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A mobile robot for monitoring floor flatness in real-time 一种实时监测地板平整度的移动机器人
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0046
C. Naab
Abstract As part of the structural inspection, compliance with the specified flatness tolerances according to DIN (in particular DIN 18202:2019-07) has to be checked. Today, the monitoring of the flatness is carried out mainly with levelling instruments and tacheometers. However, these measuring methods are time-consuming, as stacking out the measuring grid and capturing the heights are performed manually. In addition, the data evaluation must be done in a separate work step. Therefore, we developed the mobile robot RITA for height measurement in combination with a stationary tacheometer. Now, the entire process of flatness control is carried out automatically, and heights are recorded reliably in real-time. For practicality, we developed a compact design of the mobile robot in combination with hardware modules. Our reflector tracking unit makes it possible to follow the reflector on the robotic platform in order to maintain the line of sight to the tacheometer. Furthermore, our mechanical pendulum unit ensures that the height measurement is always carried out vertically, even if the robot itself is tilted. Initial practical tests have shown that the high demands on the robotic platform are met and that the implementation of the flatness control can be automated. For that, investigations concerning the location accuracy of the robot were carried out, and the height measurement was validated. It turns out, that demands in the lowest millimeter range are fulfilled. Overall, these tests showed the enormous gain in performance due to the newly developed height measurement robot compared to the previous slow, complex, and tiring manual process.
摘要作为结构检查的一部分,必须检查是否符合DIN(特别是DIN 18202:2019-07)规定的平面度公差。如今,平面度的监测主要是用水准仪和转速表进行的。然而,这些测量方法是耗时的,因为堆叠测量网格和捕捉高度是手动执行的。此外,数据评估必须在单独的工作步骤中完成。因此,我们开发了用于高度测量的移动机器人RITA,该机器人与固定测速仪相结合。现在,平面度控制的整个过程都是自动进行的,并且高度被可靠地实时记录。为了实用,我们结合硬件模块开发了一个紧凑的移动机器人设计。我们的反射器跟踪单元可以跟踪机器人平台上的反射器,以保持转速表的视线。此外,我们的机械摆单元确保高度测量始终垂直进行,即使机器人本身倾斜。初步的实际测试表明,满足了对机器人平台的高要求,平面度控制的实现是自动化的。为此,对机器人的定位精度进行了研究,并对高度测量进行了验证。事实证明,在最低毫米范围内的需求得到了满足。总的来说,这些测试表明,与以前缓慢、复杂和疲惫的手动过程相比,新开发的高度测量机器人在性能上有了巨大的提高。
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引用次数: 0
Ionospheric scintillation characteristics from GPS observations over Malaysian region after the 2011 Valentine’s day solar flare 2011年情人节太阳耀斑后马来西亚地区GPS观测的电离层闪烁特征
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0053
Aramesh Seif, S. Panda
Abstract Ionospheric scintillations due to plasma irregularities can severely affect the modern dynamic and technological systems whose operations rely on satellite-based navigation systems. We investigate the occurrence of ionospheric scintillation in the equatorial and low latitude region over Malaysia after the 2011 Valentine’s Day solar flare. A network of three Global Ionospheric Scintillation and Total Electron Content Monitor (GISTM) GSV4004B receivers with increasing latitudes from the magnetic equator were used to monitor ionospheric TEC, rate of change of TEC index (ROTI), and amplitude (S4) as well as phase (σ φ) scintillation indices. The results show a simultaneous sudden rise in S4 and σ φ along with a significant depletion of TEC at all three locations. However, the largest enhancement of scintillation indices accompanying a substantial TEC depletion is observed at the farthest low latitude station (UNIMAS) from the equator with values around 0.5, 0.3 rad, and 1 TECU, respectively. The corresponding values at the near-equatorial station (Langkawi; 0.4, 0.2 rad, and 3 TECU) and intermediate station (UKM; 0.45, 0.3 rad, and 5 TECU) are examined along with ROTI variations, confirming the simultaneous occurrence of kilometer-scale and sub kilometer scale irregularities during 17 and 18 February 2011. The radiation effects of the solar flare on the ionosphere were prominently recognized at the local nighttime hours (around 14:00 to 17:00 UT) coinciding with the equatorial prereversal enhancement (PRE) time to seed the equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) enhancement that resulted in ionospheric irregularities over the low latitudes. The significant TEC depletion seen in the signals from selected GPS satellites (PRNs 11, 19, 23, and 32) suggests plausible degradation in the performance of GPS-based services over the Malaysian region. The study provides an effective understanding of the post-flare ionospheric irregularities during an episode of minor geomagnetic storm period and aligns with the efforts for mitigating the scintillation effects in space-based radio services over low latitudes.
摘要等离子体不规则性引起的电离层闪烁会严重影响现代动力学和技术系统,这些系统的运行依赖于卫星导航系统。我们调查了2011年情人节太阳耀斑后马来西亚赤道和低纬度地区电离层闪烁的发生情况。使用三个全球电离层闪烁和总电子含量监测器(GISTM)GSV4004B接收器组成的网络,从磁赤道开始增加纬度,以监测电离层TEC、TEC指数变化率(ROTI)、振幅(S4)和相位(σφ)闪烁指数。结果表明,在所有三个位置,S4和σφ同时突然上升,TEC显著耗尽。然而,在距离赤道最远的低纬度站(UNIMAS)观察到伴随TEC大量消耗的闪烁指数的最大增强,其值分别约为0.5、0.3 rad和1 TECU。对近赤道台站(兰卡威;0.4、0.2 rad和3 TECU)和中间台站(UKM;0.45、0.3 rad和5 TECU)的相应值以及ROTI变化进行了检查,证实在2011年2月17日和18日期间同时出现公里尺度和亚公里尺度的不规则性。太阳耀斑对电离层的辐射效应在当地夜间(美国东部时间14:00至17:00左右)得到了显著识别,这与赤道赤道前增强(PRE)时间相吻合,从而引发赤道等离子体气泡(EPBs)增强,导致低纬度电离层不规则。从选定的GPS卫星(PRN 11、19、23和32)的信号中看到的TEC显著损耗表明,马来西亚地区基于GPS的服务的性能可能会下降。这项研究有效地了解了小地磁风暴期间耀斑后电离层的不规则性,并与减轻低纬度天基无线电服务中闪烁影响的努力相一致。
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引用次数: 2
EDM-GNSS distance comparison at the EURO5000 calibration baseline: preliminary results EURO5000校准基线下EDM-GNSS距离比较:初步结果
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0049
K. Wezka, L. García-Asenjo, D. Próchniewicz, S. Baselga, R. Szpunar, P. Garrigues, J. Walo, Raquel Luján
Abstract At the Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland, the novel primary reference baseline EURO5000 is required as part of the European Research project GeoMetre to both validate refractivity-compensated EDM prototypes and investigate the metrological traceability of GNSS-based distances. Since the aimed uncertainty is 1 mm at 5 km (k = 2), the design, construction, and validation must be carefully prepared to fulfil the high standards of the GeoMetre field campaigns which are planned to be carried out in May 2022. This contribution describes the main features of the EURO5000 and presents the results of the preliminary validation which includes a first comparison between the results obtained by using precise currently available EDMs as well as GNSS techniques following the standard GNSS geodetic processing algorithms, on the one hand, and the improved GNSS-Based Distance Meter (GBDM+) approach developed at UPV, on the other hand. The preliminary validation presented in this contribution also permits (1) to detect potential problems in the use of the baseline such as potential geodynamic problems, atmospheric refraction or multipath limitations, (2) to produce a set of reliable results, and (3) to pave the way for the final field comparisons between the novel EDMs and the GBDM+ approach. The result of this metrological experiment may significantly contribute to overcome the limitations of current high-precision deformation monitoring applications that require their scale to be consistent with the SI-metre within 0.1 ppm in several km.
摘要在波兰的Pieniny Klippen带,作为欧洲研究项目GeoMetre的一部分,需要新的主要参考基线EURO5000,以验证折射率补偿EDM原型,并研究基于GNSS的距离的计量可追溯性。由于5 km(k=2)处的目标不确定性为1 mm,因此必须仔细准备设计、施工和验证,以满足计划于2022年5月进行的GeoMetre现场活动的高标准。这篇文章描述了EURO5000的主要特征,并介绍了初步验证的结果,其中包括通过使用当前可用的精确EDM以及遵循标准GNSS大地测量处理算法的GNSS技术获得的结果之间的第一次比较,以及UPV开发的改进的基于全球导航卫星系统的测距仪(GBDM+)方法。本贡献中提出的初步验证还允许(1)检测基线使用中的潜在问题,如潜在的地球动力学问题、大气折射或多路径限制,(2)产生一组可靠的结果,以及(3)为新EDM和GBDM+方法之间的最终现场比较铺平道路。该计量实验的结果可能有助于克服当前高精度变形监测应用的局限性,这些应用要求其刻度在几公里内与0.1 ppm以内的SI米一致。
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引用次数: 4
A real-time algorithm for continuous navigation in intelligent transportation systems using LiDAR-Gyroscope-Odometer integration 基于激光雷达-陀螺仪-里程表集成的智能交通系统连续导航实时算法
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-28 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0022
Tarek Hassan, T. Fath-Allah, M. Elhabiby, Alaa ElDin Awad, M. El‐Tokhey
Abstract Real-time positioning in suburban and urban environments has been a challenging task for many Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. In these environments, positioning using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) cannot provide continuous solutions due to the blockage of signals in harsh scenarios. Consequently, it is intrinsic to have an independent positioning system capable of providing accurate and reliable positional solutions over GNSS outages. This study exploits the integration of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), gyroscope, and odometer sensors, and a novel real-time algorithm is proposed for this integration. Real field data, collected by a moving land vehicle, is used to test the presented algorithm. Three simulated GNSS outages are introduced in the trajectory such that each outage lasts for five minutes. The results show that using the proposed algorithm can achieve a promising navigation performance in urban environments. In addition, it is shown that the denser environments, that existed over the second and third outages, can provide better positioning accuracies as more features are extracted. The horizontal errors over the first outage, with less density of surroundings, reached 7.74 m (0.43%) error with a mean value of 3.15 m. Moreover, the horizontal errors in the denser environments over the second and third outages reached 4.97 m (0.28%) and 3.99 m (0.23%), with mean values of 2.25 m and 1.89 m, respectively.
摘要郊区和城市环境中的实时定位对于许多智能交通系统(ITS)应用来说是一项具有挑战性的任务。在这些环境中,使用全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)进行定位无法提供连续的解决方案,因为在恶劣的场景中信号会被阻塞。因此,拥有一个独立的定位系统是必不可少的,该系统能够在全球导航卫星系统中断时提供准确可靠的定位解决方案。本研究利用了光探测和测距(LiDAR)、陀螺仪和里程计传感器的集成,并提出了一种新的实时集成算法。使用移动的陆地车辆收集的真实现场数据来测试所提出的算法。轨迹中引入了三次模拟GNSS中断,每次中断持续五分钟。结果表明,使用该算法可以在城市环境中获得良好的导航性能。此外,研究表明,随着提取更多特征,第二次和第三次停电期间存在的密度更大的环境可以提供更好的定位精度。在环境密度较小的情况下,第一次大修的水平误差达到7.74m(0.43%),平均值为3.15m。此外,在第二次和第三次大修的密度较大的环境中,水平误差分别达到4.97m(0.28%)和3.99m(0.23%),均均值分别为2.25m和1.89m。
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引用次数: 0
Forecasting post-earthquake rockfall activity 预测地震后落石活动
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0045
Michael J. OlsenM.J. Olsen, C. Massey, B. Leshchinsky, J. Wartman, A. Senogles
Abstract Important infrastructure such as highways or railways traverse unstable terrain in many mountainous and scenic parts of the world. Rockfalls and landslides result in frequent maintenance needs, system unreliability due to frequent closures and restrictions, and safety hazards. Seismic activity significantly amplifies these negative economic and community impacts by generating large rockfalls and landslides as well as weakening the terrain. This paper interrogates a rich database of repeat terrestrial lidar scans collected during the Canterbury New Zealand Earthquake Sequence to document geomorphic processes as well as quantify rockfall activity rates through time. Changes in the activity rate (spatial distribution) and failure depths (size) were observed based on the Rockfall Activity Index (RAI) morphological classification. Forecasting models can be developed from these relationships that can be utilized by transportation agencies to estimate increased maintenance needs for debris removal to minimize road closures from rockfalls after seismic events.
公路或铁路等重要基础设施穿越世界上许多山区和风景区的不稳定地形。落石和山体滑坡导致频繁的维护需求、频繁的关闭和限制导致的系统不可靠性以及安全隐患。地震活动通过产生大型落石和山体滑坡以及削弱地形,大大放大了这些负面的经济和社区影响。本文询问了坎特伯雷-新西兰地震序列期间收集的重复陆地激光雷达扫描的丰富数据库,以记录地貌过程,并量化随时间变化的落石活动率。根据落石活动指数(RAI)形态分类,观察了活动率(空间分布)和破坏深度(大小)的变化。预测模型可以从这些关系中开发出来,交通机构可以利用这些关系来估计碎片清除的维护需求增加,以最大限度地减少地震事件后落石造成的道路封闭。
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引用次数: 1
Supervoxel-based targetless registration and identification of stable areas for deformed point clouds 变形点云的超体素无目标配准与稳定区识别
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0031
Yihui Yang, V. Schwieger
Abstract Accurate and robust 3D point cloud registration is the crucial part of the processing chain in terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)-based deformation monitoring that has been widely investigated in the last two decades. For the scenarios without signalized targets, however, automatic and robust point cloud registration becomes more challenging, especially when significant deformations and changes exist between the sequence of scans which may cause erroneous registrations. In this contribution, a fully automatic registration algorithm for point clouds with partially unstable areas is proposed, which does not require artificial targets or extracted feature points. In this method, coarsely registered point clouds are firstly over-segmented and represented by supervoxels based on the local consistency assumption of deformed objects. A confidence interval based on an approximate assumption of the stochastic model is considered to determine the local minimum detectable deformation for the identification of stable areas. The significantly deformed supervoxels between two scans can be detected progressively by an efficient iterative process, solely retaining the stable areas to be utilized for the fine registration. The proposed registration method is demonstrated on two datasets (both with two-epoch scans): An indoor scene simulated with different kinds of changes, including rigid body movement and shape deformation, and the Nesslrinna landslide close to Obergurgl, Austria. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm exhibits a higher registration accuracy and thus a better detection of deformations in TLS point clouds compared with the existing voxel-based method and the variants of the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm.
精确、鲁棒的三维点云配准是基于地面激光扫描(TLS)的变形监测处理链的关键环节,近二十年来得到了广泛的研究。然而,对于没有信号目标的场景,自动和鲁棒的点云配准变得更具挑战性,特别是当扫描序列之间存在明显的变形和变化时,这可能导致错误的配准。本文提出了一种不需要人工目标或提取特征点的局部不稳定点云的全自动配准算法。该方法首先基于变形物体的局部一致性假设,对粗配准点云进行过分割,并用超体素表示。考虑基于随机模型近似假设的置信区间来确定局部最小可探测变形,以识别稳定区域。通过有效的迭代过程,可以逐步检测两次扫描之间明显变形的超体素,仅保留用于精细配准的稳定区域。本文在两个数据集(均采用双历元扫描)上验证了所提出的配准方法:模拟具有不同类型变化(包括刚体运动和形状变形)的室内场景,以及奥地利Obergurgl附近的Nesslrinna滑坡。实验结果表明,与现有的基于体素的方法和迭代最近点(ICP)算法的变体相比,该算法具有更高的配准精度,从而可以更好地检测TLS点云中的变形。
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引用次数: 1
Fitting a triaxial ellipsoid to a set of quasi-selenoidal points 将三轴椭球体拟合到一组准椭球点
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-21 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0024
E. Kontou, G. Panou
Abstract The aim of this work is the determination of the parameters of the triaxial ellipsoid of the Moon, as derived from a quasi-selenoid model. After a detailed description of various quasi-selenoid models of the lunar gravity field, which were proposed in the last twenty years, we prepare suitable data sets of three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates. The mathematical model adopted is the general (polynomial) equation of an ellipsoid functionally related to the nine unknowns: the coordinates of the ellipsoid center, the three rotation angles and the three ellipsoid semiaxes. Furthermore, we adopt mathematical models for one special and two degenerate cases of the triaxial ellipsoid. We implement the least-squares method of indirect observations and we derive results for eighteen data sets of quasi-selenoidal points. From the results, we report the values of the semiaxes of the triaxial ellipsoid of fitting with three unknowns, for the model GL0660B, to be 1,738,256.3 ± 0.2 m, 1,738,023.1 ± 0.2 m and 1,737,603.2 ± 0.2 m, while the other unknowns remain insignificant. This triaxial ellipsoid leads to the improvement in the RMS value of the height anomaly at about 12 per cent in comparison to the oblate spheroid.
摘要这项工作的目的是确定月球三轴椭球体的参数,该椭球体是从准类星体模型导出的。在详细描述了近二十年来提出的各种月球重力场准seleoid模型后,我们准备了合适的三维笛卡尔坐标数据集。所采用的数学模型是椭球的一般(多项式)方程,在函数上与九个未知数有关:椭球中心的坐标、三个旋转角和三个椭球半轴。此外,我们对三轴椭球体的一种特殊情况和两种退化情况采用了数学模型。我们实现了间接观测的最小二乘法,并导出了18个拟类选点数据集的结果。根据结果,我们报告了GL0660B模型三轴椭球拟合的三个未知数的半轴值为1738256.3±0.2 m、1738023.1±0.2 m和1737603.2±0.2 m,而其他未知数仍然无关紧要。与扁球体相比,这种三轴椭球导致高度异常的RMS值提高约12%。
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引用次数: 0
Solution for ill-posed EIV model regularization attending to its decreasing regularization characteristic 考虑EIV模型正则化递减特征的病态EIV模型正则化解
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0019
Yeqing Tao, Juan Yang, Qiaoning He
Abstract The errors-in-variables (EIV) model is used for data processing in the field of geodesy. However, the EIV model may be ill-posed. By analyzing the decreasing regularization (D-regularization) characteristic of solutions for EIV models, algorithms using traditional methods such as singular value decomposition or the Tikhonov function can directly determine the irrationality of a model. When an EIV model is ill-posed, solutions in which the observation errors in the coefficient matrix are simulated by variables make the ill-posed nature of the model more serious. This is because the simulated observation errors are subtracted from the coefficient matrix in subsequent computations, which reduces the singular value of the normal matrix. This point is verified using an example. To account for the D-regularization of solutions in EIV models, a modified algorithm is derived by classifying the models into two categories, and the regularization parameters are iteratively revised based on the mean squared error. Finally, some conclusions are drawn from two separate examples.
摘要在大地测量领域中,误差变量模型(EIV)被用于数据处理。然而,EIV模型可能是不适定的。通过分析EIV模型解的递减正则化(d -正则化)特征,利用传统的奇异值分解或Tikhonov函数等算法可以直接判断模型的不合理性。当EIV模型不适定时,用变量模拟系数矩阵观测误差的解会使模型的不适定性更加严重。这是因为在后续的计算中,将模拟观测误差从系数矩阵中减去,降低了正态矩阵的奇异值。用实例验证了这一点。针对EIV模型解的d -正则化问题,提出了一种改进算法,将EIV模型分为两类,并根据均方误差迭代修正正则化参数。最后,从两个独立的例子中得出了一些结论。
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引用次数: 0
Performance tests of geodetic receivers with tilt sensors in obstructed environments using the NRTK GNSS technique 利用NRTK GNSS技术对带有倾斜传感器的大地测量接收机在受阻环境中的性能进行测试
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0047
Puttipol Dumrongchai, Jittranud Patsadutarn, C. Satirapod
Abstract The Department of Lands (DOL), Thailand, has adopted the Network-based Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveying technique using a Virtual Reference Station (VRS) to support cadastral surveys since 2011. Determining accurate coordinates of parcel boundary markers at building corners or near fences and walls is difficult because a GNSS range pole cannot be leveled with a circular bubble. This study aims to evaluate the performance of the receivers equipped with tilt sensors for horizontal and vertical positioning. Two types of tilt sensors used for evaluation were a magnetometer and micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and an inertial measurement unit (IMU). Conducting the NRTK GNSS surveying tests was based on the pole tilt angles of 0°, 15°, 25°, 35°, and 45° from a plumb line in controlled and obstructed environments. The IMU-based tilt sensor had more advantage of accurately positioning over the MEMS sensor. The results showed that using the IMU, better than 4 cm horizontal positioning accuracy was achievable when the pole was tilted by 15° or less under non-multipath and open-sky conditions. The vertical accuracy was of a few centimeter levels and least sensitive to tilt angles using either type of sensor. However, none of the sensors precisely compensated for pole tilt in strong-multipath and complex environments, causing increased horizontal errors in decimeter levels.
自2011年以来,泰国国土部(DOL)采用基于网络的实时运动学(NRTK)全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量技术,利用虚拟参考站(VRS)支持地籍测量。由于GNSS测距杆不能用圆形气泡调平,因此很难确定建筑物角落或围栏和墙壁附近的地块边界标记的准确坐标。本研究旨在评估配备倾斜传感器的接收器在水平和垂直定位时的性能。用于评估的两种倾斜传感器是磁力计和微机电系统(MEMS)以及惯性测量单元(IMU)。进行NRTK GNSS测量测试时,在受控和受阻的环境中,极点倾斜角度分别为铅垂线0°、15°、25°、35°和45°。与MEMS传感器相比,基于imu的倾斜传感器具有更精确定位的优势。结果表明,在非多径和开放天空条件下,当极点倾斜小于等于15°时,IMU的水平定位精度优于4 cm。垂直精度是几厘米的水平和最不敏感的倾斜角使用任何类型的传感器。然而,在强多径和复杂的环境中,没有一个传感器精确地补偿极倾斜,导致分米水平误差增加。
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引用次数: 3
Comparison of different global DTMs and GGMs over Sri Lanka 斯里兰卡不同全球dtm和GGMs的比较
IF 1.4 Q4 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2022-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/jag-2022-0026
Weeramuni Javana Praboni De Silva, H. Prasanna
Abstract Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are real-world geographical databases that are important in studying many Earth related topics. Because the vertical accuracy of global DEMs differs across regions due to various reasons, acquiring reliable heights for a region using global height models is crucial. The objective of this study is to compare and assess the most reliable global height model for Sri Lanka. The official height system in Sri Lanka is the Mean Sea Level (MSL) based orthometric height system. In this study, the quality of ASTER, SRTM, NASADEM, MERIT, and DEMs compiled from digitized contour data of Sri Lanka was evaluated using the known heights of the Fundamental Benchmarks (FBMs) of Sri Lanka. In addition, recently published high-resolution Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) were used for the accuracy assessments of gravity related quantities computed using DEMs. The SGG-UGM-2 GGM, which showed the minimum STD and RMSE of geoid undulation difference was found as the best fit GGM over Sri Lanka. It was found that the NASADEM at its highest resolution, which gave the lowest RMSE of 2.954 m was the best global DEM for Sri Lanka.
数字高程模型(dem)是一种真实世界的地理数据库,在研究许多与地球相关的课题中具有重要意义。由于各种原因,全球dem的垂直精度在不同地区存在差异,因此使用全球高度模型获取区域的可靠高度至关重要。本研究的目的是比较和评估斯里兰卡最可靠的全球高度模型。斯里兰卡的官方高度系统是基于平均海平面(MSL)的正交高度系统。在本研究中,利用斯里兰卡基本基准(FBMs)的已知高度,对斯里兰卡数字化等高线数据汇编的ASTER、SRTM、NASADEM、MERIT和dem的质量进行了评估。此外,利用最近发表的高分辨率全球地势模型(GGMs)对dem计算的重力相关量进行了精度评估。SGG-UGM-2型大地水准面波动差的STD和RMSE最小,是最适合斯里兰卡的大地水准面波动差。研究发现,最高分辨率的NASADEM是斯里兰卡最好的全球DEM, RMSE最低,为2.954 m。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Applied Geodesy
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