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Toward the Coming of Age of Environmental Economics Research in China 中国环境经济学研究时代的到来
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.54605/fec20210201
Jinhuan Zhao
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引用次数: 0
Time Reallocation and the Cost and Benefit of School Closures during an Epidemic 流行病期间学校关闭的时间重新分配和成本与收益
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.54605/fec20210204
J. Bayham, G. Chowell, Eli P. Fenichel, N. Kuminoff
School closures are an important public health intervention during epidemics. Yet, the existing estimates of policy costs and benefits overlook the impact of human behavior and labor market conditions. We use an integrated assessment framework to quantify the public health benefits and the economic costs of school closures based on activity patterns derived from the American Time-Use Survey (ATUS) for a pandemic like COVID-19. We develop a policy decision framework based on marginal benefits and costs to estimate the optimal school closure duration. The results suggest that the optimal school closure depends on how people reallocate their time when schools are closed. Widespread social distancing behavior implemented early and for a long duration can delay the epidemic for years, buying time for the development of pharmaceutical interventions and yielding substantial net benefits. Conversely, school closure, with behavior targeted to adjust only to the school closure, is unlikely to provide substantial delay or sufficient net benefits to justify closing schools for pathogen control.
学校停课是流行病期间的一项重要公共卫生干预措施。然而,现有的政策成本和收益估计忽略了人类行为和劳动力市场条件的影响。我们使用综合评估框架,根据新冠肺炎等流行病的美国时间使用调查(ATUS)得出的活动模式,量化学校关闭的公共卫生效益和经济成本。我们制定了一个基于边际收益和成本的政策决策框架,以估计最佳学校关闭时间。研究结果表明,最佳的学校关闭取决于人们在学校关闭时如何重新分配时间。早期和长期实施的广泛社交距离行为可以将疫情推迟数年,为药物干预的发展争取时间,并产生巨大的净效益。相反,学校关闭,其行为只针对学校关闭进行调整,不太可能提供实质性的延迟或足够的净收益来证明关闭学校以控制病原体是合理的。
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引用次数: 3
Reciprocity and Social Norms: Short- and Long-Run Crowding Out Effects of Financial Incentives 互惠与社会规范:金融激励的短期和长期挤出效应
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.54605/fec20210202
Jinhuan Zhao, J. M. Kerr, M. Lapinski, Robert Shupp
We link the reciprocity model of Falk and Fischbacher (2006) with the theory of normative social behavior to study how financial incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation in both the short and long runs. Using data from a lab-based repeated public goods game, we find strong evidence in support of the reciprocity model and crowding out effects both when the payment is in place and after it stops. When the payment program is in place, subjects become less sensitive to reciprocity, perceive less kindness in others’ contributions, and care less about others’ welfare. The overall decrease in motivation to reciprocate reduces the effectiveness of the payment program by almost 50%. About 20% of the crowding out effect persists after the payment stops, and the reciprocity mechanism explains over three quarters of the long-run crowding out effect.
我们将Falk和Fischbacher(2006)的互惠模型与规范社会行为理论联系起来,研究财务激励如何在短期和长期内挤出内在动机。使用一个基于实验室的重复公共产品游戏的数据,我们发现有力的证据支持互惠模型和在支付到位和停止后的挤出效应。当支付计划到位时,受试者对互惠的敏感度会降低,对他人贡献的善意会减少,对他人福利的关心也会减少。回报动机的总体下降使支付计划的有效性降低了近50%。大约20%的挤出效应在支付停止后持续存在,互惠机制解释了超过四分之三的长期挤出效应。
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引用次数: 0
Videos Improve Attention and Cheap Talk in Online Surveys 视频提高了在线调查的关注度和廉价话题
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.54605/fec20210206
J. Penn, Wuyang Hu
Cheap Talk (CT) is a mainstay technique among stated preference practitioners to reduce Hypothetical Bias (HB). The usefulness of CT may be questionable in online surveys due to the limited control researchers have on participant engagement. In the context of an online choice experiment on hotels, we compare a control group of respondents who receives a CT script as a traditional passage of text versus a group who must answer an attention-check question to verify their comprehension of the script as well as another group who receives the CT script as a video and then answer the attention-check question. We find that compared to the control group, simply offering the attention-check question reduced willingness to pay (WTP), and those who answer the attention-check question correctly behaved differently to those who did not. Overall, video CT script is shown to improve attention and be more effective in reducing potential HB than a text-based script.
廉价谈话(CT)是既定偏好从业者减少假设偏见(HB)的主要技术。由于研究人员对参与者参与度的控制有限,CT在在线调查中的有用性可能值得怀疑。在一项针对酒店的在线选择实验中,我们比较了一组对照组的受访者,他们将CT脚本作为传统的文本段落,另一组则必须回答注意力检查问题以验证他们对脚本的理解,另一个组则将CT脚本视为视频,然后回答注意力检查问题。我们发现,与对照组相比,简单地提供注意力检查问题会降低支付意愿(WTP),并且那些正确回答注意力检查问题的人与那些没有回答的人表现不同。总的来说,视频CT脚本比基于文本的脚本更能提高注意力,更有效地降低潜在的HB。
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引用次数: 0
Envelope Theorems in Economics: Historical Development and Modern Cost-Benefit Applications 经济学中的包络定理:历史发展与现代成本效益应用
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.54605/fec20210207
K. Löfgren, C. Li
This paper reviews some historical development and modern applications of the envelope theorems in economics from a static to a dynamic context. First, we show how the static version of the theorem surfaced in economics, which had eventually lead to the well-known Shephard’s lemma in microeconomics. Second, we present its dynamic version in terms of the classical calculus of variations and optimal control theory via the optimized Hamiltonian function. Third, we show some applications of the theorem for deriving dynamic cost-benefifit rules with special reference to environmental projects involving the green or comprehensive net national product (CNNP). Finally, we illustrate how to extend the cost-benefifit rules to a stochastic economic growth setting.
本文回顾了包络定理在静态和动态背景下的一些历史发展和现代应用。首先,我们展示了该定理的静态版本是如何在经济学中出现的,它最终导致了微观经济学中著名的谢泼德引理。其次,利用经典变分法和最优控制理论,通过最优哈密顿函数给出了其动态版本。第三,我们展示了推导动态成本效益规则定理的一些应用,特别是涉及绿色或综合净国民生产总值(CNNP)的环境项目。最后,我们说明了如何将成本-收益规则扩展到随机经济增长设置。
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引用次数: 0
Why the Industrial Revolution Started in 18th Century Britain, Not China, from the Perspective of Globalization 从全球化视角看18世纪工业革命为何始于英国而非中国
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-15 DOI: 10.3868/S060-013-021-0006-5
Li Zhang
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引用次数: 0
China’s growth slowdown: Labor supply, productivity, or what? 中国经济增长放缓:劳动力供给、生产率还是什么?
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.3868/S060-013-021-0003-4
Anping Chen, N. Groenewold
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引用次数: 1
Past Experiences, Personality Traits, and Risk Aversion: Evidence from Individual Risk Attitudes during the COVID-19 Pandemic 过去的经历、个性特征和风险规避:来自新冠肺炎大流行期间个人风险态度的证据
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.3868/S060-011-020-0024-4
Yun Wang, Mingyan Yan
Individuals' risk attitudes play an important role in economic decision making and policy evaluation, particularly in the midst of unprecedented uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic We adopt a multiple-price-list elicitation method with real money incentives to measure precisely individuals' risk attitudes at different stake levels and the extent to which they are affected by personal and social shocks following the COVID-19 outbreak in China We find that subjects who had previously experienced negative personal shocks are more risk-averse at medium and large stakes but more risk loving at very small stakes For our sample, COVID-19 has no significant impact on risk attitudes, as it is more likely to be regarded as a social shock The result indicates that the impact of COVID-19 on individual risk attitudes is not as influential as expected, unless the individual's personal life is affected directly
个人的风险态度在经济决策和政策评估中发挥着重要作用,特别是在新冠肺炎大流行造成的前所未有的不确定性中。我们采用了一种多价格-列表启发方法,并采用实实在在的金钱激励来精确测量个人在不同利益水平上的风险态度,以及他们在新冠肺炎在中国爆发后受到个人和社会冲击的影响程度经历过的负面个人冲击在中、大风险中更具风险性,但在非常小的风险中更喜欢风险。对于我们的样本,新冠肺炎对风险态度没有显著影响,因为它更有可能被视为社会冲击。结果表明,新冠肺炎对个人风险态度的影响没有预期的那么大,除非个人的个人生活受到直接影响
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引用次数: 3
Unintended Consequences of Lockdowns: Evidence from Domestic Helpers in Urban China 封锁的意外后果:来自中国城市家庭佣工的证据
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.3868/S060-011-020-0022-0
Xiaobo He, Fang Xiao
This paper addresses the reactions of domestic helpers to the Wuhan (Hubei Province) lockdown that began on January 23, 2020. We use a novel dataset containing the information of over 40,000 Chinese domestic helpers registered on a leading professional website from November 2019 to June 2020. The results indicate a declining pattern of short-term labor supply of domestic helpers across 11 major Chinese cities, which shows an increase in the expected monthly wage of domestic helpers in these cities. More importantly, using a difference-in-difference (DID) model, this paper provides some evidence on the existence of labor market discrimination against domestic helpers born in Hubei Province due to employersi¯ fear of infection.
本文探讨了家庭佣工对2020年1月23日开始的武汉(湖北省)封锁的反应。我们使用了一个新的数据集,其中包含了2019年11月至2020年6月在一家领先的专业网站上注册的4万多名中国家庭佣工的信息。研究结果显示,在中国11个主要城市中,家庭佣工的短期劳动力供应呈下降趋势,这表明这些城市家庭佣工的预期月工资有所增加。更重要的是,本文利用差异中差异(DID)模型,提供了一些证据,证明湖北出生的家庭佣工由于雇主害怕感染而存在劳动力市场歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Symposium on the Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Introduction 2019冠状病毒病大流行的经济影响专题讨论会:导言
IF 0.8 4区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.3868/S060-011-020-0020-6
Zhiqi Chen
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Frontiers of Economics in China
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