Pub Date : 2021-02-28DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2021.1889929
S. Mirahmadi
ABSTRACT The world history of Rashid al-Din, known as Jamiʿ al-Tavarikh, was written in the fourteenth century primarily to record the history of Chingizid dynasty. However, the book turned out to be one of the most significant projects of the Ilkhanid era such that even now, after six centuries still enthrals its readers. This article attempts to show how Rashid al-Din sought to legitimise the Ilkhanids by applying literary devices, in particular poetry. The article also discusses the importance of poetry as a form of demonstration of power.
{"title":"Legitimising the Khan: Rashid al-Din’s Ideological Project from a Literary Aspect","authors":"S. Mirahmadi","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2021.1889929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2021.1889929","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The world history of Rashid al-Din, known as Jamiʿ al-Tavarikh, was written in the fourteenth century primarily to record the history of Chingizid dynasty. However, the book turned out to be one of the most significant projects of the Ilkhanid era such that even now, after six centuries still enthrals its readers. This article attempts to show how Rashid al-Din sought to legitimise the Ilkhanids by applying literary devices, in particular poetry. The article also discusses the importance of poetry as a form of demonstration of power.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"221 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2021.1889929","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46843921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2021.1889930
M. Hope
ABSTRACT The disintegration of the Ilkhanate following the death of its last effective ruler, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (d. 736/1335), precipitated the emergence of a number of regional dynasties, not least of all the Chubanids who claimed the former Mongolian core territories of Azerbaijan and Mughan in north-western Iran. Between 738/1337 and 758/1357, the Chubanids worked strenuously to reconstitute the Ilkhanid dispensation under their control. This period, which has so far been largely ignored by historians, may therefore offer a great deal of information about the balance of power, both in the late Ilkhan court and the warring states period that prefaced the Timurid dominion of the fifteenth century. The present study will begin the process of demystifying this still largely unexplored chapter of Iran's political history by outlining how the Chubanids supported their claim to power through a coalition of “Turks and Tajiks” drawn from the sedentary and nomadic population of the former Ilkhanate. It will argue that this coalition was wooed to the Chubanids by an eclectic mix of Chinggisid, Islamic, and Persian political symbolism, which speaks to the dynamic imperial culture of the late Ilkhanate.
{"title":"The Political Configuration of Late Ilkhanid Iran: A Case Study of the Chubanid Amirate (738–758/1337–1357)","authors":"M. Hope","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2021.1889930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2021.1889930","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The disintegration of the Ilkhanate following the death of its last effective ruler, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (d. 736/1335), precipitated the emergence of a number of regional dynasties, not least of all the Chubanids who claimed the former Mongolian core territories of Azerbaijan and Mughan in north-western Iran. Between 738/1337 and 758/1357, the Chubanids worked strenuously to reconstitute the Ilkhanid dispensation under their control. This period, which has so far been largely ignored by historians, may therefore offer a great deal of information about the balance of power, both in the late Ilkhan court and the warring states period that prefaced the Timurid dominion of the fifteenth century. The present study will begin the process of demystifying this still largely unexplored chapter of Iran's political history by outlining how the Chubanids supported their claim to power through a coalition of “Turks and Tajiks” drawn from the sedentary and nomadic population of the former Ilkhanate. It will argue that this coalition was wooed to the Chubanids by an eclectic mix of Chinggisid, Islamic, and Persian political symbolism, which speaks to the dynamic imperial culture of the late Ilkhanate.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"255 - 271"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2021.1889930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41699797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessing the Causation of Tradesmen Rebellion in Tabriz Through Institutionalisation Approach During Shah-Tahmasp Safavi Ruling (1571–1573 AD)","authors":"Zahra Keshavarz, Asghar Montazerolghaem, Shabnam Hashemi","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2021.1882262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2021.1882262","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2021.1882262","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45125524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2021.1882261
Marc Czarnuszewicz
ABSTRACT The Sira of al-Muʾayyad fi al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1078 C.E. / 470 A.H.) offers a first-hand account of the politics of religion in South-West Iran in the 11th century. However, the limited studies of this text to date do not fully explore how al-Muʾayyad's activities related to the socio-economic situation of the localities they targeted. In light of the lack of information, both in the Sira and more generally, on the tactics and objectives of Iranian duʿat (s.g. daʿi) like al-Muʾayyad before the Ismaʿili succession struggle (i.e. pre-1094 / 487) and the common translation of this term as “missionary” in much literature, this paper will use a range of textual and non-textual sources to set his activities in their proper historical context. It will thereby seek to show that this context closely guided his movements in targeting those people and places most important to maintaining temporal sovereignty.
《al-Mu - ayyad fi al-Din al-Shirazi》(公元1078年/公元470年)提供了11世纪伊朗西南部宗教政治的第一手资料。然而，迄今为止对这一案文的有限研究并没有充分探讨al-Mu - al- ayyad的活动与它们所针对的地方的社会经济状况之间的关系。鉴于在西拉和更普遍的情况下，关于在伊斯玛·伊力继承斗争之前(即1094 / 487年之前)像al-Mu - al- ayyad这样的伊朗du - at (s.g. da - i)的策略和目标的信息缺乏，以及在许多文献中将这个术语翻译为“传教士”，本文将使用一系列文本和非文本来源来将他的活动置于适当的历史背景中。因此，它将设法表明，这一背景密切指导他针对那些对维持暂时主权最重要的人民和地方的行动。
{"title":"Challenging Narratives of “Missionary” Ismaʿilism in Buyid Iran: Reconsidering the Sira of al-Muʾayyad fī al-Din al-Shirazi through Socio-economic Contextualisation","authors":"Marc Czarnuszewicz","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2021.1882261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2021.1882261","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Sira of al-Muʾayyad fi al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1078 C.E. / 470 A.H.) offers a first-hand account of the politics of religion in South-West Iran in the 11th century. However, the limited studies of this text to date do not fully explore how al-Muʾayyad's activities related to the socio-economic situation of the localities they targeted. In light of the lack of information, both in the Sira and more generally, on the tactics and objectives of Iranian duʿat (s.g. daʿi) like al-Muʾayyad before the Ismaʿili succession struggle (i.e. pre-1094 / 487) and the common translation of this term as “missionary” in much literature, this paper will use a range of textual and non-textual sources to set his activities in their proper historical context. It will thereby seek to show that this context closely guided his movements in targeting those people and places most important to maintaining temporal sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"61 1","pages":"94 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2021.1882261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48311756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1701524
Amir-Hossein Karimy, P. Holakooei
ABSTRACT Several monuments erected in the mid-seventeenth century in Isfahan, Iran, demonstrate a glittering paint layer as wall decoration. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) on the glittering paint layer showed flakes of muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) scattered on gypsum plaster were responsible for the glittering effect. Accounts of several travellers and historical texts about a substance called talq match with the use of muscovite as a glittering pigment in Persia during the seventeenth century. Methods of preparation and possible source for muscovite in Iran are discussed. It is suggested that crushed muscovite was in use as pigment in Persia sometime around the mid-seventeenth century. It is also argued that the use of muscovite was a new experience related to mass building construction in the capital of the Safavids during the mid-seventeenth century.
{"title":"Looking Like Silver: Mica as a Pigment in Mid-Seventeenth Century Persian Wall Decorations","authors":"Amir-Hossein Karimy, P. Holakooei","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2019.1701524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2019.1701524","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Several monuments erected in the mid-seventeenth century in Isfahan, Iran, demonstrate a glittering paint layer as wall decoration. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) on the glittering paint layer showed flakes of muscovite (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2) scattered on gypsum plaster were responsible for the glittering effect. Accounts of several travellers and historical texts about a substance called talq match with the use of muscovite as a glittering pigment in Persia during the seventeenth century. Methods of preparation and possible source for muscovite in Iran are discussed. It is suggested that crushed muscovite was in use as pigment in Persia sometime around the mid-seventeenth century. It is also argued that the use of muscovite was a new experience related to mass building construction in the capital of the Safavids during the mid-seventeenth century.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2019.1701524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46577821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494
N. Eskandari, F. Desset, L. Maritan, A. Cherubini, M. Vidale
Retraction: Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran) We, the Editor[s] and Publisher of Iran, have retracted the following article: Nasir Eskandari, Francois Desset, Lara Maritan, Arnaldo Cherubini, & Massimo Vidale, Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran), Iran (2019), doi: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494 Please note that this article has been removed from Iran as it is a Duplicate Publication of: Nasir Eskandari, Francois Desset, Lara Maritan, Arnaldo Cherubini, & Massimo Vidale, Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran), Iran (2019), doi: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1607162 We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.
撤回：使用多种材料的顺序铸造：哈利勒鲁德山谷青铜时代的“皇家权杖”（伊朗克尔曼）我们，伊朗的编辑和出版商，撤回了以下文章：Nasir Eskandari、Francois Desset、Lara Maritan、Arnaldo Cherubini和Massimo Vidale，使用多种材料的顺序铸造：来自Halil Rud Valley（伊朗克尔曼）的青铜时代“皇家权杖”，伊朗（2019），doi:10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494请注意，这篇文章已从伊朗删除，因为它是Nasir Eskandari、Francois Desset、Lara Maritan、Arnaldo Cherubini和Massimo Vidale的重复出版物，使用多种材料的顺序铸造：来自伊朗Halil Rud Valley（克尔曼，伊朗）的青铜时代“皇家权杖”（2019），doi:10.1080/05786967.2019.1607162我们在决策中已获悉我们关于出版道德和诚信的政策以及COPE关于撤回的指导方针。撤回的文章将保留在网上，以保持学术记录，但它将在每一页上加上“撤回”的数字水印。
{"title":"RETRACTED ARTICLE: Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran)","authors":"N. Eskandari, F. Desset, L. Maritan, A. Cherubini, M. Vidale","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494","url":null,"abstract":"Retraction: Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran) We, the Editor[s] and Publisher of Iran, have retracted the following article: Nasir Eskandari, Francois Desset, Lara Maritan, Arnaldo Cherubini, & Massimo Vidale, Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran), Iran (2019), doi: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494 Please note that this article has been removed from Iran as it is a Duplicate Publication of: Nasir Eskandari, Francois Desset, Lara Maritan, Arnaldo Cherubini, & Massimo Vidale, Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran), Iran (2019), doi: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1607162 We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as “Retracted”.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"ii - xv"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2019.1605494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42464331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2019.1633240
Sheler Amelirad, Eghbal Azizi
ABSTRACT Kani Koter cemetery is located in Iranian Kurdistan, close to Dere Pemeyan (or Persian Dare Panbedan) village, between the ancient sites of Ziwiye and Karafto Cave (Figure 1). In this article, we discuss the material discovered from one of the graves in this cemetery, its chronology, and cultural associations. Unfortunately, tomb robbers plundered this grave, completely ruining the tomb's stratigraphic context. Fortunately, in 2016 the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kurdistan rescued all of the stolen artefacts, and today the collection is stored at the Sanandaj Museum. The grave has yielded a number of elaborately decorated objects that belong nominally to Assyrian, Urartian and Mannaean artistic traditions, with the date for the finds being established by means of comparisons with Assyrian and Urartian artefacts.
{"title":"Kani Koter, Iron Age Cemetery From Iranian Kurdistan","authors":"Sheler Amelirad, Eghbal Azizi","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2019.1633240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2019.1633240","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Kani Koter cemetery is located in Iranian Kurdistan, close to Dere Pemeyan (or Persian Dare Panbedan) village, between the ancient sites of Ziwiye and Karafto Cave (Figure 1). In this article, we discuss the material discovered from one of the graves in this cemetery, its chronology, and cultural associations. Unfortunately, tomb robbers plundered this grave, completely ruining the tomb's stratigraphic context. Fortunately, in 2016 the Cultural Heritage Organization of Kurdistan rescued all of the stolen artefacts, and today the collection is stored at the Sanandaj Museum. The grave has yielded a number of elaborately decorated objects that belong nominally to Assyrian, Urartian and Mannaean artistic traditions, with the date for the finds being established by means of comparisons with Assyrian and Urartian artefacts.","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"57 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2019.1633240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47238301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2021.1876373
{"title":"Retraction: Sequential Casting Using Multiple Materials: A Bronze Age “Royal Sceptre” from the Halil Rud Valley (Kerman, Iran)","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2021.1876373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2021.1876373","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"i - i"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2021.1876373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44513022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2020.1840080
M. Roaf, V. Curtis
David Stronach, eminent archaeologist and founding Director of the British Institute of Persian Studies, passed away peacefully at his home in San Francisco on 27 June 2020. He was surrounded by hi...
{"title":"Professor David B. Stronach, OBE 1931–2020","authors":"M. Roaf, V. Curtis","doi":"10.1080/05786967.2020.1840080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2020.1840080","url":null,"abstract":"David Stronach, eminent archaeologist and founding Director of the British Institute of Persian Studies, passed away peacefully at his home in San Francisco on 27 June 2020. He was surrounded by hi...","PeriodicalId":44995,"journal":{"name":"Iran-Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/05786967.2020.1840080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42729229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-21DOI: 10.1080/05786967.2020.1857939
Denis Hermann, F. Speziale
ABSTRACT Historians of sciences in the Muslim world have often overlooked the role of religious circles as places for the production and circulation of scientific materials. By focusing on the case of Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani (d. 1288/1871), this article explores how scientific learning is dealt with in the work of a leading master of the Shaykhi school. This article looks in particular at the Daqa’iq al-‘ilaj, an extensive medical treatise written in the years which saw the founding of the Dar al-Funun in Tehran. The main feature of this work is its eclecticism. It deals chiefly with Avicennian medical knowledge and is structured according to the patterns of Avicennian medical texts. In parallel, it set forth a theory of human constitution which incorporates the concepts of spagyric medicine originated from the work of the Renaissance scholar Paracelsus (d. 1541). Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani did not just translate Paracelsus’ ideas, he domesticated them in the epistemic framework of the receiving culture. Furthermore, the Daqa’iq al-‘ilaj includes a number of traditions on medical issues drawn from the collections of the imams’ hadith. The author uses the hadiths as a flexible device: they are quoted to endorse Avicennian medical and hygienic notions; moreover, they are also used in the part which introduces the Paracelsian concept of tartar.
穆斯林世界的科学史家经常忽视宗教界作为科学资料生产和流通场所的作用。本文以穆罕默德·卡里姆·可汗·基尔马尼(Muhammad Karim Khan Kirmani, 1288/1871年)为例，探讨了一位Shaykhi学派的主要大师是如何在他的作品中处理科学知识的。这篇文章特别关注Daqa ' iq al- ' ilaj，这是一篇广泛的医学论文，写于德黑兰达尔富农建立的年代。这部作品的主要特点是它的折衷主义。它主要涉及阿维森纳医学知识，并根据阿维森纳医学文本的模式进行结构。与此同时，它提出了一种人体体质理论，该理论融合了文艺复兴时期学者帕拉塞尔苏斯(1541年)的著作中提出的意大利式医学的概念。穆罕默德·卡里姆·可汗·基尔马尼不仅翻译了帕拉塞尔苏斯的思想，还在接受文化的认知框架中对其进行了驯化。此外，Daqa ' iq al- ' ilaj还包括一些从伊玛目圣训中摘录的关于医疗问题的传统。作者将圣训作为一种灵活的手段:引用圣训来支持阿维森纳的医学和卫生观念;此外，在介绍帕拉塞尔斯的鞑靼概念的部分也使用了它们。
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