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Government Spending and Air Pollution in the US 美国的政府支出和空气污染
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2013-02-01 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000068
Asif M. Islam, Ramón López
This study examines the effect of the composition of federal and state government spending on various important air pollutants in the United States using a newly assembled data set of government expenditures. The results indicate that a reallocation of spending from private goods to social and public goods by state and local governments reduces air pollution concentrations while changes in the composition of federal spending have no effect. An increase in the share of social and public goods spending by state and local governments by 1 standard deviation reduces sulfur dioxide concentrations by 2–3%, particular matter 2.5 concentrations by 3–5%, and ozone concentrations by 2–6% of their respective standard deviations. The results are robust to various sensitivity checks.
本研究使用最新收集的政府支出数据集,考察了美国联邦和州政府在各种重要空气污染物上的支出构成的影响。结果表明,州和地方政府将支出从私人物品重新分配到社会和公共物品上,可以降低空气污染浓度,而联邦支出构成的变化没有影响。州和地方政府的社会和公共产品支出份额每增加1个标准差,二氧化硫浓度就会下降2-3%,特殊物质浓度会下降3-5%,臭氧浓度会下降2-6%。结果对各种灵敏度检查具有鲁棒性。
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引用次数: 45
The Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Survey of the Theoretical Literature 环境库兹涅茨曲线:理论文献综述
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2012-12-20 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000051
R. Pastén, B. Figueroa
This paper reviews and summarizes most of the literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC), focusing mainly on disentangling and clarifying the key concepts underlying the two classes of existing theoretical explanations for the EKC occurrence — those driven by technology and those driven by preferences — as well as the technical formalization of such concepts. To do this, we develop a model which allows the analysis of the two types of theoretical explanations under a common theoretical framework. Using this analytical setting, we first review models with technology as the main driver of the EKC, and then we study those with preferences as the fundamental driver. Finally, we present a closed form solution for the EKC which, on the one hand, is simpler and less restrictive than previous ones in the literature and, on the other hand, helps us to highlight some of the remaining theoretical gaps and to propose some possibilities for future research.
本文对环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)的大部分文献进行了回顾和总结,重点是理清和澄清了环境库兹涅茨曲线发生的两类现有理论解释的关键概念——技术驱动和偏好驱动——以及这些概念的技术形式化。为此,我们开发了一个模型,允许在一个共同的理论框架下分析两种类型的理论解释。在此分析背景下,我们首先回顾了以技术为EKC主要驱动因素的模型,然后研究了以偏好为基本驱动因素的模型。最后,我们提出了一个封闭形式的EKC解决方案,一方面,它比文献中先前的解决方案更简单,限制更少,另一方面,它有助于我们突出一些剩余的理论差距,并为未来的研究提出一些可能性。
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引用次数: 57
Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Lessons on Effectiveness, Efficiency and Spillover Potential 自愿环境协定:关于有效性、效率和溢出潜力的经验教训
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2012-03-10 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000049
F. D. Vries, A. Nentjes, Neil Odam
Voluntary agreements (VAs) have been widely used in environmental policymaking over the past 20 years. This paper reviews relevant theoretical and empirical literature on VAs, assessing their performance in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness is evaluated on three criteria: (i) effectiveness in setting the pollution abatement target, (ii) effectiveness in incentivising participation , and (iii) effectiveness in realizing the abatement target. Both static efficiency, in particular the allocation of abatement among participants in the VA, and dynamic efficiency, in particular the role of technology and informational spillovers, are evaluated. Finally, we identify gaps in the literature that provide opportunities for future research.
在过去的20年里,自愿协议在环境政策制定中得到了广泛的应用。本文回顾了VAs的相关理论和实证文献,从有效性和效率两个方面评价了VAs的表现。评估成效的标准有三:(i)制订减少污染目标的成效;(ii)鼓励参与的成效;及(iii)实现减少污染目标的成效。静态效率,特别是在自愿增值机制参与者之间的减排分配,以及动态效率,特别是技术和信息溢出的作用,都进行了评估。最后,我们找出文献中的空白,为未来的研究提供机会。
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引用次数: 23
Imperfect Environmental Policy and Polluting Emissions: The Green Paradox and Beyond 不完善的环境政策与污染排放:绿色悖论及超越
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2012-03-09 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000050
E. Werf, C. D. Maria
Well-intended policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions may have unintended undesirable consequences. Recently, a large literature has emerged showing that such a 'green paradox' may occur in response to particular policies. We review this literature and identify four different imperfect policy approaches that may induce a green paradox. We discuss under what conditions a green paradox may occur and highlight avenues for future research.
旨在减少温室气体排放的善意政策可能会产生意想不到的不良后果。最近,大量文献表明,这种“绿色悖论”可能发生在对特定政策的反应中。我们回顾了这些文献,并确定了四种不同的不完善的政策方法,可能会导致绿色悖论。我们讨论了在什么条件下可能出现绿色悖论,并强调了未来研究的途径。
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引用次数: 101
Perspectives on Ecosystem Based Management for Delivering Ecosystem Services with an Example from an Eighteen-Species Marine Model 基于生态系统的生态系统服务管理视角——以十八种海洋模式为例
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000048
D. Finnoff, Min Gong, J. Tschirhart
"(Ecologists) recommendations, when problems arise, tend to favor the preservation of nature, or to favor management programs that optimize only the biological side of the problem. It is not surprising that man, in self-interest, has usually chosen instead the recommendations of the economist or engineer, who is trained to optimize the human side of the problem." (Smith, 1968, p. 11)
“当问题出现时,(生态学家)的建议往往倾向于保护自然,或者倾向于只优化问题的生物方面的管理方案。人类出于自身利益,通常会选择经济学家或工程师的建议,这并不奇怪,因为他们受过训练,可以优化问题中人类的一面。”(史密斯,1968年,第11页)
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引用次数: 6
Tradable Permits versus Tradable Credits: A Survey and Analysis 可交易许可与可交易信用:调查与分析
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2012-01-01 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000047
A. Nentjes, E. Woerdman
This article compares tradable permits with tradable credits, two distinct economic instruments of environmental policy. It is demonstrated that under credit trading, which is an addition to (relative) emission standards, residual emissions are free of cost. Under permit trading (cap-and-trade), residual emissions always have a cost. The economic consequences of this difference are surveyed and analyzed with regard to various issues, including economic efficiency, political acceptance, incentives for adopting clean technologies, and incentives for legal compliance. The review concludes that permit trading is less costly to society than credit trading, but imperfect markets for output may change this ranking. The article reveals several gaps in the literature and formulates some new hypotheses for future research.
本文比较了可交易许可和可交易信用这两种截然不同的环境政策经济工具。结果表明,在信用交易下,作为对(相对)排放标准的补充,剩余排放是免费的。在许可交易(限额与交易)下,剩余排放总是要付出代价的。对这一差异的经济后果进行了调查和分析,涉及各种问题,包括经济效率、政治接受、采用清洁技术的奖励和遵守法律的奖励。报告的结论是,许可证交易的社会成本低于信用交易,但不完善的产出市场可能会改变这一排名。本文揭示了文献中的一些空白,并为未来的研究提出了一些新的假设。
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引用次数: 16
Cost Containment under Cap and Trade: A Review of the Literature 限额与交易下的成本控制:文献综述
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2011-09-24 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000044
Harrison Fell, Eric M. Moore, R. Morgenstern
Cap and trade programs have been a commonly proposed method to regulate emissions of various pollutants. As many countries move forward with plans to regulate CO 2 emissions, concerns over containing the costs of such policies often arise given the relatively large scope of the programs. We review three cost containment mechanisms most commonly employed in existing cap and trade policies and/or discussed in the literature: banking and borrowing, hybrid policies, and emission offsets. For each of these mechanisms we discuss the theoretical basis for the policy, potential unintended consequences and, where applicable, the effectiveness of the policy as it has been used in practice.
总量控制和交易计划一直是一种常用的方法来控制各种污染物的排放。随着许多国家推进管制二氧化碳排放的计划,考虑到这些计划的规模相对较大,对控制此类政策成本的担忧往往会出现。我们回顾了现有的限额与交易政策中最常用和/或在文献中讨论过的三种成本控制机制:银行和借贷、混合政策和排放抵消。对于每一种机制,我们都讨论了政策的理论基础、潜在的意外后果,以及在适用的情况下,政策在实践中使用的有效性。
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引用次数: 5
The Green Paradox and Greenhouse Gas Reducing Investments 绿色悖论和减少温室气体的投资
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2011-09-24 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000046
M. Hoel
If governments cannot commit to future carbon tax rates, investments in greenhouse gas mitigation will be based on uncertain and/or wrong predictions about these tax rates. Predictions about future carbon tax rates are also important for decisions made by owners of nonrenewable carbon resources. The effects of the size of expected future carbon taxes on near-term emissions and investments in substitutes for carbon energy depend significantly on how rapidly extraction costs increase with increasing total extraction. In addition, the time profile of the returns to investments in noncarbon substitutes is important for the effects on emissions and investments.
如果政府不能承诺未来的碳税税率,温室气体减排的投资将基于对这些税率的不确定和/或错误的预测。对未来碳税率的预测对不可再生碳资源所有者的决策也很重要。预计未来碳税的规模对近期排放和碳能源替代品投资的影响,在很大程度上取决于开采成本随着总开采量的增加而增加的速度。此外,非碳替代品投资回报的时间分布对排放和投资的影响也很重要。
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引用次数: 23
Monetary Valuation with Impact Pathway Analysis: Benefits of Reducing Nitrate Leaching in European Catchments 货币价值与影响路径分析:减少欧洲集水区硝酸盐浸出的好处
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2011-08-27 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000042
M. S. Andersen, M. S. Hansen, J. Carstensen, B. Kronvang, H. E. Andersen, H. Thodsen
Monetary Valuation with Impact Pathway Analysis: Benefits of Reducing Nitrate Leaching in European Catchments
货币价值与影响路径分析:减少欧洲集水区硝酸盐浸出的好处
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引用次数: 8
Wildlife Disease Bioeconomics 野生动物疾病生物经济学
IF 1.8 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2011-05-23 DOI: 10.1561/101.00000038
R. Horan, Eli P. Fenichel, Richard T. Melstrom
We review the disease ecology and bioeconomic literature on managing wildlife disease problems, and we also describe how wildlife disease problems relate to other health and resource problems. The disease ecology literature advocates managing populations relative to fixed ecological thresholds to produce disease eradication. We show that thresholds are generally endogenous functions of management choices, so that management involves manipulating both populations and thresholds. We also explore the conditions for optimal disease eradication and illustrate how harvest values and stock-related values may influence the optimality of eradication. When eradication is not optimal, we describe how the characteristic features of wildlife disease problems (i.e., multiple, interacting state variables and imperfect controls) make it unlikely that an optimal management plan will involve a monotonic path to a steady-state outcome.
我们回顾了有关野生动物疾病管理的疾病生态学和生物经济学文献,并描述了野生动物疾病问题与其他健康和资源问题的关系。疾病生态学文献主张相对于固定的生态阈值来管理种群以产生疾病根除。我们表明阈值通常是管理选择的内生函数,因此管理涉及操纵人口和阈值。我们还探讨了最优疾病根除的条件,并说明了收获值和库存相关值如何影响根除的最优性。当根除不是最优时,我们描述了野生动物疾病问题的特征(即,多个相互作用的状态变量和不完善的控制)如何使最优管理计划不太可能包含通往稳态结果的单调路径。
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引用次数: 17
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International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics
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