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Manifestation of Women’s Rights in School Textbooks? Evidence from Social Science Textbooks in India 学校教科书中妇女权利的体现?来自印度社会科学教科书的证据
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00726-7
Suzana Košir, Radhika Lakshminarayanan

In India, consistent marginalization of women suggests that broader societal transformation is needed to transcend gender stereotypes and foster gender equality. Effective school curriculum and textbook content can influence and revitalize mindsets to respect and uphold women’s rights (WR). This research examines the manifestation and extent to which WR is addressed in Indian school social science textbooks using qualitative content analysis. Data from official primary and secondary school textbooks published between 2006 and 2013 and reprinted between 2017 and 2019 were analyzed, based on the components of WR prescribed by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage). The results indicate that there is negligible focus on WR in textbooks at the elementary level. While both explicit and implicit focus on WR increased at the secondary and senior secondary levels, some vital aspects were either marginally represented or completely missing.

在印度,妇女一直被边缘化,这表明需要进行更广泛的社会变革,以超越性别陈规定型观念,促进性别平等。有效的学校课程和教科书内容可以影响和重振尊重和维护妇女权利(WR)的观念。本研究通过定性内容分析,对印度学校社会科学教科书中涉及妇女权利的表现形式和程度进行了研究。根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(CEDAW)规定的 WR 构成要素,使用描述性统计(频率和百分比)分析了 2006 年至 2013 年出版、2017 年至 2019 年再版的官方中小学教科书中的数据。结果表明,小学教科书对妇女权利的关注微乎其微。虽然在中学和高中阶段,对妇女权利的明确和隐含关注都有所增加,但一些重要方面的内容 要么体现得很少,要么完全缺失。
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引用次数: 0
Making Tangible the Long-Term Harm Linked to the Chilling Effects of AI-enabled Surveillance: Can Human Flourishing Inform Human Rights? 让与人工智能监控的寒蝉效应相关的长期危害具体化:人类的繁荣能否影响人权?
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00727-6
Niclas Rautenberg, Daragh Murray

AI-enabled State surveillance capabilities are likely to exert chilling effects whereby individuals modify their behavior due to a fear of the potential consequences if that behavior is observed. The risk is that chilling effects drive individuals towards the mainstream, slowly reducing the space for personal and political development. This could prove devastating for individuals’ ability to freely develop their identity and, ultimately, for the evolution and vibrancy of democratic society. As it stands, human rights law cannot effectively conceptualize this cumulative, longer-term, harm, and so cannot accurately evaluate the cost/benefit of AI tools, risking irreparable harm. As chilling effects impact individuals’ ability to live a good, self-determined life, the concept of human flourishing is relevant. This article engages with Aristotelian naturalism, the life-satisfaction approach, and the capabilities approach to determine which best resonates with the concept of identity as relevant to chilling effects and human rights law. It concludes that the capabilities approach may overcome some of the problems associated with the human rights law approach and may provide a framework capable of capturing both the intricate processes of free identity development and of conceptualizing the harm linked to AI surveillance. The challenge, however, is to ‘operationalize’ this approach.

人工智能支持的国家监控能力很可能会产生寒蝉效应,使个人因害怕行为被观察到的潜在后果而改变自己的行为。其风险在于,寒蝉效应会驱使个人向主流靠拢,慢慢缩小个人和政治发展的空间。这可能会破坏个人自由发展身份认同的能力,并最终破坏民主社会的发展和活力。目前,人权法无法有效地将这种累积性、长期性伤害概念化,因此无法准确评估人工智能工具的成本/效益,从而有可能造成无法弥补的伤害。由于寒蝉效应会影响个人过上美好、自我决定的生活的能力,因此人类繁荣的概念是相关的。本文探讨了亚里士多德自然主义、生活满意度方法和能力方法,以确定哪种方法最能与身份概念产生共鸣,因为身份概念与寒蝉效应和人权法相关。文章的结论是,能力方法可以克服与人权法方法相关的一些问题,并可提供一个框架,既能捕捉自由身份发展的复杂过程,又能将与人工智能监控相关的伤害概念化。然而,挑战在于如何 "操作 "这种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Freedom of Religion and Non-discrimination Based on Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Ukraine: Corporate Policy Commitments in Situations of Conflicting Social Expectations 乌克兰的宗教自由与不基于性别认同和性取向的歧视:社会期望冲突情况下的企业政策承诺
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00720-z
Tamara Horbachevska, Olena Uvarova, Dmytro Vovk

Conflicting social expectations in a particular state affect the interpretation and implementation of international human rights law. Ideological, religious, and legal factors related to the protection of freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) and freedom from discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) in Ukraine put businesses under social pressure. Businesses thus face a legitimate dilemma whether to follow national social expectations perceiving FoRB and freedom from discrimination based on SOGI as rights in conflict or expectations arising from international human rights law establishing both freedoms as equal and non-clashing. Based on desk research and in-depth interviews with business policymakers the article identifies neutrality, ignoring, and active engagement strategies when providing corporate respect to FoRB and SOGI under the business and human rights framework ‘Protect, Respect, Remedy’ which requires responsible business conduct. The article concludes with the implications each strategy has for resolving presumed clashes between FoRB and SOGI at the community level.

一个特定国家中相互冲突的社会期望会影响国际人权法的解释和实施。在乌克兰,与保护宗教或信仰自由(FoRB)和免受基于性取向和性别认同的歧视(SOGI)相关的意识形态、宗教和法律因素使企业面临社会压力。因此,企业面临着一个合理的两难选择:是遵循将宗教或信仰自由(FoRB)和免于基于性取向和性别认同的歧视视为冲突权利的国家社会期望,还是遵循将这两种自由视为平等和非冲突权利的国际人权法所产生的期望。根据案头研究和对企业决策者的深入访谈,文章确定了中立、忽视和积极参与策略,在企业与人权框架 "保护、尊重、补救 "下,企业尊重人权和性别平等,这要求企业行为负责任。文章最后阐述了每种策略对解决社区层面上假定的人权与性别歧视冲突的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Venezuelan Migrant Population’s Right to Health in the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area 委内瑞拉移民在布卡拉曼加大都市区的健康权
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00722-x
Juan Pablo Serrano Frattali

Colombia has received the largest influx of Venezuelan refugees and migrants. Since 2015, more than 3 million Venezuelan migrants have entered the country. Those arriving in Cúcuta have several options for entering Colombian territory. One of the main routes involves a difficult and dangerous journey of nearly 200 km to the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, which serves as a key territory for accessing various destinations. Because of its geographical location, this area serves as an important transit city, facilitating travel to other major cities in Colombia, such as Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali; it is also a residence destination for Venezuelan migrants. Among the specific reasons why immigrants choose Bucaramanga over other cities are factors like climate, the existence of various cooperation organizations that provide assistance, and the considerable number of migrant individuals previously settled in this area; thus, many new migrants have family or friendship connections there. Furthermore, for many, it is the safest option or the only place they can go to when the weather turns cold. In this study, we analyze the institutional response and identify barriers that limit the protection of Venezuelan migrants’ right to access to healthcare in this location where Venezuelan citizens have faced economic, legal, bureaucratic, and social barriers. This has profound consequences for migrants’ health and poses a risk to their lives. The article is primarily based on interviews and fieldwork conducted with migrant populations between 2022 and 2023 to identify the barriers and supporting elements they experienced in terms of health care services. Likewise, this study makes a significant contribution by directly examining the experiences of Venezuelan migrants in relation to the right to health in this area. This provides a useful understanding of the social phenomenon at both the academic and institutional levels.

哥伦比亚接收了最大规模的委内瑞拉难民和移民潮。自 2015 年以来,已有 300 多万委内瑞拉移民进入哥伦比亚。抵达库库塔的人有几种进入哥伦比亚领土的选择。其中一条主要路线是前往布卡拉曼加大都会区(Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area),路程近 200 公里,既艰难又危险,而布卡拉曼加大都会区是进入各种目的地的关键地带。由于地理位置优越,该地区成为重要的中转城市,为前往哥伦比亚其他主要城市(如波哥大、麦德林和卡利)提供了便利;同时也是委内瑞拉移民的居住地。移民选择布卡拉曼加而不是其他城市的具体原因包括气候、存在各种提供援助的合作组织,以及有相当数量的移民曾在该地区定居;因此,许多新移民在那里有亲友关系。此外,对许多人来说,那里是最安全的选择,或者是天气变冷时唯一可以去的地方。在本研究中,我们分析了委内瑞拉公民在该地区面临的经济、法律、官僚和社会障碍,并找出了限制保护委内瑞拉移民获得医疗保健权利的制度性应对措施和障碍。这对移民的健康产生了深远的影响,并对他们的生命构成了威胁。本文主要基于 2022 年至 2023 年期间对移民人口进行的访谈和实地调查,以确定他们在医疗保健服务方面遇到的障碍和支持因素。同样,本研究通过直接考察委内瑞拉移民在该领域健康权方面的经历,做出了重要贡献。这从学术和制度两个层面对这一社会现象提供了有益的理解。
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引用次数: 0
A step in the right direction, or more of the same? A systematic review of the impact of human rights due diligence legislation 朝着正确方向迈出的一步,还是一成不变?系统审查人权尽职调查立法的影响
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00724-9
Vincent Dupont, Diana Pietrzak, Boris Verbrugge

Recently, there has been a strong push for binding human rights due diligence (HRDD) legislation, both at the national and European levels. As empirical evidence of such legislation's impact gradually emerges, it is time to take stock. In this article, we conduct a systematic literature review to assess available empirical evidence on (1) how HRDD legislation affects the policies and practices through which companies engage with human rights; (2) how these policies and practices, in turn, affect different actors in companies’ value chains. While it is too early to make conclusive judgements, existing evidence allows us to identify several worrying trends: most companies opt for managerialist and compliance-oriented approaches to HRDD; revert primarily to earlier (and flawed) private governance mechanisms; and try to cascade responsibilities and costs in their supply chain. This risks perpetuating or reinforcing marginalisation and exclusion dynamics. Based on these findings, we formulate some lessons for policy-makers.

最近,国家和欧洲都在大力推动具有约束力的人权尽职调查(HRDD)立法。随着有关此类立法影响的实证证据逐渐显现,现在是进行总结的时候了。在本文中,我们进行了系统的文献综述,以评估以下方面的现有实证证据:(1)人权尽职调查立法如何影响公司参与人权事务的政策和实践;(2)这些政策和实践如何反过来影响公司价值链中的不同参与者。虽然作出结论性判断为时尚早,但现有证据使我们能够确定几个令人担忧的趋势:大多数公司选择以管理主义和合规为导向的方法处理人权捍卫问题;主要恢复早期(和有缺陷的)私人治理机制;并试图在其供应链中逐级承担责任和成本。这有可能使边缘化和排斥动态永久化或强化。基于这些发现,我们为政策制定者提出了一些经验教训。
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引用次数: 0
The Power to Exclude: The (Mis)Treatment of Unaccompanied Minors under the Trump and Biden Administration 排斥的权力:特朗普和拜登政府对孤身未成年人的(错误)对待
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00721-y
Christina Gerken

In “The Biden Plan for Securing Our Values as a Nation of Immigrants” (hereinafter “Biden Plan“), then-candidate Joe Biden promised to “reassert America’s commitment to asylum-seekers and refugees.” Three years into his presidency, how far has the Biden Administration come in their efforts to create a more humane asylum system? And has the treatment of unaccompanied minors seen any significant improvements? This article examines the Trump Administration’s attempts to permanently alter the US asylum system. After trying to categorically ban all claims that were based on persecution by “private actors,” the Trump Administration seized on the COVID-19 pandemic as a convenient pretext for taking away even some of the most basic human rights protections that asylum-seekers have enjoyed for generations. This article will argue that the Biden Administration, despite their efforts to restore some basic protections, continues to criminalize and institutionalize many unaccompanied minors.

在 "确保我们作为移民国家价值观的拜登计划"(以下简称 "拜登计划")中,当时的候选人乔-拜登承诺 "重申美国对寻求庇护者和难民的承诺"。拜登担任总统三年来,拜登政府在努力建立一个更加人道的庇护制度方面取得了多大进展?孤身未成年人的待遇是否有明显改善?本文探讨了特朗普政府试图永久改变美国庇护制度的努力。在试图断然禁止所有基于 "私人行为者 "迫害的申请之后,特朗普政府抓住了 COVID-19 大流行这一方便的借口,剥夺了寻求庇护者世代享有的一些最基本的人权保护。本文将论证,拜登政府尽管努力恢复了一些基本保护,但仍继续将许多举目无亲的未成年人定罪和制度化。
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引用次数: 0
Human Rights and Transitional Justice in the Maldives: Closing the Door, Once and For All? 马尔代夫的人权与过渡时期司法:一劳永逸地关上大门?
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00716-9
Renée Jeffery

In 2020, the Maldives instituted a transitional justice process to address decades of systematic human rights abuses including the widespread use of arbitrary arrest and detention, torture, and the forced depopulation of entire island communities. While the country’s decision to confront its violent past is not unusual, the institution it has established to undertake that task is. Rather than institute a truth and reconciliation commission (TRC), refer cases to its Human Rights Commission, or undertake criminal trials in its domestic judicial system, the Maldives has taken the unprecedented step of establishing a temporary Ombudsperson’s Office for Transitional Justice (OTJ). Comparing the OTJ to national human rights institutions and TRCs, this article examines how and why the Maldives’ transitional justice process has taken this unusual form. It suggests that the OTJ represents a new attempt to address the full range of human rights abuses, including violations of social and economic rights, perpetrated by repressive regimes.

2020 年,马尔代夫启动了过渡时期司法进程,以解决数十年来系统侵犯人权的 问题,包括广泛使用任意逮捕和拘留、酷刑以及强迫整个岛屿社区人口减少。虽然马尔代夫决定正视其暴力历史并不罕见,但它为执行这一任务而设立的机构却不同寻常。马尔代夫没有成立真相与和解委员会(TRC),也没有将案件移交给人权委员会,更没有在国内司法系统中进行刑事审判,而是采取了前所未有的措施,成立了一个临时的过渡时期司法监察员办公室(OTJ)。本文将过渡时期司法监察员办公室与国家人权机构和真相与和解委员会进行比较,探讨马尔代夫的过渡时期司法进程如何以及为何采取这种不同寻常的形式。文章认为,过渡时期司法办公室是一种新的尝试,旨在解决专制政权犯下的各种侵犯人权行为,包括侵犯社会和经济权利的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Human Rights Violations Committed Against Human Rights Defenders Through the Use of Legal System: A Trend in Europe and Beyond 利用法律制度侵犯人权捍卫者的人权:欧洲及其他地区的趋势
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00717-8
Aikaterini-Christina Koula

Human rights defenders (HRDs) fight for various human rights and address concerns related to corruption, employment, the environment, and other issues. They also challenge powerful state and private stakeholders and seek justice for human rights abuses. Therefore, HRDs are increasingly becoming targets of violent attacks and abuse with the aim of silencing them. This article begins by providing a brief definition of HRDs and then proceeds to outline the risks associated with their work in defending human rights. It also identifies the perpetrators responsible for these violations. The article categorises the types of abuses against HRDs into two main categories, with a particular focus on the widespread tactic of using the legal system to target and silence defenders in Europe, which is also emerging globally. It introduces a taxonomy of various types of violations through the legal system. By categorising the types of violations against HRDs and establishing a taxonomy to aid in identifying these tactics, the article seeks to deepen understanding and awareness of the varied abuses experienced by HRDs, as well as their deviation from human rights standards, providing a valuable resource for academics, practitioners, and defenders.

人权捍卫者(HRDs)为各种人权而战,并解决与腐败、就业、环境和其他问题相关的关切。他们还挑战强大的国家和私人利益攸关方,为侵犯人权的行为伸张正义。因此,人权捍卫者正日益成为暴力攻击和虐待的目标,其目的是让他们保持沉默。本文首先简要介绍了人权捍卫者的定义,然后概述了与他们捍卫人权的工作相关的风险。文章还指出了对这些侵权行为负有责任的肇事者。文章将侵犯人权捍卫者权利的类型分为两大类,并特别关注欧洲普遍存在的利用法律制度攻击人权捍卫者并使其保持沉默的策略,这种策略也正在全球范围内出现。报告对通过法律系统实施的各类侵权行为进行了分类。通过对侵犯人权捍卫者行为的类型进行分类,并建立有助于识别这些策略的分类法,文章试图加深对人权捍卫者所经历的各种侵权行为及其偏离人权标准情况的理解和认识,为学术界、从业人员和人权捍卫者提供宝贵的资源。
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引用次数: 0
The Principle of a Trial Within a Reasonable Time and JustTech: Benefits and Risks 在合理时间内进行审判的原则和公正技术:利益与风险
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00715-w

Abstract

The article addresses the pervasive global challenge of delayed justice, emphasizing its role as a catalyst for widespread judicial reforms. The study defines international and national court approaches to reasonable trial durations by employing systematic and comparative legal methods. It delves into essential technology courts and parties use to ensure timely proceedings, categorizing associated risks and problems. The authors advocate for the multi-door courthouse system, illustrating its efficacy in reducing delays. Furthermore, the article classifies technologies facilitating reasonable trial durations, acknowledging and offering solutions for the challenges they present. This research contributes to the dynamic landscape of judicial reform, offering a holistic perspective on the multifaceted aspects of timely justice.

摘要 文章探讨了司法拖延这一普遍存在的全球性挑战,强调了司法拖延对广泛司法改革的推动作用。本研究通过采用系统和比较法律方法,界定了国际和国内法院对合理审判时间的处理方法。研究深入探讨了法院和当事人为确保及时诉讼而使用的基本技术,并对相关风险和问题进行了分类。作者提倡多门法院系统,说明其在减少延迟方面的功效。此外,文章还对有助于缩短合理审判时间的技术进行了分类,承认了这些技术所带来的挑战并提出了解决方案。这项研究为司法改革的动态发展做出了贡献,为及时司法的多方面问题提供了一个整体视角。
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引用次数: 0
Academic Bullying and Human Rights: Is It Time to Take Them Seriously? 学术欺凌与人权:现在是认真对待它们的时候了吗?
IF 1.4 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s12142-024-00713-y
Dora Kostakopoulou, Morteza Mahmoudi

Notwithstanding universities’ many laudable aims, incidents of serious bullying, academic harassment and sexual harassment in academic settings are reported with increasing regularity globally. However, the human rights violations involved in bullying and academic harassment have not received attention by the literature. In this article, we pierce the veil of silence surrounding university environments and provide a systematic account of the breaches of international and European human rights law involved in academic bullying and harassment. By adopting a socio-legal lens, we shed light onto such practices and tactics, the breaches of specific human rights and norms and the reluctance of states and regulators to intervene in what is perceived to be universities’ ‘sovereign’ sphere of jurisdiction in order to prevent human rights’ violations and to protect the victims of human rights abuse. We call for a multi-faceted and multi-agency approach to tackle academic bullying and harassment, and make a number of institutional and policy recommendations to ensure universities’ compliance with human rights standards and the effective protection of academics under attack.

尽管大学有许多值得称赞的目标,但全球范围内关于学术环境中严重欺凌、学术骚扰和性骚扰事件的报道却越来越频繁。然而,欺凌和学术骚扰所涉及的侵犯人权问题却未得到文献的关注。在本文中,我们将揭开大学环境的沉默面纱,系统阐述学术欺凌和骚扰所涉及的违反国际和欧洲人权法的行为。通过采用社会-法律视角,我们揭示了此类做法和策略、对特定人权和规范的侵犯,以及国家和监管机构不愿介入被视为大学 "主权 "管辖范围的问题,以防止侵犯人权行为并保护人权侵犯行为的受害者。我们呼吁采取多方面、多机构的方法来解决学术欺凌和骚扰问题,并提出了一系列制度和政策建议,以确保大学遵守人权标准,并有效保护受到攻击的学者。
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引用次数: 0
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