Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00394-y
Alessandra Hool, Christoph Helbig, Gijsbert Wierink
Abstract The Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is an essential regulatory framework designed to address the pressing challenges faced by the European Union (EU) in the strategic sectors of decarbonization, digitalization, and aerospace and defense. It aims to tackle the lack of secure and sustainable access to critical raw materials (CRMs) by increasing anticipation and mitigation of supply risks, fostering domestic CRM potential, and promoting sustainable sourcing practices. Part of a broader “Green Industrial Plan” and aligned with the “Net-Zero Industry Act” (NZIA), the CRMA strives to position the EU as a leading hub for clean tech industries. The NZIA and CRMA packages respond to international trends of protecting clean energy technology and resources, akin to the US Inflation Reduction Act. Defining materials as “strategic” based on their relevance and expected demand for strategic technologies, the CRMA regulation establishes benchmarks for minimum shares of EU demand to be covered by domestically sourced and processed as well as recycled raw materials and aims at reducing dependencies on single third country suppliers in all steps of the supply chain. A communication complements the regulation by focusing on increasing CRM supply security and sustainability through circularity, standardization efforts, skill development, and strategic actions for research and innovation. Establishing a “CRM Club” and partnerships with like-minded countries intend to strengthen international partnerships to safeguard CRM supply security and facilitate sustainable investment in resource-rich nations. Challenges arise concerning the concept of “strategic raw materials” and meeting benchmarks, particularly in materials availability, recycling targets, diversification, and the establishment of necessary skills. Data gaps, potential national differences, coherence with national legislation, long-term economic viability, and potential fuelling of international tensions also pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of the CRMA. Addressing these challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by the CRMA are crucial steps toward achieving sustainable resource management and advancing the EU’s clean tech industries.
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities of the European Critical Raw Materials Act","authors":"Alessandra Hool, Christoph Helbig, Gijsbert Wierink","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00394-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00394-y","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) is an essential regulatory framework designed to address the pressing challenges faced by the European Union (EU) in the strategic sectors of decarbonization, digitalization, and aerospace and defense. It aims to tackle the lack of secure and sustainable access to critical raw materials (CRMs) by increasing anticipation and mitigation of supply risks, fostering domestic CRM potential, and promoting sustainable sourcing practices. Part of a broader “Green Industrial Plan” and aligned with the “Net-Zero Industry Act” (NZIA), the CRMA strives to position the EU as a leading hub for clean tech industries. The NZIA and CRMA packages respond to international trends of protecting clean energy technology and resources, akin to the US Inflation Reduction Act. Defining materials as “strategic” based on their relevance and expected demand for strategic technologies, the CRMA regulation establishes benchmarks for minimum shares of EU demand to be covered by domestically sourced and processed as well as recycled raw materials and aims at reducing dependencies on single third country suppliers in all steps of the supply chain. A communication complements the regulation by focusing on increasing CRM supply security and sustainability through circularity, standardization efforts, skill development, and strategic actions for research and innovation. Establishing a “CRM Club” and partnerships with like-minded countries intend to strengthen international partnerships to safeguard CRM supply security and facilitate sustainable investment in resource-rich nations. Challenges arise concerning the concept of “strategic raw materials” and meeting benchmarks, particularly in materials availability, recycling targets, diversification, and the establishment of necessary skills. Data gaps, potential national differences, coherence with national legislation, long-term economic viability, and potential fuelling of international tensions also pose significant challenges to the effective implementation of the CRMA. Addressing these challenges and embracing the opportunities presented by the CRMA are crucial steps toward achieving sustainable resource management and advancing the EU’s clean tech industries.","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136309255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00393-z
Pekka Tuomela
{"title":"Commentary on the global mining industry corporate profile, complexity, and change","authors":"Pekka Tuomela","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00393-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00393-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135154815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00392-0
Jamie L. Brainard
Abstract Rhenium is a valuable rare metal that is primarily captured as a by-product during the processing of copper and molybdenum. Its complex capture pathway and low annual production (< 100 tons per year) mean that there is limited information about how current capture compares with the amounts of rhenium geologically present in mined material. This study compiles deposit rhenium grades and mine production data to estimate the flow of rhenium in mined material, including through international trade. It is found that less than 12% of rhenium present in ore is captured; however, capture may be as high as 30 to 44% when accounting for technical recovery limits. This has substantial impacts on the future availability of rhenium as the current supply chain faces a geologically imposed limit of rhenium available in ores. Further increases in primary metal capture beyond technical recovery limits can only be achieved by increasing the mining of the copper and molybdenum host ores.
{"title":"The availability of primary rhenium as a by-product of copper and molybdenum mining","authors":"Jamie L. Brainard","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00392-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00392-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rhenium is a valuable rare metal that is primarily captured as a by-product during the processing of copper and molybdenum. Its complex capture pathway and low annual production (< 100 tons per year) mean that there is limited information about how current capture compares with the amounts of rhenium geologically present in mined material. This study compiles deposit rhenium grades and mine production data to estimate the flow of rhenium in mined material, including through international trade. It is found that less than 12% of rhenium present in ore is captured; however, capture may be as high as 30 to 44% when accounting for technical recovery limits. This has substantial impacts on the future availability of rhenium as the current supply chain faces a geologically imposed limit of rhenium available in ores. Further increases in primary metal capture beyond technical recovery limits can only be achieved by increasing the mining of the copper and molybdenum host ores.","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4085
Vandrianus Felix Feto Nuwa, Revia Oktaviani, Harjuni Hasan, Tommy Trides, Albertus Juvensius Pontus
PT. PAMA is a company engaged in mining and is a contractor of PT. Indominco Mandiri which has been running since 1996. The work contract given is blasting, from blasting activities many impacts arise, one of which is ground vibration, therefore it is necessary to measure the level of ground vibration in the west block area where there are several critical areas in the form of buildings such as offices , solar (fuel oil) storage, and PT. Indominco Mandiri, where there have been complaints regarding large vibrations and the potential for diesel spills from fuel oil. In the study the peak vector sum (pvs) value produced in December 2022 was 1.57 mm/s with the closest distance of 785 meters and in January 2023 4.21 mm/s with a distance of 500 meters. The maximum use of explosives item for explosive holes in December 2022 and January 2023 is 2,513 kg. This pvs value is still safe, because it is still below 5.0 mm/s and according to SNI 7572: 2010.
PT. PAMA是一家从事采矿的公司，是PT. Indominco Mandiri的承包商，自1996年以来一直在运营。该工程合同是爆破，爆破活动产生了许多影响，其中之一是地面振动，因此有必要测量西部区块区域的地面振动水平，该区域有几个关键区域，如办公室、太阳能(燃料油)储存和Indominco Mandiri PT，那里有关于大振动和燃料油泄漏柴油的可能性的投诉。研究中，2022年12月产生的峰值矢量和(pv)值为1.57 mm/s，最近距离为785 m, 2023年1月产生的峰值矢量和(pv)值为4.21 mm/s，距离为500 m。2022年12月和2023年1月爆孔最大炸药用量2513公斤。这个pv值仍然是安全的，因为它仍然低于5.0 mm/s，并且根据SNI 7572: 2010。
{"title":"Studi Studi Pengaruh Tingkat Getaran Tanah (Ground Vibration) Akibat Peledakan Terhadap Bangunan sekitar Pit 13 HW","authors":"Vandrianus Felix Feto Nuwa, Revia Oktaviani, Harjuni Hasan, Tommy Trides, Albertus Juvensius Pontus","doi":"10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4085","url":null,"abstract":"PT. PAMA is a company engaged in mining and is a contractor of PT. Indominco Mandiri which has been running since 1996. The work contract given is blasting, from blasting activities many impacts arise, one of which is ground vibration, therefore it is necessary to measure the level of ground vibration in the west block area where there are several critical areas in the form of buildings such as offices , solar (fuel oil) storage, and PT. Indominco Mandiri, where there have been complaints regarding large vibrations and the potential for diesel spills from fuel oil. In the study the peak vector sum (pvs) value produced in December 2022 was 1.57 mm/s with the closest distance of 785 meters and in January 2023 4.21 mm/s with a distance of 500 meters. The maximum use of explosives item for explosive holes in December 2022 and January 2023 is 2,513 kg. This pvs value is still safe, because it is still below 5.0 mm/s and according to SNI 7572: 2010.","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"570 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72432491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-23DOI: 10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4096
Kristina Damayanti Panjaitan, Janiar Pitulima, D. Andini
PT Timah Tbk carried out the development by establishing TB Primer Batu Besi, East Belitung. The purpose of this study was to find out the variable setting of the shaking table in order to obtain optimal levels and recovery of Sn. The research method used is gravity concentration using a shaking table tool. The feed used is Remaining Processing Results from the primary shaking table. The experiment was carried out twice, the first experiment was carried out 27 times with a sample weight of ± 78 kg. Each experiment used 9 variations, namely the tilt of the shaking table (8°;8.5°;9°) and the stroke length (12mm, 14mm, 16mm). The second experiment used ±5 tons of material with the most optimal tool settings from the first experiment. The feed sample material and product shaking table were tested using the XRF and GCA tests. The analysis of the XRF test showed that the Sn content in the feed was 0.45%. GCA analysis shows that the associated minerals are cassiterite, ilmenite, monazite, pyrite, quartz, tourmaline, hematite and magnetite. The optimal setting for the operating variable of the shaking table is with a variation of the tilt of the shaking table 8° and a stroke length of 12 mm to obtain a concentrated Sn content of 8.04% and a concentrated Sn recovery of 20.75%. The second experiment obtained a total Sn recovery of 17.25%. If one additional SHP processing line is added to TB Batu Besi, the company's recovery will increase from ±15% to ±29.55%.
PT Timah Tbk通过在东勿里洞建立TB Primer Batu Besi进行了开发。本研究的目的是找出振动台的变量设置，以获得最佳的Sn水平和回收率。采用的研究方法是利用振动台工具进行重力集中。所使用的饲料是来自主振动台的剩余处理结果。实验进行了两次，第一次实验进行了27次，样品重量为±78 kg。每个实验使用了9种变化，即振动台的倾斜度(8°、8.5°、9°)和行程长度(12mm、14mm、16mm)。第二次实验使用了±5吨的材料，使用了第一次实验中最优的刀具设置。采用XRF和GCA试验对进料试样材料和产品振动台进行了测试。XRF分析表明，饲料中锡的含量为0.45%。GCA分析表明伴生矿物为锡石、钛铁矿、独居石、黄铁矿、石英、电气石、赤铁矿和磁铁矿。振动台操作变量的最佳设置为振动台倾斜度为8°，行程长度为12 mm，可获得富集锡含量为8.04%，富集锡回收率为20.75%的精矿。第二次试验获得的Sn总回收率为17.25%。如果在TB Batu Besi增加一条SHP加工生产线，公司的回收率将从±15%提高到±29.55%。
{"title":"Kajian Teknis Pengolahan SHP menggunakan Shaking Table untuk Mengoptimalkan Kadar dan Recovery Sn di TB Batu Besi PT Timah Tbk","authors":"Kristina Damayanti Panjaitan, Janiar Pitulima, D. Andini","doi":"10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33019/mineral.v8i1.4096","url":null,"abstract":"PT Timah Tbk carried out the development by establishing TB Primer Batu Besi, East Belitung. The purpose of this study was to find out the variable setting of the shaking table in order to obtain optimal levels and recovery of Sn. The research method used is gravity concentration using a shaking table tool. The feed used is Remaining Processing Results from the primary shaking table. The experiment was carried out twice, the first experiment was carried out 27 times with a sample weight of ± 78 kg. Each experiment used 9 variations, namely the tilt of the shaking table (8°;8.5°;9°) and the stroke length (12mm, 14mm, 16mm). The second experiment used ±5 tons of material with the most optimal tool settings from the first experiment. The feed sample material and product shaking table were tested using the XRF and GCA tests. The analysis of the XRF test showed that the Sn content in the feed was 0.45%. GCA analysis shows that the associated minerals are cassiterite, ilmenite, monazite, pyrite, quartz, tourmaline, hematite and magnetite. The optimal setting for the operating variable of the shaking table is with a variation of the tilt of the shaking table 8° and a stroke length of 12 mm to obtain a concentrated Sn content of 8.04% and a concentrated Sn recovery of 20.75%. The second experiment obtained a total Sn recovery of 17.25%. If one additional SHP processing line is added to TB Batu Besi, the company's recovery will increase from ±15% to ±29.55%.","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74033726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00390-2
A. Alola, T. Adebayo, Ishaaqa Olagunju
{"title":"Assessment of sectoral greenhouse gas emission effects of biomass, fossil fuel, and (non)metallic ore utilization of the Nordic economy","authors":"A. Alola, T. Adebayo, Ishaaqa Olagunju","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00390-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00390-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89087180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00388-w
Emilio Castillo, Irene del Real, Cintia Roa
{"title":"Critical minerals versus major minerals: a comparative study of exploration budgets","authors":"Emilio Castillo, Irene del Real, Cintia Roa","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00388-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00388-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86789086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.1007/s13563-023-00386-y
Z. Robinson
{"title":"A macroeconomic viewpoint using a structural VAR analysis of silver price behaviour","authors":"Z. Robinson","doi":"10.1007/s13563-023-00386-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-023-00386-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44877,"journal":{"name":"Mineral Economics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83789899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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