Abstract The Chinese string composed of { bei 被 + verb + jiang 將 + qu 去 } is a rare, unique, unproductive, informal usage which, to date, has remained virtually unexplored. The present paper attempts to sketch its pre-twelfth century evolution by analyzing examples collected from various sources, but now from sources digitalized by CBETA ( Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association ). This paper begins by investigating the constituents in order to determine a core structure. It argues that jiang and qu are not two discrete elements but one single unit, reanalyzed in a new formula, { bei + verb + jiangqu } to replace the traditional notation { bei + verb + jiang + qu }. Regarding the evolution of this collocation, the paper periodizes four stages of development. (1) The earliest examples appear in the fifth century, and they are of the { bei + verb₁ + verb₂ (+ verb₃)} order, in which jiangqu occupies either the second or third verbal slot. (2) Seventh century examples are showing signs of change, allowing, for the first time, an agent to be inserted between bei and the verb. (3) The eighth century witnesses a radical usage shift in which jiangqu has been demoted to a SIFE (“Semantically Impoverished Functional Element”), resulting in a new passive order { bei + verb + SIFE}. (4) The evolution continues in the ninth through eleventh centuries, becoming more complex, though somewhat dormant. This paper thus contributes to discussion of an understudied and thorny topic: How to segment short strings of Chinese characters. A few guidelines are suggested, and it is noted that some strings consisting of “verb, jiang , and qu ” have been wrongly dissected: {verb + jiang + qu } must be rendered {verb + jiangqu }.
{"title":"The {<i>bei</i>+verb+<i>jiangqu</i>} construction in pre-twelfth century Chinese","authors":"Jianqiang Sun","doi":"10.1075/lali.00145.sun","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00145.sun","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Chinese string composed of { bei 被 + verb + jiang 將 + qu 去 } is a rare, unique, unproductive, informal usage which, to date, has remained virtually unexplored. The present paper attempts to sketch its pre-twelfth century evolution by analyzing examples collected from various sources, but now from sources digitalized by CBETA ( Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association ). This paper begins by investigating the constituents in order to determine a core structure. It argues that jiang and qu are not two discrete elements but one single unit, reanalyzed in a new formula, { bei + verb + jiangqu } to replace the traditional notation { bei + verb + jiang + qu }. Regarding the evolution of this collocation, the paper periodizes four stages of development. (1) The earliest examples appear in the fifth century, and they are of the { bei + verb₁ + verb₂ (+ verb₃)} order, in which jiangqu occupies either the second or third verbal slot. (2) Seventh century examples are showing signs of change, allowing, for the first time, an agent to be inserted between bei and the verb. (3) The eighth century witnesses a radical usage shift in which jiangqu has been demoted to a SIFE (“Semantically Impoverished Functional Element”), resulting in a new passive order { bei + verb + SIFE}. (4) The evolution continues in the ninth through eleventh centuries, becoming more complex, though somewhat dormant. This paper thus contributes to discussion of an understudied and thorny topic: How to segment short strings of Chinese characters. A few guidelines are suggested, and it is noted that some strings consisting of “verb, jiang , and qu ” have been wrongly dissected: {verb + jiang + qu } must be rendered {verb + jiangqu }.","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper revisits a well-established areal phenomenon in Mainland Southeast Asia and Northern Europe involving an element, ACQ(UIRE), that functions as a lexical verb meaning ‘to get or acquire’ and appears, as a functional item, in numerous seemingly unrelated constructions such as modal constructions, resultatives, descriptive complementation, and focus constructions. This paper presents a generative framework for the postverbal ACQ-structures in Hong Kong Cantonese involving the marker dak1 . The proposed framework takes into account four readings of postverbal ACQ-sentences, namely potential, permission, descriptive, and focus, and argues that all postverbal ACQ-structures in Cantonese share the same basic configuration in which the ACQ heads a v P-internal ModP which expresses possibility modality and selects a small clause XP. The postverbal ACQ takes an AspP as complement which indicates the (non-)realization of the projected endpoint. The interpretational difference and other structural variations are boiled down to the three parameters realized in featural terms as: [±Realised] on Asp 0 , [±Possibility] and [±Deontic] on Mod 0 . The analysis also provides an explanation for several long-standing issues, including the verb-copying phenomenon, the co-occurrence of dak1 with the modal auxiliary ho2ji5 , the distribution of the A-not-A form and negation, and the across-the-board aspectual incompatibility in postverbal ACQ-structures. The parametric framework demonstrates how apparently unrelated ACQ-constructions are closely connected with each other and provide a testable model to account for cross-linguistic variation found in other ACQ languages.
摘要:本文回顾了东南亚大陆和北欧地区一个成熟的现象，其中涉及一个词性动词ACQ(UIRE)，它作为一个功能项出现在许多看似不相关的结构中，如情态结构、结果句、描述性补语和焦点结构。本文提出了一个涉及标记dak1的香港粤语语后acq结构生成框架。该框架考虑了潜在的、允许的、描述的和聚焦的四种语后ACQ结构，并认为所有粤语语后ACQ结构都具有相同的基本配置，即ACQ以一个v p -内部ModP开头，表达可能性情态，并选择一个小句XP。言语后ACQ以一个AspP作为补充，它表示(未)实现预期的终点。解释差异和其他结构变化可归结为三个特征参数:在Asp 0上为[±realize]，在Mod 0上为[±Possibility]和[±Deontic]。分析还解释了一些长期存在的问题，包括动词复制现象、dak1与情态助动词ho2ji5共现、A-not-A形式和否定的分布以及语后acq结构中全面的方面不相容。参数框架展示了表面上不相关的ACQ结构如何彼此紧密相连，并提供了一个可测试的模型来解释在其他ACQ语言中发现的跨语言差异。
{"title":"Rethinking postverbal ‘acquire’ and related constructions in Cantonese","authors":"Cherry Chit-yu Lam","doi":"10.1075/lali.00143.chi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00143.chi","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper revisits a well-established areal phenomenon in Mainland Southeast Asia and Northern Europe involving an element, ACQ(UIRE), that functions as a lexical verb meaning ‘to get or acquire’ and appears, as a functional item, in numerous seemingly unrelated constructions such as modal constructions, resultatives, descriptive complementation, and focus constructions. This paper presents a generative framework for the postverbal ACQ-structures in Hong Kong Cantonese involving the marker dak1 . The proposed framework takes into account four readings of postverbal ACQ-sentences, namely potential, permission, descriptive, and focus, and argues that all postverbal ACQ-structures in Cantonese share the same basic configuration in which the ACQ heads a v P-internal ModP which expresses possibility modality and selects a small clause XP. The postverbal ACQ takes an AspP as complement which indicates the (non-)realization of the projected endpoint. The interpretational difference and other structural variations are boiled down to the three parameters realized in featural terms as: [±Realised] on Asp 0 , [±Possibility] and [±Deontic] on Mod 0 . The analysis also provides an explanation for several long-standing issues, including the verb-copying phenomenon, the co-occurrence of dak1 with the modal auxiliary ho2ji5 , the distribution of the A-not-A form and negation, and the across-the-board aspectual incompatibility in postverbal ACQ-structures. The parametric framework demonstrates how apparently unrelated ACQ-constructions are closely connected with each other and provide a testable model to account for cross-linguistic variation found in other ACQ languages.","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fieldwork from the past decade has yielded new data from a cluster of languages in Western Sichuan (China), resulting in new observations relevant for the understanding of Tangut grammar. In this paper, I intend to present morphosyntactic evidence pointing to the Tangut language’s membership within the Horpa taxon, located within the larger Gyalrongic group of the Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan. Tangut exclusively shares with Horpa languages cognates that are far too peculiar to be the result of mere chance. By successively considering the verbal, nominal, and postpositional domains, the present paper highlights evidence that links Tangut to Horpa, while proposing new paths to the understanding of grammatical categories of Tangut proper, such as orientational/aspectual preverbs. 1
{"title":"Tangut and Horpa languages","authors":"Mathieu Beaudouin","doi":"10.1075/lali.00142.bea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.00142.bea","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fieldwork from the past decade has yielded new data from a cluster of languages in Western Sichuan (China), resulting in new observations relevant for the understanding of Tangut grammar. In this paper, I intend to present morphosyntactic evidence pointing to the Tangut language’s membership within the Horpa taxon, located within the larger Gyalrongic group of the Qiangic branch of Sino-Tibetan. Tangut exclusively shares with Horpa languages cognates that are far too peculiar to be the result of mere chance. By successively considering the verbal, nominal, and postpositional domains, the present paper highlights evidence that links Tangut to Horpa, while proposing new paths to the understanding of grammatical categories of Tangut proper, such as orientational/aspectual preverbs. 1","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134913149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Explanation and the Role of Weak Constituents","authors":"Kwang-Sup Kim","doi":"10.20865/202310001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78580280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On remnant VP movement and the distribution of negative quantifier ‘no’ in English","authors":"Myungkwan Park","doi":"10.20865/202310004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78394005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimality-Theoretic Approaches to Opacity and Variation: Recent Trends and Perspectives","authors":"Sung-hoon Hong","doi":"10.20865/202310003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88399870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Trends and Prospects of Semantics-Pragmatics Research","authors":"Seongha Rhee","doi":"10.20865/202310002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90673237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constructing RDF from the legal texts","authors":"Eunhwa Shin, Seong Mook Kim, Hae-Yun Lee","doi":"10.20865/202310005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84479750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A descriptive problem of clitic pronouns and pronominal verbs in Italian","authors":"Moon-hwan Cho","doi":"10.20865/202310008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86894785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Contrastive Study on the Multi-Sensory Expressions in Korean and Indonesian","authors":"Tae-sung Lim, Achmad Rio Dessiar","doi":"10.20865/202310007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20865/202310007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45159,"journal":{"name":"Language and Linguistics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86168692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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