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Examining how classroom talk shapes students’ identities as reflexive writers in elementary classrooms 考察课堂谈话如何塑造小学课堂上学生作为反身作家的身份
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-07-16 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1936584
M. Khosronejad, M. Ryan, G. Barton, D. Myhill, L. Kervin
ABSTRACT This paper works on the premise that classroom talk conveys meaning about students as writers and asks how classroom talk facilitates the formation of students’ identities as writers. We present findings from an ethnographic investigation of elementary writing lessons across six participant schools in Australia. Our data analysis is informed by two theoretical constructs that of positioning and implied identity. First, we explore different ways that students are positioned as a result of classroom talk and discuss implied identities – what these positions imply about writer identities within a context. Second, using a micro-ethnographic case study approach, we highlight how participants of classroom talk orient to the acts of positioning within a classroom context. The first section of findings revealed how classroom talk positions students as either autonomous, communicative, metareflexive, or fractured writers. Furthermore, findings showed that the observed writing lessons position students as writers who are concerned with form and pay attention to function. In the second section, we share an in-depth investigation of a year six writing lesson to show how different types of positions are negotiated by teacher and students on a temporal basis. We discuss implications for research and practice related to the teaching of writing.
本文以课堂话语传达学生作为作家的意义为前提,探讨课堂话语如何促进学生作家身份的形成。我们提出了一项关于澳大利亚六所参与学校小学写作课程的民族志调查结果。我们的数据分析是由两个理论结构,即定位和隐含身份。首先,我们探索了学生在课堂谈话和讨论隐含身份时的不同定位方式——这些位置在语境中暗示了作家的身份。其次,使用微观人种学案例研究方法,我们强调课堂谈话的参与者如何在课堂语境中定位行为。研究结果的第一部分揭示了课堂谈话如何将学生定位为自主的、交流的、超灵活的或断裂的作家。此外,研究结果表明,观察到的写作课程将学生定位为关注形式,注重功能的作家。在第二部分,我们将分享对六年级写作课的深入调查,以展示教师和学生如何在时间基础上协商不同类型的立场。我们讨论了与写作教学相关的研究和实践的含义。
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引用次数: 3
Designedly incomplete elicitations: teachers’ multimodal practices to mobilise student-next action in Chilean secondary EFL classrooms 设计的不完全引出:智利中学英语课堂中教师动员学生下一步行动的多模态实践
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1920997
K. Walper, D. Reed, Heather Marsden
ABSTRACT Managing student participation is a key interactional and instructional task in any classroom. This is even more relevant in language classrooms, as students need to demonstrate understanding, knowledge and proficiency through the production of lexical, phrasal, clausal or sentential elements. Question-Answer-sequences have been the focus within the Initiation-Response-Feedback pattern; however, another kind of initiation is that of turns with incomplete turn-constructional-units which students need to complete in the next sequential slot. This study explores elicitations designed as incomplete in five secondary EFL classrooms in the South of Chile. Analysis follows a multimodal Conversation Analytic approach. Results show that teachers mobilise turn-completion not only through gaze and gestures to explicitly signal to students that the floor is open, but also to project turn completion and index the relevance of the teaching materials. This study contributes to the understanding of teachers’ practices to manage participation and the progression of the pedagogical project in general, and to previous research on designedly incomplete utterances, in particular.
在任何课堂中,管理学生的参与都是一项关键的互动和教学任务。这在语言课堂上更为重要,因为学生需要通过词汇、短语、小句或句子元素的产生来展示理解、知识和熟练程度。问题-答案-序列一直是发起-响应-反馈模式中的焦点;然而,另一种开始是不完整的回合,学生需要在下一个顺序槽完成。本研究探讨了智利南部五所中学英语课堂中设计为不完整的引出语。分析遵循多模态会话分析方法。结果表明,教师不仅通过凝视和手势来动员学生完成回合,明确地向学生发出开放的信号,而且还通过项目完成回合和索引教材的相关性来调动学生完成回合。本研究有助于理解教师管理参与和教学项目进展的实践,特别是对先前关于故意不完整话语的研究。
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引用次数: 5
The Rashomon effect: which features of a speaker’s talk do listeners notice? 罗生门效应:听众会注意到演讲者讲话的哪些特点?
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1923540
P. Seedhouse, M. Satar
ABSTRACT The same L2 speaking performance may be analysed and evaluated in very different ways by different teachers or raters. We present a new, technology-assisted research design which opens up to investigation the trajectories of convergence and divergence between raters. We tracked and recorded what different raters noticed when, whilst grading a speaker’s videoed talk in the IELTS Speaking Test. We devised graphs of the ‘noticing trajectories’ of raters to compare the relative degrees of convergence and divergence between all raters at any point. The possible reasons for convergence/divergence were elicited using stimulated recall interviews. We found that raters’ noticing and rating tended to converge in relation to easily identifiable features such as idioms. However, for some stretches of speaker talk, there was clear divergence in terms of features noticed and rated by raters; in real IELTS tests, a background score-monitoring system deals with divergence. The research design enables delicate depiction of how the process of rater convergence/divergence unfolds over time. Applications are suggested in terms of examiner training, as well as for classroom discourse research and CA data workshops.
相同的第二语言口语表现可能会被不同的老师或评分者以非常不同的方式分析和评估。我们提出了一个新的,技术辅助的研究设计,它打开了调查的收敛和分歧的轨迹之间的评级。我们跟踪并记录了不同的评分者在给雅思口语考试中演讲者的视频演讲评分时所注意到的。我们设计了评分者“注意轨迹”的图表,以比较所有评分者在任何点上的相对收敛和分歧程度。趋同/分化的可能原因是通过刺激回忆访谈得出的。我们发现,评分者的注意和评分倾向于在容易识别的特征(如成语)上收敛。然而,对于演讲者的某些演讲片段,评分者在注意到的特征和评分方面存在明显的分歧;在真正的雅思考试中,一个后台分数监控系统处理分歧。研究设计能够精确地描述随着时间的推移,更大的收敛/发散过程是如何展开的。建议将其应用于考官培训,以及课堂话语研究和CA数据研讨会。
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引用次数: 2
Teachers’ embodied mitigation against allocating turns to unwilling students 教师对分配轮次给不愿意的学生的具体缓解
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1918194
Mika Ishino
ABSTRACT During teacher-centred classroom interaction, teachers often fail to solicit volunteer turn-takers. Even if students display their unwillingness to take a turn at the moment, teachers sometimes have no choice but to allocate them the turn, to move forward with the ongoing pedagogical activity. In such a moment, there can be a conflict between the students’ autonomy in securing private time and the teacher’s authority in forcing them to participate in the central activity. Paying special attention to such sensitive moments, this study explores how the teacher deals with them. The data for this study came from video recordings of English language classrooms in secondary education settings in Japan. Multimodal conversation analysis revealed that the teachers’ particular embodied practice involves directing the gaze not towards the students but the notebook in their hands prior to turn allocation to a student. The teachers implemented this embodied practice in a sequentially recognisable manner. This practice allowed the teachers to mitigate their act of violating the classroom’s social norm of ‘allocating a turn to a willing speaker’. Based on the findings, this study discusses the classroom teacher’s authority within the context of social relations with the students.
摘要在以教师为中心的课堂互动中,教师往往找不到志愿者。即使学生此刻表现出不愿意转弯,教师有时也别无选择,只能给他们分配转弯,以便继续进行正在进行的教学活动。在这种情况下,学生争取私人时间的自主权和教师强迫他们参与中心活动的权威之间可能会发生冲突。本研究特别关注这些敏感时刻,探讨教师如何处理这些敏感时刻。这项研究的数据来自日本中学英语课堂的视频记录。多模态会话分析表明,教师的具体具体做法是在将目光分配给学生之前,将目光转向自己手中的笔记本而不是学生。教师们以一种顺序可识别的方式实施这种具体化的实践。这种做法让老师们减轻了他们违反课堂社会规范的行为,即“给愿意发言的人分配一个机会”。在此基础上,本研究探讨了课堂教师在与学生的社会关系背景下的权威。
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引用次数: 4
(Re)defining success in language learning (重新)定义语言学习的成功
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-06-09 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1940229
Alyson Horan
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引用次数: 0
Humour as a pedagogical tool in teacher-initiated repair sequences: the case of extreme case formulations and candidate hearing 幽默作为教师发起的修复序列的教学工具:极端案例表述和候选人听证的案例
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-05-21 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1910051
Nimet Çopur, Cihat Atar, S. Walsh
ABSTRACT Research on humour in second language classrooms has widely focused on the roles, social functions and markers of humour in interaction; however, little attention has been paid to the sequential mechanisms of humour and the relationship between repair and humour. Therefore, drawing on a conversation analytic approach, this study investigates teacher-initiated humour as a repair initiator in naturally occurring interaction and the pedagogical outcomes created. Sixteen hours of data from English as a second language classroom contexts have been analysed using Conversation Analysis. Conversation Analysis provides valuable opportunities for humour studies with meticulous attention given to sequentiality, and its repair mechanism is a tool for understanding how interlocutors deal with troubles. The findings suggest that teachers accomplish various pedagogical goals by initiating repair on prior student turns in the form of confirmation checks, which they mark as humorous through extreme case formulations and candidate hearing produced in smiley voice. In doing so, they make students’ turns disaffiliating and an elaboration relevant next, through which they elicit extended responses and create space for learning. Thus, via producing repair sequences as humorous, teachers progress their pedagogical agenda and also open up space for further language practice by encouraging elaboration and discussion.
二语课堂幽默的研究主要集中在幽默在互动中的角色、社会功能和标志等方面。然而,人们对幽默的顺序机制以及修复与幽默之间的关系关注甚少。因此,本研究利用会话分析的方法,探讨教师发起的幽默在自然发生的互动和创造的教学成果中作为修复启动器的作用。使用会话分析分析了英语作为第二语言课堂语境中的16个小时的数据。对话分析为幽默研究提供了宝贵的机会,它细致地关注了幽默的顺序,它的修复机制是理解对话者如何处理麻烦的工具。研究结果表明,教师通过以确认检查的形式对先前的学生回合进行修复来实现各种教学目标,他们通过极端案例的表述和微笑声音产生的候选人听力来标记为幽默。在这样做的过程中,他们使学生的回合分离和阐述相关的下一步,通过他们引出扩展的反应和创造学习空间。因此,通过制作幽默的修复序列,教师推进了他们的教学议程,并通过鼓励阐述和讨论为进一步的语言实践开辟了空间。
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引用次数: 2
Transcribing whole-body sense-making by non-dominant students in multilingual classrooms 在多语言课堂中,非优势学生的全身意义表达
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-12 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2021.1896563
R. Tyler
ABSTRACT Whole-body sense-making offers insights for the analysis of identity work in learning in multilingual classroom contexts. The concept has the potential to draw together two strands of classroom discourse scholarship, namely multilingual and multimodal discourse studies. The data presented in this paper constitutes a moment of whole-body sense-making in Science learning in a multilingual South African high school in which the key participant meshes language and identity positions to appropriate Science discourse. The paper tracks the transcription of this moment and the production of a comic strip as transvisual in order to provide a metamethodological discussion of transcription practices linked to a specific research study. Technical and epistemological concerns about translation of speech by speakers of non-dominant languages as well as multimodality in transcription of classroom discourse are explored from a decolonial perspective. The affordances and limitations of the comic strip in representing the agency and voice of non-dominant youth in whole-body sense-making are outlined.
全身感知为多语言课堂环境下学习中的身份工作分析提供了见解。这一概念有可能将课堂话语研究的两股力量结合在一起,即多语言和多模态话语研究。本文中提供的数据构成了南非一所多语言高中科学学习中全身意义构建的时刻,其中主要参与者将语言和身份定位与适当的科学话语相结合。本文将这一时刻的转录和漫画的制作作为跨视觉的跟踪,以便提供与特定研究研究相关的转录实践的元方法论讨论。从非殖民化的角度探讨了非主导语言使用者的语言翻译技术和认识论问题,以及课堂话语转录的多模态。概述了漫画在代表非主导青年在全身意义上的代理和声音方面的优点和局限性。
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引用次数: 0
Vocabulary instruction in an L2 culture course: the intersection of classroom discourse, materials, and instructor’s choices in lexical focus-on-form episodes 第二语言文化课程中的词汇教学:课堂话语、材料和教师在词汇形式集中的选择的交集
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1867592
Nausica Marcos Miguel
ABSTRACT Content courses for modern language majors at United States universities are a teaching environment where limited research on second language (L2) vocabulary instruction has taken place. On the surface, it may seem that instructors do not plan vocabulary instruction. This study explores this assumption as well as the potential for learning of specialised words by examining the classroom discourse and the curricular materials, e.g., readings and instructor-created PowerPoints, of an advanced Spanish L2 culture course. Ten consecutive classroom sessions, taught by an experienced instructor, were analysed. A corpus-based analysis was conducted to identify 27 specialised target words that could potentially be learned based on their high frequency of use in classroom discourse and in the materials. In addition, the instructor-initiated lexical focus-on-form episodes on the target words were analysed, exploring the connection between the materials and the instructor’s pedagogical choices. For all lexical focus-on-form episodes, the materials prompted vocabulary instruction, mostly in a pre-emptive way. Since the target words were included in the teaching materials, instruction on these words could potentially be planned. That is, the dichotomy between planned and unplanned instruction is not such when including materials in the analysis.
美国大学现代语言专业的内容课程是一个对第二语言词汇教学研究有限的教学环境。从表面上看,教师似乎没有计划词汇教学。本研究通过考察一门高级西班牙语第二语言文化课程的课堂话语和课程材料(如阅读材料和教师制作的幻灯片),探讨了这一假设以及专业词汇学习的潜力。研究人员分析了由一位经验丰富的教师授课的连续十堂课。基于语料库的分析,根据27个在课堂话语和材料中使用频率高的特定目标词,确定了可能被学习的27个目标词。此外,我们还分析了教师发起的针对目标词汇的词汇关注形式片段,探讨了材料与教师教学选择之间的联系。对于所有以词汇形式为重点的剧集来说,这些材料都以先发制人的方式提示词汇教学。由于目标单词已经包含在教材中,因此可以对这些单词进行计划教学。也就是说,当在分析中包含材料时,计划教学和非计划教学之间的二分法就不存在了。
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引用次数: 1
Introduction: classroom discourse at the intersection of language education and materiality 导论:语言教育与物质性交汇的课堂话语
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1870151
C. Mathieu, Nausica Marcos Miguel, Teppo Jakonen
ABSTRACT This special issue provides a collection of research that examines the relationships between classroom materials and discourse in various second language education contexts. Together, these studies add to the field of language teaching and learning materials use research by offering new understandings of how materials – and how they are used in the classroom – can shape discourse. By utilising a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches to explore materials use research, the contributors of the special issue demonstrate the importance of considering the material aspect of the language teaching/learning environment when studying classroom discourse. This introduction will situate the articles in the special issue in relationship to previous discourse and materials use research.
这期特刊提供了一系列研究,探讨了在不同的第二语言教育背景下课堂材料和语篇之间的关系。总之,这些研究增加了语言教学和学习材料使用研究领域,提供了关于材料如何以及如何在课堂上使用材料如何塑造话语的新理解。通过运用广泛的理论和方法论方法来探索材料使用研究,本期特刊的撰稿人展示了在研究课堂话语时考虑语言教学/学习环境材料方面的重要性。这篇导论将把特刊中的文章与以往的话语和材料使用研究联系起来。
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引用次数: 3
Mediated learning materials: visibility checks in telepresence robot mediated classroom interaction 中介学习材料:远程呈现机器人中介课堂互动的可视性检查
IF 1.4 Q2 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2020.1808496
Teppo Jakonen, Heidi Jauni
ABSTRACT Videoconferencing is increasingly used in education as a way to support distance learning. This article contributes to the emerging interactional literature on video-mediated educational interaction by exploring how a telepresence robot is used to facilitate remote participation in university-level foreign language teaching. A telepresence robot differs from commonly used videoconferencing set-ups in that it allows mobility and remote camera control. A remote student can thus move a classroom-based robot from a distance in order to shift attention between people, objects and environmental structures during classroom activities. Using multimodal conversation analysis, we focus on how participants manage telepresent remote students’ visual access to classroom learning materials. In particular, we show how visibility checks are accomplished as a sequential and embodied practice in interaction between physically dispersed participants. Moreover, we demonstrate how participants conduct interactional work to make learning materials visible to the remote student by showing them and guiding the ‘seeing’ of materials. The findings portray some ways in which participants in video-mediated interaction display sensitivity to the possibility of intersubjective trouble and the recipient’s visual perspective. Besides increasing understanding of visual and interactional practices in technology-rich learning environments, the findings can be applied in the pedagogical design of such environments.
视频会议作为一种支持远程学习的方式越来越多地应用于教育领域。本文通过探索如何使用远程呈现机器人促进大学水平外语教学的远程参与,为视频媒介教育互动的新兴互动文献做出了贡献。远程呈现机器人不同于常用的视频会议设置,因为它允许移动和远程摄像机控制。因此,远程学生可以从远处移动基于教室的机器人,以便在课堂活动中将注意力转移到人、物体和环境结构之间。使用多模态会话分析,我们关注参与者如何管理远程呈现的远程学生对课堂学习材料的视觉访问。特别是,我们展示了可见性检查是如何在物理上分散的参与者之间的交互中作为一个顺序的和具体化的实践来完成的。此外,我们演示了参与者如何进行互动工作,通过向远程学生展示和指导他们“看到”材料,使学习材料对他们可见。这些发现描绘了视频媒介互动的参与者对主体间问题的可能性和接受者的视觉视角的敏感性的一些方式。除了增加对技术丰富的学习环境中视觉和互动实践的理解外,研究结果还可以应用于此类环境的教学设计。
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引用次数: 16
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Classroom Discourse
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