery mechanisms. The study confirmed that the success of post-war reconstruction depends on the efficiency of the economic system and its ability to attract investment to create the conditions for development. The result of the research is the development of methodological recommendations for the optimization of economic activity management mechanisms during post-war recovery, which can be applied in КРІs is periods and adapted to a specific situation."
{"title":"Mechanisms of Post-War Economic Recovery in Ukraine: The Role of the International Community","authors":"Mykhaylo Kocherov","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.35","url":null,"abstract":"\"The article is devoted to the analysis of possible mechanisms of economic recovery after the conflict in Ukraine, as well as the role of the international community in this process. The article examines financial and economic instruments that can be used to support economic recovery in Ukraine after the war international financial aid and investments. The authors claim that the effective use of these tools can contribute to a rapid and sustainable economic recovery in Ukraine. The article presented the methodology and results of the research of literary sources with the aim of substantiating and describing the management models of economic systems in the post-war period, considering the requirements for reconstruction. An analysis of the world experience of post-war reconstruction was carried out and differences between the situation in Ukraine and similar processes in Europe were determined. The advantages and disadvantages of management models of economic systems were studied, and the grouping of КРІ factors was carried out. The methods of economic and mathematical modeling were used to form the information and analytical support of the models. The methodology for calculating the integral coefficient of the assessment of the effectiveness of the economic system in the post-war period, which is formed by structuring the basic coefficients and weighting coefficients of the КРІ factors, has been developed. The proposed evaluation system is proposed as hypothetically possible for practical application, and to confirm the relevance and adequacy of the model and methodology, the calculation of the integral coefficient of evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic system in the post-war period by the regions of Ukraine was carried out. The results of the research were used to form a geographical map of the zoning of the regions of Ukraine that were most affected by the war and need support, investment, and recovery mechanisms. The study confirmed that the success of post-war reconstruction depends on the efficiency of the economic system and its ability to attract investment to create the conditions for development. The result of the research is the development of methodological recommendations for the optimization of economic activity management mechanisms during post-war recovery, which can be applied in КРІs is periods and adapted to a specific situation.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44828960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.15
Shweta Bijla
"With a great deal of constraints such as heavy dependence on weather, small and fragmented land holdings, depleting resource, demand shift etc. faced by traditional Indian agriculture, farmers are shifting towards allied enterprises. Mushroom is one such enterprise which provides remunerative and nutritive produce with less-land and investment requirements. Hence, the present study assessed the economic performance of the Shiitake mushroom production in terms of cost & return analysis, viability analysis and BEP assessment using primary data. The overall net returns were ` 235/ bag/ cycle of Shiitake with rate of return on capital of 1.93 showing the economic viability of the enterprise. It was also found that larger units of Shiitake mushroom were more viable and economically sound as compared to smaller and medium units. Since lesser land and other resources are required for Shiitake mushroom with higher returns and good nutritive value, such mushrooms ought to be promoted for adoption at large scale to alleviate poverty and nutritional insecurity of vulnerable Indian population."
{"title":"Economic Analysis of Shiitake Mushroom Cultivation as an Agribusiness Enterprise in India","authors":"Shweta Bijla","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.15","url":null,"abstract":"\"With a great deal of constraints such as heavy dependence on weather, small and fragmented land holdings, depleting resource, demand shift etc. faced by traditional Indian agriculture, farmers are shifting towards allied enterprises. Mushroom is one such enterprise which provides remunerative and nutritive produce with less-land and investment requirements. Hence, the present study assessed the economic performance of the Shiitake mushroom production in terms of cost & return analysis, viability analysis and BEP assessment using primary data. The overall net returns were ` 235/ bag/ cycle of Shiitake with rate of return on capital of 1.93 showing the economic viability of the enterprise. It was also found that larger units of Shiitake mushroom were more viable and economically sound as compared to smaller and medium units. Since lesser land and other resources are required for Shiitake mushroom with higher returns and good nutritive value, such mushrooms ought to be promoted for adoption at large scale to alleviate poverty and nutritional insecurity of vulnerable Indian population.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44121504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-25DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.11
Parul Barwal
"The present study pertained to the profitability and resource use efficiency of cabbage production in high hills of Himachal Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected through a survey method for the agricultural year 2020-21. The gross and net returns over total were observed as higher in Zone-IV (` 296562.89 and ` 140713.96, respectively) in comparison to Zone-III, thus making it a profitable venture. Cobb- Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting the yield of cabbage in both zones. It has been observed that seed, fertilizer, FYM, irrigation and Labour were significantly affecting the production but plant protection chemical was not found significant. Efficiency ratio for cabbage in case of fertilizer, showed a negative impact on gross returns. It shows the overutilization of seed and fertilizer and adjustment in seed and fertilizer value is required. The findings of the study strongly recommend the optimum use of the resources in order to attain desired increase in cabbage cultivation and ultimately the productivity. The government should arrange a farmer training programme to ensure proper fertilizer use and other technical knowledge."
{"title":"Profitability and Resource Use Efficiency of Cabbage Production in Temperate Zone (High- Hills) of Himachal Pradesh","authors":"Parul Barwal","doi":"10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46852/0424-2513.2.2023.11","url":null,"abstract":"\"The present study pertained to the profitability and resource use efficiency of cabbage production in high hills of Himachal Pradesh. The study was based on primary data collected through a survey method for the agricultural year 2020-21. The gross and net returns over total were observed as higher in Zone-IV (` 296562.89 and ` 140713.96, respectively) in comparison to Zone-III, thus making it a profitable venture. Cobb- Douglas production function was used to determine the factors affecting the yield of cabbage in both zones. It has been observed that seed, fertilizer, FYM, irrigation and Labour were significantly affecting the production but plant protection chemical was not found significant. Efficiency ratio for cabbage in case of fertilizer, showed a negative impact on gross returns. It shows the overutilization of seed and fertilizer and adjustment in seed and fertilizer value is required. The findings of the study strongly recommend the optimum use of the resources in order to attain desired increase in cabbage cultivation and ultimately the productivity. The government should arrange a farmer training programme to ensure proper fertilizer use and other technical knowledge.\"","PeriodicalId":44825,"journal":{"name":"ECONOMIC AFFAIRS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2023-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44549333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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