Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_157_23
Sembagamuthu Sembiah, J. Burman
{"title":"Fiscal Incentives − Imperative for Promoting Healthy Eating","authors":"Sembagamuthu Sembiah, J. Burman","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_157_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_157_23","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141682660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_490_23
Madhur Verma, Amandeep Kaur, Ankush Upneja, P. Dhoat, J. Aneja, Rakesh Kakkar
Physical activity (PA) offers innumerable benefits and is a promising intervention against common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. We examined the association between PA and depression or anxiety in adults. A study was conducted between March 2021 and August 2022 using a cross-sectional study design. We recruited 334 participants >40 years of age from the noncommunicable disease (NCD) screening clinic of a tertiary care institute in North India. Health-enhancing PA (HEPA) was estimated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while depression and anxiety were screened using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scales. Bivariate and univariate analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 to depict our results. Engagement in HEPA was 23.4%. The HEPA depicted significant socioeconomic disparities. The mean total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were considerably higher in the HEPA active group, despite having lower GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scale scores. The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 59.0% and 13.4%. PA depicted better odds against depression but not against anxiety symptoms. Low HEPA engagement in adults is a matter of concern, and it is high time we look beyond NCDs toward the risk factors. It is essential to incorporate PA counseling universally and not be restricted to a particular clinical department to realize its full potential in restraining the growing NCD burden.
{"title":"Is Physical Activity Related to Depression and Anxiety among Adults? Observations from a Noncommunicable Disease Screening Clinic in North India","authors":"Madhur Verma, Amandeep Kaur, Ankush Upneja, P. Dhoat, J. Aneja, Rakesh Kakkar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_490_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_490_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Physical activity (PA) offers innumerable benefits and is a promising intervention against common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. We examined the association between PA and depression or anxiety in adults.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A study was conducted between March 2021 and August 2022 using a cross-sectional study design. We recruited 334 participants >40 years of age from the noncommunicable disease (NCD) screening clinic of a tertiary care institute in North India. Health-enhancing PA (HEPA) was estimated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), while depression and anxiety were screened using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scales. Bivariate and univariate analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 to depict our results.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Engagement in HEPA was 23.4%. The HEPA depicted significant socioeconomic disparities. The mean total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were considerably higher in the HEPA active group, despite having lower GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scale scores. The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms was 59.0% and 13.4%. PA depicted better odds against depression but not against anxiety symptoms.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Low HEPA engagement in adults is a matter of concern, and it is high time we look beyond NCDs toward the risk factors. It is essential to incorporate PA counseling universally and not be restricted to a particular clinical department to realize its full potential in restraining the growing NCD burden.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_839_23
Ravneet Kaur, Tejbeer Singh, M. Kalaivani, Kapil Yadav, Sanjeev K. Gupta, Shashi Kant
Respectful maternity care (RMC) is increasingly being accepted as an essential element for health systems. Every childbearing woman has a right to get dignified and respectful healthcare. Initial research has highlighted that disrespect and abuse are widespread, however, there is a paucity of quantitative evidence. In this community-based cross-sectional study, among 485 participants, conducted in 28 villages of Northern India, we ascertained the experience of RMC during childbirth by using the person-centered maternity care (PCMC) scale. The majority (88.7%) of women experienced RMC. The domain with the lowest score was communication and autonomy (62.9%), followed by supportive care (76.1%). Self-introduction by health providers, the position of choice during delivery, relief from pain, and availability of preferred companions during delivery were the deficient areas. Women who gave birth in private health facilities were more likely to receive RMC than those who gave birth in government facilities, while those belonging to marginalized social groups had lesser odds of receiving RMC as compared to other women. Communication skills should be promoted to maternity care providers. Self-introduction by healthcare providers and choice of position during delivery are the deficient areas, which should be focused upon.
{"title":"Respectful Maternity Care during Childbirth among Women in a Rural Area of Northern India","authors":"Ravneet Kaur, Tejbeer Singh, M. Kalaivani, Kapil Yadav, Sanjeev K. Gupta, Shashi Kant","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_839_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_839_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Respectful maternity care (RMC) is increasingly being accepted as an essential element for health systems. Every childbearing woman has a right to get dignified and respectful healthcare. Initial research has highlighted that disrespect and abuse are widespread, however, there is a paucity of quantitative evidence.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this community-based cross-sectional study, among 485 participants, conducted in 28 villages of Northern India, we ascertained the experience of RMC during childbirth by using the person-centered maternity care (PCMC) scale.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The majority (88.7%) of women experienced RMC. The domain with the lowest score was communication and autonomy (62.9%), followed by supportive care (76.1%). Self-introduction by health providers, the position of choice during delivery, relief from pain, and availability of preferred companions during delivery were the deficient areas. Women who gave birth in private health facilities were more likely to receive RMC than those who gave birth in government facilities, while those belonging to marginalized social groups had lesser odds of receiving RMC as compared to other women.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Communication skills should be promoted to maternity care providers. Self-introduction by healthcare providers and choice of position during delivery are the deficient areas, which should be focused upon.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141680835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_299_23
Annie Pame, Radhakrishnan Govindan, R. K. Madegowda
In India, child sexual abuse is a widespread, serious, and long-growing problem. Children are generally abused by the people known to them and less likely by strangers. A majority of people remain numb about the issues because of fear, denial from the community and social stigma and also result in less reported cases among the victims. Our aim was to assess early adolescent girl’s knowledge on child sexual abuse and self-protection and assess the effectiveness of interactive education programs. For the study, we adopted one group of pre-test and post-test designs. A total of 30 early adolescent girls from a selected school participated. The intervention consisted of interactive education program using role-play, discussion, storytelling, and audiovisual aids. Knowledge about CSA and self-protection was assessed pre- and post-intervention. There were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -7.632, P < 0.001) following interactive sessions. Also, the mean for self-protection was significantly lower than the post-test mean. After the intervention, there were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -5.722, P < 0.001). The results also show that the education of parents and monthly family income had significant association with the pre-intervention knowledge level. Interactive education program effectively increases the knowledge level on CSA and self-protection.
{"title":"Effectiveness of Adolescent Interactive Education Program on Knowledge About Child Sexual Abuse and Self-Protection Among Early Adolescent Girls from Selected Urban School of Bengaluru, Karnataka","authors":"Annie Pame, Radhakrishnan Govindan, R. K. Madegowda","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_299_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_299_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In India, child sexual abuse is a widespread, serious, and long-growing problem. Children are generally abused by the people known to them and less likely by strangers. A majority of people remain numb about the issues because of fear, denial from the community and social stigma and also result in less reported cases among the victims. Our aim was to assess early adolescent girl’s knowledge on child sexual abuse and self-protection and assess the effectiveness of interactive education programs. For the study, we adopted one group of pre-test and post-test designs. A total of 30 early adolescent girls from a selected school participated. The intervention consisted of interactive education program using role-play, discussion, storytelling, and audiovisual aids. Knowledge about CSA and self-protection was assessed pre- and post-intervention. There were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -7.632, P < 0.001) following interactive sessions. Also, the mean for self-protection was significantly lower than the post-test mean. After the intervention, there were significant changes in the knowledge score of pre-test from post-test (t = -5.722, P < 0.001). The results also show that the education of parents and monthly family income had significant association with the pre-intervention knowledge level. Interactive education program effectively increases the knowledge level on CSA and self-protection.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141681750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_655_23
Neethu George, Pavithra Mahendran, Vijayalakshmi L. Rajkumar, Vijaya S. Vivekanandan, Vidhya Thangavel, Vijayakumar Elangovan, Yashwanth Palanisamy, Yogapriya Poomalai, Divya Puvaneswaran
The effects of climate change have been evident throughout all domains of health such as physical, social, environmental, and mental. However, the lack of perception made it a grey topic among the public. The aim of the study was to determine the perception of climate change on physical, environmental, and mental domains of health and to find the association between the physical, environmental, and mental effects of climate change and its basic characteristics. This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design among the general population above 30 years in the field practice area [urban and rural] of tertiary care hospital Perambalur for a period of three months. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and the interviewer method, which includes sociodemographic characteristics along with questions on the perception of climate change effects on mental, physical, and environmental aspects. The regression models were used to analyze the odds of perception among the subjects with respect to the various domains of characteristics. The study included 877 participants, where the majority of subjects perceived the effects of climate change on physical, mental, and environmental domains of health. The odds of having a higher perception were significant in regression analysis among people with higher/school education, agriculture occupation, and rural residence (P < 0.05). Most of the study participants had an increased perception of climate change effects, making the subjects better candidates to impart adaptive strategies. Community-based programs have to be promoted to develop better comprehension and factual perception of climate change.
{"title":"Climate Change Influence on Health Domains, a Public Perception from a District in South India – A Cross-sectional Study","authors":"Neethu George, Pavithra Mahendran, Vijayalakshmi L. Rajkumar, Vijaya S. Vivekanandan, Vidhya Thangavel, Vijayakumar Elangovan, Yashwanth Palanisamy, Yogapriya Poomalai, Divya Puvaneswaran","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_655_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_655_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The effects of climate change have been evident throughout all domains of health such as physical, social, environmental, and mental. However, the lack of perception made it a grey topic among the public. The aim of the study was to determine the perception of climate change on physical, environmental, and mental domains of health and to find the association between the physical, environmental, and mental effects of climate change and its basic characteristics.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design among the general population above 30 years in the field practice area [urban and rural] of tertiary care hospital Perambalur for a period of three months. The data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and the interviewer method, which includes sociodemographic characteristics along with questions on the perception of climate change effects on mental, physical, and environmental aspects. The regression models were used to analyze the odds of perception among the subjects with respect to the various domains of characteristics.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study included 877 participants, where the majority of subjects perceived the effects of climate change on physical, mental, and environmental domains of health. The odds of having a higher perception were significant in regression analysis among people with higher/school education, agriculture occupation, and rural residence (P < 0.05).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Most of the study participants had an increased perception of climate change effects, making the subjects better candidates to impart adaptive strategies. Community-based programs have to be promoted to develop better comprehension and factual perception of climate change.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141683907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_292_24
Anand Krishnan
{"title":"Some Thoughts on Superspecialization in Community Medicine","authors":"Anand Krishnan","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_292_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_292_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Aggarwal, Heena Tabassum, Pragati Agarwal, A. Grover, Ravinder Singh
People with disabilities often experience worse health outcomes than ordinary people because of multiple barriers to accessing healthcare. These inequalities are particularly exposed during the pandemic, indicating an urgent need to strengthen health systems, so that they are inclusive and responsive to the needs of these people during crises. These people are particularly affected by changes in routine services because of diversion of healthcare staff and facilities to respond to the pandemic, e.g., rehabilitation and medications. The combination of these factors substantially imparts negative impacts on their functioning and well-being. Health services research can help address the challenges of maintaining continuity of care during crises as well as addressing systematic inequalities in the health sector that marginalize people with disabilities even during noncrisis times. Therefore, research is needed to understand the health service design and to identify strategies to maximize active participation from this population.
{"title":"Beyond Barriers: Addressing Challenges and Opportunities of People with Disability During the Pandemic","authors":"S. Aggarwal, Heena Tabassum, Pragati Agarwal, A. Grover, Ravinder Singh","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_49_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_49_24","url":null,"abstract":"People with disabilities often experience worse health outcomes than ordinary people because of multiple barriers to accessing healthcare. These inequalities are particularly exposed during the pandemic, indicating an urgent need to strengthen health systems, so that they are inclusive and responsive to the needs of these people during crises. These people are particularly affected by changes in routine services because of diversion of healthcare staff and facilities to respond to the pandemic, e.g., rehabilitation and medications. The combination of these factors substantially imparts negative impacts on their functioning and well-being. Health services research can help address the challenges of maintaining continuity of care during crises as well as addressing systematic inequalities in the health sector that marginalize people with disabilities even during noncrisis times. Therefore, research is needed to understand the health service design and to identify strategies to maximize active participation from this population.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141706848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hand hygiene remains one of the most effective methods of preventing healthcare-associated infections. Hand drying is the end point of hand hygiene. Hand drying after hand hygiene is less explored, and the practice varies in different facilities. This explorative study was done to know the various hand-drying methods and practices of healthcare workers in Indian settings. This was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based observational study initiated from a tertiary care setup in Uttarakhand. Healthcare workers over 18 years of age directly involved in patient care were enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire with both open-ended and close-ended questions was used with snowballing sampling technique. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Out of the eligible 395 respondents, 62.8% were female. The mean age of the respondents was 31.34 ± 8.44 years and average working hours were 8.87 ± 2.97 (range 4–24) hours. Only 72.7% did hand hygiene always before touching a patient. Nurses were more compliant about hand hygiene than doctors (P < 0.0001). A total of 82.8% were aware of appropriate hand-drying methods. Staff in the Intensive care unit Intensive care unit (ICU) setup were more aware of hand drying practices (P = 0.033). A total of 21.8% wiped their hands on their clothing to dry their hands. This was more in staff from paraclinical departments (P = 0.001). A total of 35.7% used handkerchiefs to dry hands. Resident doctors used handkerchiefs more than senior doctors or nursing staff (P = 0.01). A total of 49.9% of respondents spent less than 10 seconds in hand drying. Hand-hygiene knowledge is high among healthcare workers in India, but the knowledge of appropriate hand-drying practices is lacking. There is wide variation in the practice of hand drying. Better hand drying guidelines and incorporating hand drying as the essential endpoint of the hand hygiene ritual are warranted.
{"title":"Appropriate Hand Drying - The Missed Step of Hand Hygiene: A Qualitative Evaluation of Hand Drying Practices among Indian Health Care Workers","authors":"Rakesh Kumar, Sanober Wasim, Neerul Pandita, Pushpang Suman, Girish Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_667_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_667_22","url":null,"abstract":"Hand hygiene remains one of the most effective methods of preventing healthcare-associated infections. Hand drying is the end point of hand hygiene. Hand drying after hand hygiene is less explored, and the practice varies in different facilities. This explorative study was done to know the various hand-drying methods and practices of healthcare workers in Indian settings. This was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based observational study initiated from a tertiary care setup in Uttarakhand. Healthcare workers over 18 years of age directly involved in patient care were enrolled. A semi-structured questionnaire with both open-ended and close-ended questions was used with snowballing sampling technique. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Out of the eligible 395 respondents, 62.8% were female. The mean age of the respondents was 31.34 ± 8.44 years and average working hours were 8.87 ± 2.97 (range 4–24) hours. Only 72.7% did hand hygiene always before touching a patient. Nurses were more compliant about hand hygiene than doctors (P < 0.0001). A total of 82.8% were aware of appropriate hand-drying methods. Staff in the Intensive care unit Intensive care unit (ICU) setup were more aware of hand drying practices (P = 0.033). A total of 21.8% wiped their hands on their clothing to dry their hands. This was more in staff from paraclinical departments (P = 0.001). A total of 35.7% used handkerchiefs to dry hands. Resident doctors used handkerchiefs more than senior doctors or nursing staff (P = 0.01). A total of 49.9% of respondents spent less than 10 seconds in hand drying. Hand-hygiene knowledge is high among healthcare workers in India, but the knowledge of appropriate hand-drying practices is lacking. There is wide variation in the practice of hand drying. Better hand drying guidelines and incorporating hand drying as the essential endpoint of the hand hygiene ritual are warranted.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141714291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_768_22
Monika Yadav, Viji Bathirasamy
Health expenditure above a certain threshold level can result in a financial catastrophe by reducing the expenses on necessities. Certain socio-demographic variables have been observed to play a role in influencing catastrophic healthcare expenditure, guiding the present study to examine this scenario for employees in sedentary occupations. A cross-sectional study has been conducted among 370 employees recruited through a random sampling technique. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the main objective of the study. The factors associated with a higher probability of catastrophic healthcare expenditure were males with increasing age. Years of work experience tend to be associated with a lower likelihood of catastrophic healthcare expenditure. No conclusive evidence could be drawn for BMI, income, marital status and education.
{"title":"A Cross-sectional Study for Examining Catastrophic Healthcare Expenditure Across Socio-demographic Variables among Employees in a Sedentary Occupation","authors":"Monika Yadav, Viji Bathirasamy","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_768_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_768_22","url":null,"abstract":"Health expenditure above a certain threshold level can result in a financial catastrophe by reducing the expenses on necessities. Certain socio-demographic variables have been observed to play a role in influencing catastrophic healthcare expenditure, guiding the present study to examine this scenario for employees in sedentary occupations. A cross-sectional study has been conducted among 370 employees recruited through a random sampling technique. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the main objective of the study. The factors associated with a higher probability of catastrophic healthcare expenditure were males with increasing age. Years of work experience tend to be associated with a lower likelihood of catastrophic healthcare expenditure. No conclusive evidence could be drawn for BMI, income, marital status and education.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1009_22
Dhrubajyoti J Debnath, Jayanti Ray, Syed Mustafa Jah, Yamini Marimuthu
India is undergoing epidemiological transitions with the increase in noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden. Targeting the modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes in the early years of life remains the most effective strategy for decreasing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To determine the association between cigarette smoking and T2DM. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Patients aged more than 35 years were enrolled, and details regarding sociodemography, clinical status, and NCD risk factors were collected using pretested semistructured questionnaires after obtaining IEC approval. Data collected were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Simple logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Out of 434 participants, 37.3% had diabetes mellitus, 51.6% were males, and 28.6% had alcohol consumption. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed age, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with increased risk of T2DM. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed cigarette smoking, systolic BP, age, and female gender were significant risk factors for T2DM. Our study reported cigarette smoking and systolic BP are modifiable risk factors associated with T2DM. Early identification of smoking through screening and appropriate control of hypertension in T2DM patients will decrease the morbidities and mortalities in T2DM cases.
{"title":"Smoking and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Analytical Study","authors":"Dhrubajyoti J Debnath, Jayanti Ray, Syed Mustafa Jah, Yamini Marimuthu","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1009_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_1009_22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 India is undergoing epidemiological transitions with the increase in noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden. Targeting the modifiable risk factors through lifestyle changes in the early years of life remains the most effective strategy for decreasing the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). To determine the association between cigarette smoking and T2DM.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Patients aged more than 35 years were enrolled, and details regarding sociodemography, clinical status, and NCD risk factors were collected using pretested semistructured questionnaires after obtaining IEC approval. Data collected were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS software. Simple logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Out of 434 participants, 37.3% had diabetes mellitus, 51.6% were males, and 28.6% had alcohol consumption. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed age, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with increased risk of T2DM. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed cigarette smoking, systolic BP, age, and female gender were significant risk factors for T2DM.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our study reported cigarette smoking and systolic BP are modifiable risk factors associated with T2DM. Early identification of smoking through screening and appropriate control of hypertension in T2DM patients will decrease the morbidities and mortalities in T2DM cases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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