Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_904_22
V. Shivgotra, Manjeet Kumar, Himani Nanda
Aging is a complex, multifactorial, and inevitable process, which begins before birth and continues throughout the life. Multimorbidity prevailing among the geriatric population is an important health challenge for most of the developing countries. To examine the effect of gender and increasing age on the survival of the geriatric population suffering from multimorbidity. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the geriatric population of the Jammu district, J and K, using multistage sampling procedure, and the analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival analysis using software IBM SPSS version 24.0. Our study included 1150 study subjects, of whom 610 (53%) were males and 540 (47%) were females, respectively. It was indicated that the probability for the survival of the study population suffering from morbidity belonging to 60–64 years was higher than the survival of the geriatric population belonging to other age-groups or we can say that survival probability of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities decreases with the increase in age. Also, it was reported that probability for the survival of the female geriatric population suffering from morbidity was slightly higher than the survival of the male geriatric population. Gender had no significant effect on survival of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities, whereas baseline age had a significant effect on the survival of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities as their survival probability decreases with the increase in age.
{"title":"Survival Analysis of the Geriatric Population having Multiple Diseases in the Jammu District, J and K, India","authors":"V. Shivgotra, Manjeet Kumar, Himani Nanda","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_904_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_904_22","url":null,"abstract":"Aging is a complex, multifactorial, and inevitable process, which begins before birth and continues throughout the life. Multimorbidity prevailing among the geriatric population is an important health challenge for most of the developing countries. To examine the effect of gender and increasing age on the survival of the geriatric population suffering from multimorbidity. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the geriatric population of the Jammu district, J and K, using multistage sampling procedure, and the analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and survival analysis using software IBM SPSS version 24.0. Our study included 1150 study subjects, of whom 610 (53%) were males and 540 (47%) were females, respectively. It was indicated that the probability for the survival of the study population suffering from morbidity belonging to 60–64 years was higher than the survival of the geriatric population belonging to other age-groups or we can say that survival probability of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities decreases with the increase in age. Also, it was reported that probability for the survival of the female geriatric population suffering from morbidity was slightly higher than the survival of the male geriatric population. Gender had no significant effect on survival of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities, whereas baseline age had a significant effect on the survival of the geriatric population suffering from morbidities as their survival probability decreases with the increase in age.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141710705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_676_23
R. Vaman, Muthusamy S. Kumar, K. Jeyashree, Ashok Periasami, RizwanSuliankachi Abdulkader, Manoj V. Murhekar
We conducted a systematic review of analytical epidemiological studies to assess the association between ChAdOx1-S vaccination and thromboembolic, thrombocytopenic, and hemorrhagic events. We searched Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, WHO-COVID-19 database, and medRxiv for studies evaluating the association between ChAdOx1-S and vascular events. Primary outcomes of interest were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, peripheral venous thrombosis (PVT), and thrombocytopenia. Two independent reviewers screened for eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects model was used to pool the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) separately for the first and second doses. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Twenty studies were included, of which 11 were self-controlled case series, and nine were cohort studies (254 million participants). Pooling of 17 studies showed a higher risk of cerebrovascular thrombosis (IRR = 3.5, 95% CI = 2.2–5.4, I2 = 79%), PVT (IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.5, I2 = 95%) and thrombocytopenia (IRR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4–1.9, I2 = 93%) among those who received ChAdOx1-S vaccination as compared to controls. No increased risk was seen after the second dose or for secondary outcomes. There is moderate-to-high certainty of the evidence for the increased risk of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, PVT, and thrombocytopenia following the first dose of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022372768.
{"title":"Association between COVID-19 Vaccination (ChAdOx1-S) and Thromboembolic, Thrombocytopenic, Hemorrhagic Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Analytical Epidemiological Studies","authors":"R. Vaman, Muthusamy S. Kumar, K. Jeyashree, Ashok Periasami, RizwanSuliankachi Abdulkader, Manoj V. Murhekar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_676_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_676_23","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted a systematic review of analytical epidemiological studies to assess the association between ChAdOx1-S vaccination and thromboembolic, thrombocytopenic, and hemorrhagic events. We searched Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, WHO-COVID-19 database, and medRxiv for studies evaluating the association between ChAdOx1-S and vascular events. Primary outcomes of interest were cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, peripheral venous thrombosis (PVT), and thrombocytopenia. Two independent reviewers screened for eligible studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. The DerSimonian-Laird random effects model was used to pool the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) separately for the first and second doses. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Twenty studies were included, of which 11 were self-controlled case series, and nine were cohort studies (254 million participants). Pooling of 17 studies showed a higher risk of cerebrovascular thrombosis (IRR = 3.5, 95% CI = 2.2–5.4, I2 = 79%), PVT (IRR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.5, I2 = 95%) and thrombocytopenia (IRR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.4–1.9, I2 = 93%) among those who received ChAdOx1-S vaccination as compared to controls. No increased risk was seen after the second dose or for secondary outcomes. There is moderate-to-high certainty of the evidence for the increased risk of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, PVT, and thrombocytopenia following the first dose of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine.\u0000 \u0000 Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022372768.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_800_22
S. Mittal, Yamini Kansal, Bhumika Singh, Vineeta Gupta
Due to the heterogeneity of existing studies and wide range of human papilloma virus (HPV) prevalence in India, further research into the incidence of HR-HPV and its spectrum of genotypes is essential to develop screening policies. This study aimed to determine the incidence and demographic distribution of HR-HPV among cisgender female patients attending a tertiary care facility in North India. This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SGRR Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, India. HPV-DNA test results of 653 female patients were assessed for HR-HPV positivity, genotyping, and age-based differences via Chi-square analysis. Overall prevalence of HR-HPV was 4.90%, HPV-16 was 1.37%, HPV-18 was 0.76%, and HPV non-16,18 was 2.7%. In patients ≤ 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 0.97%, HPV-18 was 0.38%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.71%. In patients > 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 2.89%, HPV-18 was 2.17%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.89%. The difference in the prevalence of HPV-16,18 between patients ≤ and > 50 years was found to be highly statistically significant (P = 0.007485). The difference in the prevalence of total HR-HPV between patients ≤ and > 50 years was not found to be statistically significant (P = 0.059905). Our study’s finding of higher HR-HPV positivity rates in patients > 50 years emphasizes the need for continued HR-HPV-DNA-based screening of this cohort. With widespread use in post-menopausal patients, HPV screening can serve as an important armamentarium in the fight against cervical cancer.
{"title":"High-risk HPV Prevalence Estimates among Older Patients: Implications for Cervical Cancer Screening Programs","authors":"S. Mittal, Yamini Kansal, Bhumika Singh, Vineeta Gupta","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_800_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_800_22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Due to the heterogeneity of existing studies and wide range of human papilloma virus (HPV) prevalence in India, further research into the incidence of HR-HPV and its spectrum of genotypes is essential to develop screening policies. This study aimed to determine the incidence and demographic distribution of HR-HPV among cisgender female patients attending a tertiary care facility in North India.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SGRR Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, India. HPV-DNA test results of 653 female patients were assessed for HR-HPV positivity, genotyping, and age-based differences via Chi-square analysis.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Overall prevalence of HR-HPV was 4.90%, HPV-16 was 1.37%, HPV-18 was 0.76%, and HPV non-16,18 was 2.7%. In patients ≤ 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 0.97%, HPV-18 was 0.38%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.71%. In patients > 50 years, prevalence of HPV-16 was 2.89%, HPV-18 was 2.17%, and HR-HPV non-16,18 was 2.89%. The difference in the prevalence of HPV-16,18 between patients ≤ and > 50 years was found to be highly statistically significant (P = 0.007485). The difference in the prevalence of total HR-HPV between patients ≤ and > 50 years was not found to be statistically significant (P = 0.059905).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Our study’s finding of higher HR-HPV positivity rates in patients > 50 years emphasizes the need for continued HR-HPV-DNA-based screening of this cohort. With widespread use in post-menopausal patients, HPV screening can serve as an important armamentarium in the fight against cervical cancer.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141696081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dermatological disorders constitute a significant proportion of primary health care (PHC) setups. The pattern of dermatological disorders varies among different countries and different parts of the same country owing to climatic and geographical variations, level of education, access to health care, etc. To study the clinical spectrum of patients presenting with dermatological disorders at an urban health center (UHC) in East Delhi. To identify the various risk factors associated with dermatological disorders in study subjects. A total of 1,148 patients who reported skin diseases for the first time at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic at UHC in East Delhi were recruited. Detailed demographic data, history, and examination and potential risk factors of skin diseases (socioeconomic status, level of education, occupation, comorbidities, and addictions) were recorded on a predesigned proforma. A total of 616 (53.7%) patients had infectious dermatoses and 532 (46.3%) had non-infectious dermatoses. Among the infectious dermatoses, fungal diseases (44.8%) were the most common followed by parasitic infections (31.17%) and bacterial infections (9.74%). Among the non-infectious group, eczematous disorders (28.01%) were the most common, followed by pigmentary disorders (21.62%) and acne (19.55%). A significant association between level of education, occupation, and comorbidities with the distribution of infectious and non-infectious dermatoses was found. As a significant proportion of patients with a vivid spectrum of dermatological disorders present at the PHC setups, therefore dermatologists supervise that specialty clinics should be held regularly at these centers along with the availability of all the basic investigations to aid diagnosis and management.
{"title":"Clinical Spectrum of Dermatological Disorders at an Urban Health Center in East Delhi","authors":"Sonika Soni, Taru Garg, Anita Acharya, Rashmi Sarkar","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_940_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_940_22","url":null,"abstract":"Dermatological disorders constitute a significant proportion of primary health care (PHC) setups. The pattern of dermatological disorders varies among different countries and different parts of the same country owing to climatic and geographical variations, level of education, access to health care, etc. To study the clinical spectrum of patients presenting with dermatological disorders at an urban health center (UHC) in East Delhi. To identify the various risk factors associated with dermatological disorders in study subjects. A total of 1,148 patients who reported skin diseases for the first time at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic at UHC in East Delhi were recruited. Detailed demographic data, history, and examination and potential risk factors of skin diseases (socioeconomic status, level of education, occupation, comorbidities, and addictions) were recorded on a predesigned proforma. A total of 616 (53.7%) patients had infectious dermatoses and 532 (46.3%) had non-infectious dermatoses. Among the infectious dermatoses, fungal diseases (44.8%) were the most common followed by parasitic infections (31.17%) and bacterial infections (9.74%). Among the non-infectious group, eczematous disorders (28.01%) were the most common, followed by pigmentary disorders (21.62%) and acne (19.55%). A significant association between level of education, occupation, and comorbidities with the distribution of infectious and non-infectious dermatoses was found. As a significant proportion of patients with a vivid spectrum of dermatological disorders present at the PHC setups, therefore dermatologists supervise that specialty clinics should be held regularly at these centers along with the availability of all the basic investigations to aid diagnosis and management.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141704924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_337_23
P. Swain, Anmol Jena
Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are the most important vital statistics used to assess maternal health and child health statistics. They are an indicator of the quality of maternal and child health care services, i.e., antenatal care, intrapartum care, and medical services. The objective of the study is to analyze the trend, pattern, and prevalence of APOs among women of reproductive age group at the national level over successive NFHS rounds. The current study uses data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), conducted during 1992–2021. The study uses geo-spatial mapping techniques through QGIS software and report analysis to arrive at definitive conclusions. The study finds that the incidence of APOs among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) has increased over the years. Twenty states and union territories have APOs that are below the national average. On the other hand, States like Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala have witnessed their APOs worsening as per NFHS-5 vis-à-vis NFHS-4. The study also finds that apart from the Himalayan belt and the east coast of India, APOs are more prominent in the contiguous regions adjoining these areas. The findings of the study have thrown on very interesting facts. Despite rapid economic development during the intervening period between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, rising APOs are a testament to the fact that the policymakers in the country need to be more target-oriented and get their acts together.
{"title":"Trend, Pattern, and Prevalence of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Women of Reproductive Age in India, 1992–2021","authors":"P. Swain, Anmol Jena","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_337_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_337_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are the most important vital statistics used to assess maternal health and child health statistics. They are an indicator of the quality of maternal and child health care services, i.e., antenatal care, intrapartum care, and medical services.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The objective of the study is to analyze the trend, pattern, and prevalence of APOs among women of reproductive age group at the national level over successive NFHS rounds. The current study uses data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), conducted during 1992–2021. The study uses geo-spatial mapping techniques through QGIS software and report analysis to arrive at definitive conclusions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study finds that the incidence of APOs among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) has increased over the years. Twenty states and union territories have APOs that are below the national average. On the other hand, States like Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala have witnessed their APOs worsening as per NFHS-5 vis-à-vis NFHS-4. The study also finds that apart from the Himalayan belt and the east coast of India, APOs are more prominent in the contiguous regions adjoining these areas.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The findings of the study have thrown on very interesting facts. Despite rapid economic development during the intervening period between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, rising APOs are a testament to the fact that the policymakers in the country need to be more target-oriented and get their acts together.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_731_23
Shivanee Kumari, B. Reddy, Yogendra Malik, Suresh B. Math
In the past few decades, super-specialization has gained popularity in many medical disciplines. It provides professionals with a sturdy platform for advanced research and helps to deliver focused and extensive care in the fields of trauma and critical care, which can translate into good clinical outcomes for patients. Although this drift may bring about novel research opportunities, it may limit the number of doctors attending to the basic healthcare needs of the population. India is still struggling to provide primary healthcare services to its population. Super-specialization is a highly technology-driven industry, the costs of which our public health system cannot endure in the present settings. The current demand in India, where basic priorities are yet to be met, is to increase health awareness, provide basic healthcare facilities, and generate interest among medical professionals in providing general health services, especially in rural areas.
{"title":"Super-Speciality in India: A Boon or Bane?","authors":"Shivanee Kumari, B. Reddy, Yogendra Malik, Suresh B. Math","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_731_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_731_23","url":null,"abstract":"In the past few decades, super-specialization has gained popularity in many medical disciplines. It provides professionals with a sturdy platform for advanced research and helps to deliver focused and extensive care in the fields of trauma and critical care, which can translate into good clinical outcomes for patients. Although this drift may bring about novel research opportunities, it may limit the number of doctors attending to the basic healthcare needs of the population. India is still struggling to provide primary healthcare services to its population. Super-specialization is a highly technology-driven industry, the costs of which our public health system cannot endure in the present settings. The current demand in India, where basic priorities are yet to be met, is to increase health awareness, provide basic healthcare facilities, and generate interest among medical professionals in providing general health services, especially in rural areas.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141703430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_382_22
Apika K Sawant, Nitin Y. Dhupdale
Acute diarrhoeal diseases (ADD) account for a large number of preventable deaths in India, especially in children less than five years who are more at risk than adults with respect to the degree of dehydration and complications. (1) To measure the incidence of ADD among children under 5 years; (2) Determine risk factors associated among children; (3) Study treatment-seeking behaviour of their mothers. Community-based, prospective, longitudinal study conducted in an urban area of Goa. 250 children enrolled in the study with their mothers by stratified random sampling technique, conducted house-to-house visits every three months and mothers were interviewed with pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The duration of study was one year from January to December 2018. Data entered using EpiData Entry Client®, Analysed using SPSS® software version 22. Student’s t-tests and Chi-square tests were used. The incidence of ADD was 0.124 episodes/child/year. Significant association was noted between ADD in children and certain socio-demographic factors like child’s sex, birth order, birth weight, immunization status, malnutrition, mother’s age group, mother’s education, and mothers’ hygiene practices. Efforts should be made to educate all mothers about the seeking timely treatment, awareness about home-based management and their types, awareness of ORS, zinc, importance of hygienic practices like hand washing for mother and child.
{"title":"A Longitudinal Study of Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases Among Children Under Five Years in an Urban Area of Goa","authors":"Apika K Sawant, Nitin Y. Dhupdale","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_382_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_382_22","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Acute diarrhoeal diseases (ADD) account for a large number of preventable deaths in India, especially in children less than five years who are more at risk than adults with respect to the degree of dehydration and complications. (1) To measure the incidence of ADD among children under 5 years; (2) Determine risk factors associated among children; (3) Study treatment-seeking behaviour of their mothers. Community-based, prospective, longitudinal study conducted in an urban area of Goa.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 250 children enrolled in the study with their mothers by stratified random sampling technique, conducted house-to-house visits every three months and mothers were interviewed with pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The duration of study was one year from January to December 2018. Data entered using EpiData Entry Client®, Analysed using SPSS® software version 22. Student’s t-tests and Chi-square tests were used.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The incidence of ADD was 0.124 episodes/child/year. Significant association was noted between ADD in children and certain socio-demographic factors like child’s sex, birth order, birth weight, immunization status, malnutrition, mother’s age group, mother’s education, and mothers’ hygiene practices.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Efforts should be made to educate all mothers about the seeking timely treatment, awareness about home-based management and their types, awareness of ORS, zinc, importance of hygienic practices like hand washing for mother and child.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141715061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Prevention of diabetes in the general population can help reduce the incidence of tuberculosis. Hence it is necessary to document that diabetes is strongly associated with tuberculosis as a risk factor. To study if diabetes is associated with tuberculosis compared to controls. A community based case-control study was carried out. 215 newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis on treatment for not more than three months were selected randomly from the randomly selected tuberculosis unit. 215 neighbourhood controls were selected. They were matched for the age group of ± 10 years and sex. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was estimated using a glucometer. Tobacco chewing, residence and family history of TB were significantly more in cases (P < 0.05). Mean BMI was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The proportion of TB cases among the known cases of diabetes was 67% compared to 33% in controls, which was statistically significant. Mean FBS was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P < 0.05). The odds of cases being diabetic was 2.456 times more than those of controls. On binary logistic regression, diabetes was an independent risk factor for tuberculosis. Other independent risk factors were tobacco chewing, and family history of TB. Family history of tuberculosis, and tobacco chewing were positively associated with tuberculosis whereas body mass index was negatively associated with tuberculosis. Diabetes was significantly associated with tuberculosis.
{"title":"Diabetes Mellitus as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis: A Community Based Case Control Study","authors":"P. Kokiwar, Arun K. Soodi Reddy","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_86_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_86_23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Prevention of diabetes in the general population can help reduce the incidence of tuberculosis. Hence it is necessary to document that diabetes is strongly associated with tuberculosis as a risk factor.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To study if diabetes is associated with tuberculosis compared to controls.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A community based case-control study was carried out. 215 newly diagnosed cases of tuberculosis on treatment for not more than three months were selected randomly from the randomly selected tuberculosis unit. 215 neighbourhood controls were selected. They were matched for the age group of ± 10 years and sex. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was estimated using a glucometer.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Tobacco chewing, residence and family history of TB were significantly more in cases (P < 0.05). Mean BMI was significantly lower in cases compared to controls. The proportion of TB cases among the known cases of diabetes was 67% compared to 33% in controls, which was statistically significant. Mean FBS was significantly higher in cases compared to controls (P < 0.05). The odds of cases being diabetic was 2.456 times more than those of controls. On binary logistic regression, diabetes was an independent risk factor for tuberculosis. Other independent risk factors were tobacco chewing, and family history of TB.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Family history of tuberculosis, and tobacco chewing were positively associated with tuberculosis whereas body mass index was negatively associated with tuberculosis. Diabetes was significantly associated with tuberculosis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141708783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_465_24
{"title":"Erratum: Intimate Partner Violence Webinar’s Public Health Implication","authors":"","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_465_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_465_24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_640_23
P. Doke
Post-graduate students and faculty usually conduct case-control studies. However, sometimes they conduct cohort studies that are short-duration. Most investigators enroll the participants in two groups according to the exposure. Then, follow the participants for some duration. At the end of the study, relative risk is calculated, and the work is published in some journal. The exposure may be one time, which may or may not be quantified. The follow-up duration may not be participant-specific, and differential follow-up does not exist. The author has given three examples: the first example of consanguineous marriages and congenital disabilities, the second example of the ABO blood group system and childhood asthma, and the third example of insecticide spraying and stillbirth. In the given examples, cumulative or density incidence cannot be calculated in a true sense and, therefore, risk ratio. Even estimating the incidence of outcome variables in some studies is not appropriate. Risk ratio calculation in such scenarios is questionable because exposure quantification, follow-up period, and combination are the limiting factors. In case-control studies, the prevalence ratio is calculated, which is analogous to relative risk. The author suggests that, in such circumstances, prevalence ratio calculation will be more appropriate.
{"title":"Nuances of Cohort Studies and Risk Ratio","authors":"P. Doke","doi":"10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_640_23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_640_23","url":null,"abstract":"Post-graduate students and faculty usually conduct case-control studies. However, sometimes they conduct cohort studies that are short-duration. Most investigators enroll the participants in two groups according to the exposure. Then, follow the participants for some duration. At the end of the study, relative risk is calculated, and the work is published in some journal. The exposure may be one time, which may or may not be quantified. The follow-up duration may not be participant-specific, and differential follow-up does not exist. The author has given three examples: the first example of consanguineous marriages and congenital disabilities, the second example of the ABO blood group system and childhood asthma, and the third example of insecticide spraying and stillbirth. In the given examples, cumulative or density incidence cannot be calculated in a true sense and, therefore, risk ratio. Even estimating the incidence of outcome variables in some studies is not appropriate. Risk ratio calculation in such scenarios is questionable because exposure quantification, follow-up period, and combination are the limiting factors. In case-control studies, the prevalence ratio is calculated, which is analogous to relative risk. The author suggests that, in such circumstances, prevalence ratio calculation will be more appropriate.","PeriodicalId":45040,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141688889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：