Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s0008938923000419
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001625
Joanne F. Schneider
Spanish Ulcer. This is essentially a political history, in contrast to the mass of socially-, culturally-, and institutionally-focused scholarship lavished on Napoleonic Germany in recent decades. The Prussian reforms appear here not as the inevitable product of long-term forces or as a premeditated scheme to transfer power from the king to bureaucrats. Rather, they are shown as responses to dire circumstances that created great popular suffering. Trade liberalisation, for example, was driven less by the ideology of Adam Smith than the desire to preempt attempts to bundle Prussia into Napoleon’s “France first” Continental System to the detriment of the kingdom’s producers. The sense of permanent crisis of these years is well charted also in those sections dealing with internal divisions within the Prussian elite. Opposition to King Frederick William III’s official policy of avoiding an open break with Napoleon after Tilsit went beyond the realm of legitimate channels with the emergence of conspiratorial networks of officials and officers who plotted away in the shadows. That things did not go further was largely due to a general acceptance that the king, whatever his faults, remained a popular and unifying symbol. Also important in challenging royal supremacy were the provincial estates, whose prospects for survival (and hence ability to raise credit) looked at times more promising than the future of the central government. All this provides a useful corrective to general accounts that see this period as a preordained triumph for bureaucratic state absolutism. Prietzel concludes with some brief reflections on the extent to which the reforms, designed for the short term, nonetheless succeeded in placing Prussia on a more stable footing over the longer term. In the final analysis, the impression left is that they did not succeed in this. Rather, they contributed to a further politicisation of the population without providing an adequate structure to meet the resulting demands for greater participation in decision-making. These pressures would build up in the following decades and explode in 1848. In the round, Prietzel’s book is a convincing account of the early Prussian reforms, when the situation was especially desperate. Though essentially a history of Prussia, this work is also very informative about Napoleon, his wider empire, and the European state system. What comes across from this broader perspective is that whilst Prussia’s existence looked at times precarious, the French Grande Empire was doomed for the very reason that it proved so utterly incapable of establishing a stable order based upon legality and moderation. These two qualities, both hallmarks of Frederick William III’s kingship, would, in contrast, prove much more durable, even if they also stymied far-reaching reform in the years immediately after Tilsit.
{"title":"Revolutions at Home: The Origin of Modern Childhood and the German Middle Class By Emily C. Bruce. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2021. Pp. xii + 246. Paperback $27.95. ISBN: 978-1623545622.","authors":"Joanne F. Schneider","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001625","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Ulcer. This is essentially a political history, in contrast to the mass of socially-, culturally-, and institutionally-focused scholarship lavished on Napoleonic Germany in recent decades. The Prussian reforms appear here not as the inevitable product of long-term forces or as a premeditated scheme to transfer power from the king to bureaucrats. Rather, they are shown as responses to dire circumstances that created great popular suffering. Trade liberalisation, for example, was driven less by the ideology of Adam Smith than the desire to preempt attempts to bundle Prussia into Napoleon’s “France first” Continental System to the detriment of the kingdom’s producers. The sense of permanent crisis of these years is well charted also in those sections dealing with internal divisions within the Prussian elite. Opposition to King Frederick William III’s official policy of avoiding an open break with Napoleon after Tilsit went beyond the realm of legitimate channels with the emergence of conspiratorial networks of officials and officers who plotted away in the shadows. That things did not go further was largely due to a general acceptance that the king, whatever his faults, remained a popular and unifying symbol. Also important in challenging royal supremacy were the provincial estates, whose prospects for survival (and hence ability to raise credit) looked at times more promising than the future of the central government. All this provides a useful corrective to general accounts that see this period as a preordained triumph for bureaucratic state absolutism. Prietzel concludes with some brief reflections on the extent to which the reforms, designed for the short term, nonetheless succeeded in placing Prussia on a more stable footing over the longer term. In the final analysis, the impression left is that they did not succeed in this. Rather, they contributed to a further politicisation of the population without providing an adequate structure to meet the resulting demands for greater participation in decision-making. These pressures would build up in the following decades and explode in 1848. In the round, Prietzel’s book is a convincing account of the early Prussian reforms, when the situation was especially desperate. Though essentially a history of Prussia, this work is also very informative about Napoleon, his wider empire, and the European state system. What comes across from this broader perspective is that whilst Prussia’s existence looked at times precarious, the French Grande Empire was doomed for the very reason that it proved so utterly incapable of establishing a stable order based upon legality and moderation. These two qualities, both hallmarks of Frederick William III’s kingship, would, in contrast, prove much more durable, even if they also stymied far-reaching reform in the years immediately after Tilsit.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"108 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48044209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s0008938922001406
C. Bailey
tance of her subject and overstating her possible conclusions. How many readers will agree with the following propositions: that initiatives in product design “normalized East-West relations, which eventually undermined the Cold War status quo and helped to pave the way for unification” (6)? Or that a shared taste for “conservative modernism . . . made the [1989] transition from reform to unity plausible and feasible in German minds” (9, 183)? Or that “the pan-German economic culture developed a vocabulary of transparency, humanity, and morality that shaped German efforts for peace in Europe in the 1980s” (186)? Or that shared notions of “design, taste, and consumption” helped prevent “great social upheavals or political disruptions in the fall of 1990” (189)? Many scholars will find these claims to be over-reaching. Materially oriented scholars will doubt whether Schreiter’s proposed “economic culture” of shared perceptions, norms, values, and tastes could ever bring the two German economies closer together. The real existing gaps between economic structures and performance in the neo-Stalinist East and the social-market West were enormous and obvious; they permeated daily life in the GDR. Those gaps are widely recognized as the root causes for the dead-end trajectory of the East German economy and state. These differences could not be bridged by the cultural constructs Schreiter identifies.
{"title":"Europa in der Tradition Habsburgs? Die Rezeption Kaiser Karls V. im Umfeld der Abendländischen Bewegung und der Paneuropa Union By Markus Pohl. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2020. Pp. 189. Paperback €79.90. ISBN: 978-3428181650.","authors":"C. Bailey","doi":"10.1017/s0008938922001406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008938922001406","url":null,"abstract":"tance of her subject and overstating her possible conclusions. How many readers will agree with the following propositions: that initiatives in product design “normalized East-West relations, which eventually undermined the Cold War status quo and helped to pave the way for unification” (6)? Or that a shared taste for “conservative modernism . . . made the [1989] transition from reform to unity plausible and feasible in German minds” (9, 183)? Or that “the pan-German economic culture developed a vocabulary of transparency, humanity, and morality that shaped German efforts for peace in Europe in the 1980s” (186)? Or that shared notions of “design, taste, and consumption” helped prevent “great social upheavals or political disruptions in the fall of 1990” (189)? Many scholars will find these claims to be over-reaching. Materially oriented scholars will doubt whether Schreiter’s proposed “economic culture” of shared perceptions, norms, values, and tastes could ever bring the two German economies closer together. The real existing gaps between economic structures and performance in the neo-Stalinist East and the social-market West were enormous and obvious; they permeated daily life in the GDR. Those gaps are widely recognized as the root causes for the dead-end trajectory of the East German economy and state. These differences could not be bridged by the cultural constructs Schreiter identifies.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"149 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48346165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s0008938922001546
D. Mckale
quence of France’s military defeat in June 1940. It cooperated willingly with the Vichy government but was not as politicized as the NSV, nor did it promote a program of lasting social or political change. Like the NSV, most of its employees worked gratis. Unlike the NSV, the National Relief selected employees based on qualifications, most of whom were upper-middle-class Catholic women. It, too, was financed by a combination of contributions, for which it enjoyed a monopoly, and government transfers. Some of its revenues came from expropriations and fines imposed on Jews and political opponents of the Vichy regime. It also received sizeable contributions from France’s overseas territories. The National Relief had no explicit policy concerning Jews, though some of its local officials refused to help them on racist grounds. It also discriminated against Gaullists and communists. When choosing beneficiaries, it concentrated on age and place of residence. Hadwiger characterizes the National Relief as a middle-class, Catholic war charity. After 1949, it, too, was quickly forgotten. The author’s thesis that the NSV and the National Relief lay at the center of wartime social welfare policy in their respective countries is untenable. It would be more accurate to say that the two charities played significant supporting roles. The fashionable interpretive ideas used by the author add little to his analysis. Nationale Solidarität und ihre Grenzen serves two useful purposes: it offers the reader a convenient way to learn a great deal about the two charities, and it provides us with an example of the hazards of presentism.
1940年6月法国战败的照片。它愿意与维希政府合作，但不像新民军那样政治化，也没有推行持久的社会或政治变革计划。和NSV一样，它的大多数员工都是无偿工作。与NSV不同的是，国家救济会根据资格选择雇员，其中大多数是中上层天主教妇女。它的资金来源也是由两方面组成的，一方面是它享有垄断地位的捐款，另一方面是政府的转移支付。它的部分收入来自对犹太人和维希政权的政治对手征收的财产和罚款。它还从法国海外领地获得了相当大的捐款。国家救济会对犹太人没有明确的政策，尽管一些地方官员以种族主义为由拒绝帮助他们。它还歧视戴高乐主义者和共产主义者。在选择受益人时，侧重于年龄和居住地。哈德维格将国家救济会描述为一个中产阶级的天主教战争慈善组织。1949年后，它也很快被遗忘了。作者认为NSV和国家救济是各自国家战时社会福利政策的核心，这一论点是站不住脚的。更准确地说，这两个慈善机构发挥了重要的支持作用。作者所使用的时髦的解释观点对他的分析没有什么帮助。Nationale Solidarität und ihre Grenzen有两个有用的目的:它为读者提供了一个方便的方式来了解这两个慈善机构，它为我们提供了一个关于当下主义危害的例子。
{"title":"Birds of Prey: Hitler's Luftwaffe, Ordinary Soldiers, and the Holocaust in Poland By Philip W. Blood. Stuttgart: ibidem, 2021. Pp. xv + 484. Paperback €39.90. ISBN: 978-3838215679.","authors":"D. Mckale","doi":"10.1017/s0008938922001546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008938922001546","url":null,"abstract":"quence of France’s military defeat in June 1940. It cooperated willingly with the Vichy government but was not as politicized as the NSV, nor did it promote a program of lasting social or political change. Like the NSV, most of its employees worked gratis. Unlike the NSV, the National Relief selected employees based on qualifications, most of whom were upper-middle-class Catholic women. It, too, was financed by a combination of contributions, for which it enjoyed a monopoly, and government transfers. Some of its revenues came from expropriations and fines imposed on Jews and political opponents of the Vichy regime. It also received sizeable contributions from France’s overseas territories. The National Relief had no explicit policy concerning Jews, though some of its local officials refused to help them on racist grounds. It also discriminated against Gaullists and communists. When choosing beneficiaries, it concentrated on age and place of residence. Hadwiger characterizes the National Relief as a middle-class, Catholic war charity. After 1949, it, too, was quickly forgotten. The author’s thesis that the NSV and the National Relief lay at the center of wartime social welfare policy in their respective countries is untenable. It would be more accurate to say that the two charities played significant supporting roles. The fashionable interpretive ideas used by the author add little to his analysis. Nationale Solidarität und ihre Grenzen serves two useful purposes: it offers the reader a convenient way to learn a great deal about the two charities, and it provides us with an example of the hazards of presentism.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"128 - 130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44799100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/s0008938922001467
Hilary Earl
proposals for harsh police interventions against demonstrators. He also was willing to say, in the 1960s, that there were “no illegitimate interests,” a statement strikingly at odds with 1920s and Nazi notions of the Volksgemeinschaft’s single Gesamtinteresse. And he said he personally opposed proposed State of Emergency laws, another striking position for a traditional German conservative. He does seem to have changed in various ways that accorded with West Germany’s post-1965 pluralist democracy. Further exploration of how he changed and how he stayed the same, from 1925 till 1974, could be illuminating. Niklas Krawinkel’s account provides a solid assessment of Hans Gmelin’s activities under the Nazis, leading to the 2018 withdrawal of his honorary citizenship. With a different remit, Krawinkel might have placed Gmelin more broadly within twentieth-century German history.
{"title":"Soviet Judgment at Nuremberg: A New History of the International Military Tribunal after World War II By Francine Hirsch. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 542. Cloth $34.95. ISBN: 978-0199377930.","authors":"Hilary Earl","doi":"10.1017/s0008938922001467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008938922001467","url":null,"abstract":"proposals for harsh police interventions against demonstrators. He also was willing to say, in the 1960s, that there were “no illegitimate interests,” a statement strikingly at odds with 1920s and Nazi notions of the Volksgemeinschaft’s single Gesamtinteresse. And he said he personally opposed proposed State of Emergency laws, another striking position for a traditional German conservative. He does seem to have changed in various ways that accorded with West Germany’s post-1965 pluralist democracy. Further exploration of how he changed and how he stayed the same, from 1925 till 1974, could be illuminating. Niklas Krawinkel’s account provides a solid assessment of Hans Gmelin’s activities under the Nazis, leading to the 2018 withdrawal of his honorary citizenship. With a different remit, Krawinkel might have placed Gmelin more broadly within twentieth-century German history.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"136 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42994876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001418
P. Betts
{"title":"Three Cities after Hitler: Redemptive Reconstruction Across Cold War Borders By Andrew Demshuk. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021. Pp. xviii + 566. Hardback $65.00. ISBN: 978-0822946977.","authors":"P. Betts","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001418","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"138 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49290869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001686
J. Whaley
Whatwas “modern” about earlymodern Europe? The term is relatively new, dating from themidtwentieth century, before which these centuries were simply included under the heading “modern history.” The neologism implies a dividing line somewhere between the mid-eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century and was often simply abbreviated as “1789.” Some viewed the early modern period as a transitional era. Others agreed with Winfried Schulze’s view, articulated in 1983, that it was a “pattern book of modernity,” an age in which Europeans experimented with solutions to problems, thrown up largely by the Reformation, in ways which prefigured the pluralistic society that emerged in modern Europe. Increasingly, however, and partly reflecting wider growing anxieties about modernity and progress in the West, scholars have questioned these assumptions. Some point to continuities between the Middle Ages and the early modern period, even across the Reformation and all the confessional and secular changes associated with it. Others emphasise the differentness of early modern society and culture, the distinctively unmodern character of its culture, thought, and practice. Hillard von Thiessen believes that the debate has become rather sterile. He favours the new approaches of cultural historians but suggests that their suspicion of master narratives prevents them from using their research to see the bigger picture. His new book suggests an approach which takes account of all recent “turns” and offers an overall view of the period. It is, he emphasises, not a new comprehensive account of early modern European history but a possible way of approaching that history which captures its distinctive character. Instead of starting with the realm of political and military decision-making or with the overarching structures which conditioned the lives of individuals, von Thiessen wants to view history from the perspective of those individuals themselves. Their lives were hedged about with norms (rules) and values (ideals). How did they deal with them and how did their perceptions and reactions contribute to the process of historical change? Variations of social status, gender, age, or profession, among other factors, ensured a huge variety of responses and modes of behaviour, some conformist, others antagonistic. Norms often conflicted with values. This generated uncertainty, which individuals had to negotiate. According to von Thiessen, the willingness and ability of individuals to engage with the contradictions of their time, the ability to live with and accept ambiguity, is the true characteristic of early modern society. This bold thesis is elaborated in two stages, starting with an outline of the development of three kinds of norms in Western society after the fifteenth century. Firstly, the various late medieval church reform movements aimed to establish norms of belief and Christian behaviour. The Reformation resulted in the failure to reform the universal ch
{"title":"Das Zeitalter der Ambiguität. Vom Umgang mit Werten und Normen in der Frühen Neuzeit By Hillard von Thiessen. Cologne and Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, 2021. Pp. 447. Cloth €60.00. ISBN: 978-3412521202.","authors":"J. Whaley","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001686","url":null,"abstract":"Whatwas “modern” about earlymodern Europe? The term is relatively new, dating from themidtwentieth century, before which these centuries were simply included under the heading “modern history.” The neologism implies a dividing line somewhere between the mid-eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century and was often simply abbreviated as “1789.” Some viewed the early modern period as a transitional era. Others agreed with Winfried Schulze’s view, articulated in 1983, that it was a “pattern book of modernity,” an age in which Europeans experimented with solutions to problems, thrown up largely by the Reformation, in ways which prefigured the pluralistic society that emerged in modern Europe. Increasingly, however, and partly reflecting wider growing anxieties about modernity and progress in the West, scholars have questioned these assumptions. Some point to continuities between the Middle Ages and the early modern period, even across the Reformation and all the confessional and secular changes associated with it. Others emphasise the differentness of early modern society and culture, the distinctively unmodern character of its culture, thought, and practice. Hillard von Thiessen believes that the debate has become rather sterile. He favours the new approaches of cultural historians but suggests that their suspicion of master narratives prevents them from using their research to see the bigger picture. His new book suggests an approach which takes account of all recent “turns” and offers an overall view of the period. It is, he emphasises, not a new comprehensive account of early modern European history but a possible way of approaching that history which captures its distinctive character. Instead of starting with the realm of political and military decision-making or with the overarching structures which conditioned the lives of individuals, von Thiessen wants to view history from the perspective of those individuals themselves. Their lives were hedged about with norms (rules) and values (ideals). How did they deal with them and how did their perceptions and reactions contribute to the process of historical change? Variations of social status, gender, age, or profession, among other factors, ensured a huge variety of responses and modes of behaviour, some conformist, others antagonistic. Norms often conflicted with values. This generated uncertainty, which individuals had to negotiate. According to von Thiessen, the willingness and ability of individuals to engage with the contradictions of their time, the ability to live with and accept ambiguity, is the true characteristic of early modern society. This bold thesis is elaborated in two stages, starting with an outline of the development of three kinds of norms in Western society after the fifteenth century. Firstly, the various late medieval church reform movements aimed to establish norms of belief and Christian behaviour. The Reformation resulted in the failure to reform the universal ch","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"100 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44127828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001431
E. Bukey
an overwhelming source base. The book’s focus on dysfunctionality may leave novice readers wondering what the HJ did accomplish and to what extent specific constituencies were taken in by the propaganda. Also unclear is the reasoning behind Postert’s choice of examples. While they demonstrate widespread shortcomings, might a more systematic approach complicate the narrative of organizational failure? Such questions notwithstanding, Die Hitlerjugend is a rich and eminently readable study and clearly animates the scholarly consensus that lived experience resists both structural confines and propagandists’ reductionism. This message seems particularly salient in the current age, as extremists again strive to oversimplify multifaceted realities.
{"title":"Prison Elite: How Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg Survived Nazi Captivity By Erika Rummel. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021. Pp. 224. Paperback $27.95. ISBN: 978-1487527587.","authors":"E. Bukey","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001431","url":null,"abstract":"an overwhelming source base. The book’s focus on dysfunctionality may leave novice readers wondering what the HJ did accomplish and to what extent specific constituencies were taken in by the propaganda. Also unclear is the reasoning behind Postert’s choice of examples. While they demonstrate widespread shortcomings, might a more systematic approach complicate the narrative of organizational failure? Such questions notwithstanding, Die Hitlerjugend is a rich and eminently readable study and clearly animates the scholarly consensus that lived experience resists both structural confines and propagandists’ reductionism. This message seems particularly salient in the current age, as extremists again strive to oversimplify multifaceted realities.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"123 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46428732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001492
K. Friedrich
Mediterranean. It can be considered a major contribution of Teller’s book to uncover this testimony of generosity and solidarity between the two ethnic minority groups. Too many historians have considered them mostly oblivious if not antagonistic towards each other’s fates, overlooking these important interactions that helped create a transregional and transethnic sense of Jewish belonging. Teller follows several professional emissaries who were sent from Istanbul throughout the European mainland to raise funds for ransoms, elegantly providing the reader with a topography of charity networks through their travel itinerary. Almost always the emissaries’ way led through northern Italy, where Venice was the major clearing center. From there, they continued through the urban centers of the Holy Roman Empire, eastern France, up to Amsterdam. Throughout parts I and III of this book, Teller adds nuance and detail to the refugee migration to the West, for which we have better source transmission. He argues that Polish Jewish refugees received a rather harsh welcome and little support in traditional Ashkenazi communities like Frankfurt, in comparison to centers with mixed Jewish populations like Hamburg, Amsterdam, and Vienna. While Teller sees the causes for this in the “narcissism of small differences” à la Freud, there would be more to argue for the precarious and micromanaged Christian surroundings in which Ashkenazi urban communities lived. In combination with their ongoing welfare efforts for the masses of local vagrant poor, it left them little room to maneuver. What Teller convincingly argues, though, is that the Polish refugee crisis created a pattern of difficult reception of East European Jewish refugees in the West that would repeat itself in future centuries and set in motion a process of stigmatization and Othering of East European Jews in the Ashkenazi world. Teller’s book is recommended reading for Central European historians who might not have been aware of the profound Jewish refugee crisis that unfolded and was successfully overcome by concerted Jewish efforts throughout Europe and the Mediterranean in the seventeenth century. The parallels that can be drawn to other forced ethnic refugee migrations, to trauma-coping practices within refugee communities, and to the need for philanthropic collaboration through transregional communal infrastructures could not be timelier for our understanding of the continuities of the seventeenth century as well as our own time.
{"title":"Armer Adel in Preussen 1770–1830 By Chelion Begass. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2020. Pp. 457. Cloth €99.90. ISBN: 978-3428156528.","authors":"K. Friedrich","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001492","url":null,"abstract":"Mediterranean. It can be considered a major contribution of Teller’s book to uncover this testimony of generosity and solidarity between the two ethnic minority groups. Too many historians have considered them mostly oblivious if not antagonistic towards each other’s fates, overlooking these important interactions that helped create a transregional and transethnic sense of Jewish belonging. Teller follows several professional emissaries who were sent from Istanbul throughout the European mainland to raise funds for ransoms, elegantly providing the reader with a topography of charity networks through their travel itinerary. Almost always the emissaries’ way led through northern Italy, where Venice was the major clearing center. From there, they continued through the urban centers of the Holy Roman Empire, eastern France, up to Amsterdam. Throughout parts I and III of this book, Teller adds nuance and detail to the refugee migration to the West, for which we have better source transmission. He argues that Polish Jewish refugees received a rather harsh welcome and little support in traditional Ashkenazi communities like Frankfurt, in comparison to centers with mixed Jewish populations like Hamburg, Amsterdam, and Vienna. While Teller sees the causes for this in the “narcissism of small differences” à la Freud, there would be more to argue for the precarious and micromanaged Christian surroundings in which Ashkenazi urban communities lived. In combination with their ongoing welfare efforts for the masses of local vagrant poor, it left them little room to maneuver. What Teller convincingly argues, though, is that the Polish refugee crisis created a pattern of difficult reception of East European Jewish refugees in the West that would repeat itself in future centuries and set in motion a process of stigmatization and Othering of East European Jews in the Ashkenazi world. Teller’s book is recommended reading for Central European historians who might not have been aware of the profound Jewish refugee crisis that unfolded and was successfully overcome by concerted Jewish efforts throughout Europe and the Mediterranean in the seventeenth century. The parallels that can be drawn to other forced ethnic refugee migrations, to trauma-coping practices within refugee communities, and to the need for philanthropic collaboration through transregional communal infrastructures could not be timelier for our understanding of the continuities of the seventeenth century as well as our own time.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"103 - 105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44953302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1017/S0008938922001455
Ariane Dröscher
marked by a sincere desire for interdisciplinary dialogue. This stimulating volume is useful not only to specialists but also invites broader discussion about the entangled history of Jewish emancipation and the formation of the secular legal state in Central Europe. It also demonstrates that Jewish scholars’ significant contributions to German-speaking legal scholarship and practice had global effects. The scholars who survived persecution and the Holocaust were among those who leveraged the implementation of international humanitarian law, and some even managed to play a key role in shaping the international political and legal order after World War II.
{"title":"Die Familie unter dem Mikroskop. Das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch und die Eizelle 1870–1900 By Bettina Bock von Wülfingen. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2021. Pp. 398. Cloth €40.00. ISBN: 978-3835336476.","authors":"Ariane Dröscher","doi":"10.1017/S0008938922001455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008938922001455","url":null,"abstract":"marked by a sincere desire for interdisciplinary dialogue. This stimulating volume is useful not only to specialists but also invites broader discussion about the entangled history of Jewish emancipation and the formation of the secular legal state in Central Europe. It also demonstrates that Jewish scholars’ significant contributions to German-speaking legal scholarship and practice had global effects. The scholars who survived persecution and the Holocaust were among those who leveraged the implementation of international humanitarian law, and some even managed to play a key role in shaping the international political and legal order after World War II.","PeriodicalId":45053,"journal":{"name":"Central European History","volume":"56 1","pages":"112 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46218890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"人文科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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