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Method & Theory in the Study of Religion最新文献

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American Christian Nationalism and the Meaning of “Religion” 美国基督教民族主义与“宗教”的意义
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341533
Daniel D. Miller
American Christian nationalism highlights the entanglements of identity and power as they relate to the category of “religion.” Like many populist movements, Christian nationalism emerges out of a power-devaluation crisis stemming from the diminishment of White Christians’ social and political hegemony, coalescing around the affirmation that the US is a properly “Christian” nation. However, an examination of Christian nationalism reveals that the meaning of “Christian” within Christian nationalism cannot be captured by traditional measures of individual religiosity that tacitly presuppose that religion is essentially private, belief-focused, and non-political in nature, but must recognize that it expresses a complex social identity involving multiple social domains (e.g., race, gender, political ideology) and, as such, contests of power. This analysis is significant for religious studies because it suggests that religion is better approached analytically as an active process of socially-shared identity formation than as a belief system or Gestalt of individual religious practices.
美国基督教民族主义强调了与“宗教”范畴有关的身份和权力的纠缠。像许多民粹主义运动一样,基督教民族主义产生于一场权力贬值危机,这场危机源于白人基督徒的社会和政治霸权的削弱,围绕着美国是一个真正的“基督教”国家的肯定。然而,对基督教民族主义的考察表明,基督教民族主义中“基督教”的含义不能用传统的个人宗教虔诚的衡量标准来捕捉,传统的个人宗教虔诚默认宗教本质上是私人的、以信仰为中心的、非政治性的,但必须认识到它表达了一种复杂的社会身份,涉及多个社会领域(例如,种族、性别、政治意识形态),因此,也涉及权力竞争。这一分析对宗教研究具有重要意义,因为它表明,宗教最好是作为一种社会共享身份形成的积极过程来分析,而不是作为一种信仰体系或个人宗教实践的格式塔。
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引用次数: 0
Identity Turn: Managing Decolonialization and Identity Politics in the Study of Religion 身份转向:管理宗教研究中的非殖民化和身份政治
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-18 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-bja10069
J. Borup
The academic study of religion, with its concepts and theories that originate in a Western, Protestant context, has justly been criticized in postmodern and identity-focused discourses, in recent years under the umbrella of decolonization and social justice activism. It has been suggested that allegedly universally-applicable theories and methodologies are relativized and revealed as particularized Eurocentrism in the hegemonic representations of “white” or “Western” power regimes. While acknowledging such reorientations in the philosophy, sociology, psychology, and history of religion, this article also critically investigates and discusses the “critical study of religion.” It is suggested that the revisionist deconstruction emphasized by contemporary identity perspectives, with their discourses of difference and re-essentialized understandings of religion and culture, are not only problematic as theoretical orientations. Radical identity politics also imply methodological constraints on the academic study of religion, where comparison, analytical categories, and reflexive emic–etic distinctions must remain key factors.
近年来,在非殖民化和社会正义激进主义的保护伞下,宗教的学术研究及其起源于西方新教背景下的概念和理论在后现代和以身份为中心的话语中受到了应有的批评。有人认为,在“白人”或“西方”权力政权的霸权表述中,所谓普遍适用的理论和方法被相对化,并被揭示为特殊的欧洲中心主义。在承认哲学、社会学、心理学和宗教史的这种重新定位的同时,本文也对“宗教批判研究”进行了批判性的调查和讨论,不仅在理论方向上存在问题。激进的身份政治也意味着对宗教学术研究的方法论限制,其中比较、分析类别和反射性主位-主位区别必须仍然是关键因素。
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引用次数: 0
The “Constitutive Relevance of Models” (CRoM) Test: A Tool for Transferring Constructs and Virtues between Psychological and Anthropological Theories of Ritual “模式的构成相关性”(CRoM)测试:心理学和人类学仪式理论之间结构和美德转换的工具
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341531
Ryan G. Hornbeck, J. Barrett
This paper introduces a tool designed to mitigate a longstanding challenge to developing social anthropological theories of ritual – how to generate enough comparable case studies for rigorously testing the predictive strength and generalizability of the theory under scrutiny. Our “constitutive relevance of models” (CRoM) test identifies structural continuities between anthropological and psychological theoretical models of ritual phenomena that would justify sharing some analytical tools between models. With this test, anthropologists can in certain cases draw on a psychological theory construct’s superior empirical tractability to more efficiently identify instances of ritual phenomena that are suitable for developing and testing their own anthropological models. To demonstrate, we apply a CRoM test to validate the use of a construct developed under a psychological theory of ritual, Lawson and McCauley’s “ritual form hypothesis,” to search for case studies suitable for assessing the theoretical claims that anthropologist Roy Rappaport made for “highly sacred” rituals.
本文介绍了一种工具,旨在缓解发展仪式社会人类学理论的长期挑战——如何生成足够的可比案例研究,以严格测试该理论的预测力和可推广性。我们的“模型的构成相关性”(CRoM)测试确定了仪式现象的人类学和心理学理论模型之间的结构连续性,这将证明在模型之间共享一些分析工具是合理的。通过这种测试,人类学家在某些情况下可以利用心理学理论结构优越的经验可处理性,更有效地识别适合开发和测试自己的人类学模型的仪式现象实例。为了证明这一点,我们应用CRoM测试来验证在仪式心理学理论(Lawson和McCauley的“仪式形式假说”)下开发的结构的使用,以寻找适合评估人类学家Roy Rappaport对“高度神圣”仪式的理论主张的案例研究。
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引用次数: 0
“So Many Mothers, So Little Love”: Discourse of Motherly Love and Parental Governance in 2019 Hong Kong Protests “那么多的母亲,那么少的爱”:2019年香港抗议中的母爱与父母管治话语
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341528
Ting Guo
This paper focuses on Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor’s discourse of motherly love during the 2019 mass protests, examining it in relation to the politicization of Confucianism taking place in China today. This politicization results from a new cult of personality centered on President Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan which reinforces patriarchal authoritarianism and familial nationalism through an explicit emphasis on Confucianism and traditional values. Through this process, authoritarian power has been reconfigured and legitimized as Confucian duty, with the result that political leaders are made to appear firm but benevolent parents while the protestors are cast in the role of children requiring discipline. Lam’s discourse of motherly love is further complicated by the fact that she is the first woman to assume such a leadership role in modern Chinese history, which further illuminates Hong Kong’s struggle against both patriarchal authoritarianism and the gendered legacy of coloniality.
本文关注香港行政长官林郑月娥在2019年大规模抗议活动中的母性话语,并将其与当今中国发生的儒家政治化联系起来。 通过这一过程,威权权力被重新配置并合法化为儒家义务,结果是政治领导人被塑造成坚定但仁慈的父母,而抗议者则被塑造成需要管教的孩子的角色。林郑月娥是中国现代史上第一位担任这种领导角色的女性,这进一步说明了香港反对父权制威权主义和殖民主义的性别遗产的斗争,这使她对母亲之爱的论述更加复杂。
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引用次数: 2
Alternative Lenses for Qualitative Religion Research: Interstitial, Inverted, and Dialogical Approaches 定性宗教研究的另类视角:间质、倒置和对话方法
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341529
T. Hjelm
This article explores new ways of looking at qualitative data in the study of religion. I call them the interstitial, inverted, and dialogical approaches. The interstitial approach provides an alternative to traditional triangulation by treating discrepancies between, say, self-reporting and observation of religious attendance not as a problem, but as an interstice where new information can be found. The inverted approach examines how discourses about “the other” – the other’s religion, in this case – enable researchers to analyze positive self-identifications, even when those are left unarticulated. Finally, the dialogical approach responds to a recurrent problem in qualitative religion research: researchers often assume that they ways in which people talk about religion have particular consequences. The dialogical approach enables researchers to demonstrate whether and how this is indeed so. The three approaches show how epistemological reframing – all three are, in different ways, constructionist approaches – enables novel thinking about “religion.”
本文探讨了在宗教研究中看待定性数据的新方法。我称它们为间隙式、倒转式和对话式方法。间隙法提供了一种替代传统三角法的方法,它将自我报告和宗教出席观察之间的差异不视为问题,而是视为可以发现新信息的间隙。相反的方法考察了关于“他者”的话语——在这种情况下是他者的宗教——如何使研究人员能够分析积极的自我认同,即使这些认同没有被明确表达出来。最后,对话方法回应了定性宗教研究中一个反复出现的问题:研究人员经常假设人们谈论宗教的方式有特定的后果。对话方法使研究人员能够证明这是否以及如何确实如此。这三种方法显示了认识论的重构——这三种方法,以不同的方式,都是建构主义的方法——如何使对“宗教”的新思考成为可能。
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引用次数: 0
He Who Pays the Piper Calls the Tune: Big Data, Philanthrocapitalism, and the Demise of the Historical Study of Religions 谁买单,谁说了算:大数据、慈善资本主义和宗教历史研究的消亡
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341527
Leonardo Ambasciano
The recent digital turn has had an unprecedented impact on the identity of the academic disciplines that study religions. Expectedly, this shift has brought about a dramatic change in the power dynamics between the main research actors and funders. In particular, historians and humanist scholars have taken the brunt, mostly replaced by data scientists, software engineers, statisticians, psychologists, anthropologists, and biologists alike. Consequently, multimillion-dollar projects aimed at testing historical hypotheses and massive agent-based simulations have been implemented on shaky methodological and epistemological grounds. Concurrently, in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, private religious bodies have increasingly replaced public funding, raising important but still unaddressed moral questions about transparency, independence, and potential conflicts of interests. The present article explores the ethically troubling relationship between the boom of Big Data and computational approaches to the study of religions past and present and the infiltration of religious philanthrocapitalism in contemporary neoliberal academia.
最近的数字化转变对研究宗教的学术学科的身份产生了前所未有的影响。不出所料,这一转变使主要研究参与者和资助者之间的权力动态发生了戏剧性的变化。尤其是历史学家和人文主义学者首当其冲,取而代之的大多是数据科学家、软件工程师、统计学家、心理学家、人类学家和生物学家。因此,旨在测试历史假设和大规模基于主体的模拟的数百万美元项目是在不可靠的方法论和认识论基础上实施的。与此同时,在2008年金融危机之后,私人宗教团体越来越多地取代了公共资金,这引发了关于透明度、独立性和潜在利益冲突的重要但仍未解决的道德问题。本文探讨了大数据的繁荣和过去和现在宗教研究的计算方法与宗教慈善资本主义在当代新自由主义学术界的渗透之间令人不安的伦理关系。
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引用次数: 4
“Then He Stabbed Me with a Spear”: Aggressive Sacred Images and Interreligious Polemics “然后他用长矛刺伤了我”:侵略性的神圣形象和宗教间的论战
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341532
Monica Mitri
This paper studies Coptic communal identity in early Islamic Egypt by analyzing two hagiographical narratives from the Christian Copto-Arabic text The History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria. The narratives relate incidents of sacred images that become ‘aggressive’ when they retaliate against insults. Although the relation between religious violence and sacred art has merited much scholarly attention, the focus is usually on humans as the aggressors and sacred art as the victim. The reverse is scarcer, and its rarity means we miss an opportunity to rethink such narratives as communicative modes of rhetoric to be contextually interpreted. Here I argue that these aggressive sacred images were tools of power within a polemic religious discourse aimed at proclaiming divine truth, undergirding it with supernatural power, and ultimately shaping Coptic communal identity around this discourse.
本文通过分析基督教科普特-阿拉伯文本《亚历山大族长的历史》中的两个圣徒传记叙事,研究了早期伊斯兰埃及科普特人的社区认同。这些叙述涉及神圣形象的事件,当它们对侮辱进行报复时,它们会变得“咄咄逼人”。虽然宗教暴力与神圣艺术之间的关系引起了学术界的广泛关注,但人们通常把焦点放在作为侵略者的人类和作为受害者的神圣艺术上。反之则更为罕见,它的罕见意味着我们错过了重新思考这些叙事作为交际修辞模式的机会,以便在语境中解释。在这里,我认为这些侵略性的神圣形象是一种论战性的宗教话语中的权力工具,旨在宣布神圣的真理,用超自然的力量来巩固它,并最终围绕这一话语塑造科普特人的公共身份。
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引用次数: 0
“What the One Thing Shows Me in the Case of Two Things”: Comparison as Essential to a Proper Academic Study of Religion “在两件事的情况下,一件事向我展示了什么”:比较对正确的宗教学术研究至关重要
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-11-11 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341530
S. Gill
Comparison is a fundamental operation in the milieu of the remarkable abilities of human beings to transcend themselves in acts of perception and the accumulation of knowledge. Comparison is holding together things that are at once the same and different. The very possibility of the copresence of same and different, of is and is not, is a gift of human biology and evolution. Humans compare because it is our distinctive nature to do so. Academics have the added responsibility of being self-aware, self-reflective, and articulate when comparing. This article develops a rich theory of comparison in conjunction with detailed reflections on late nineteenth century encounters of European-Australians and Aborigines in Central Australia. The intent is to advance our understanding of comparison and also to articulate in the practical terms of method what is involved in comparison, arguing most generally that comparison is of the fabric of any proper study of religion.
比较是人类在感知行为和知识积累中超越自我的卓越能力背景下的一种基本操作。比较就是把既相同又不同的东西放在一起。相同与不同、是与非存在的可能性,正是人类生物学和进化的礼物。人类比较是因为这是我们独特的天性。学者们在进行比较时还要有自我意识、自我反思和清晰表达的额外责任。这篇文章发展了一个丰富的比较理论,并结合了对19世纪晚期欧洲澳大利亚人和澳大利亚中部土著相遇的详细反思。其目的是促进我们对比较的理解,并在实际的方法中阐明比较所涉及的内容,最普遍的论点是,比较是任何适当的宗教研究的结构。
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引用次数: 1
The Yoga Studies Dispositif 瑜伽研究倾向
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341525
Matteo Di Placido
In this paper I provide a preliminary account of the Yoga Studies Dispositif, that is, that specific apparatus of knowledge production, legitimization, and dissemination that has allowed the birth and development of the discipline of “modern yoga research” as an autonomous field of study and, in turn, has asserted the study of modern forms of yoga as its primary object of inquiry. More specifically, and in line with the constructionist epistemology taken by the “discursive study of religion” approach, I focus on the processes of boundary-work and boundary-object creation of modern yoga research and argue that these are the most influential discursive strategies adopted in the formation of this new discipline. Following on this premise, I contend that similar processes of demarcation and conceptual production are also pivotal to the birth and development of other sub-disciplines within the study of religion.
在本文中,我对瑜伽研究处置进行了初步说明,即知识生产、合法化和传播的特定机构,使“现代瑜伽研究”学科作为一个自主的研究领域得以诞生和发展,并反过来将现代瑜伽形式的研究作为其主要研究对象。更具体地说,根据“宗教话语研究”方法所采取的建构主义认识论,我关注现代瑜伽研究的边界工作和边界对象创造过程,并认为这些是在这一新学科的形成过程中采用的最具影响力的话语策略。在此前提下,我认为,类似的划界和概念产生过程对宗教研究中其他子学科的诞生和发展也至关重要。
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引用次数: 3
A Contextual Genealogical Approach to Study the Religious 研究宗教的语境宗谱方法
IF 0.6 2区 哲学 0 RELIGION Pub Date : 2021-10-04 DOI: 10.1163/15700682-12341526
Edgar Zavala-Pelayo
The paper seeks to fill the gap in the literature that on the one hand adopts productively a Foucauldian genealogical approach to analyze religious phenomena yet on the other hand offers only minimum details, or no account, of methodological criteria and analytical procedures. Drawing retrospectively on the methodological experiences and insights of the author’s previous genealogical exercises, and the findings of some of the works above, the paper develops a contextual genealogical approach to study the religious in colonial and post-colonial settings with a Christian background. Based on a critical adoption of Nietzschean and Foucauldian tenets and six strategic analytical axes, the approach is presented as an open and flexible context-oriented methodological alternative for the necessarily constant rethinking of the religious in the present.
本文试图填补文献中的空白,即一方面有效地采用福柯式的宗谱方法来分析宗教现象,但另一方面只提供最小的细节,或没有说明方法标准和分析过程。回顾作者之前家谱练习的方法论经验和见解,以及上述一些作品的发现,本文开发了一种背景家谱方法来研究具有基督教背景的殖民和后殖民环境中的宗教。基于对尼采和福柯信条和六个战略分析轴的批判性采纳,该方法被呈现为一种开放和灵活的以环境为导向的方法替代方案,用于当前对宗教的必要不断的重新思考。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Method & Theory in the Study of Religion
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