Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.847.283
Hannah Landecker
Thanks to scientific discoveries and commercial efforts to harness the processes of fermentation going back to the nineteenth century, enzymes harvested from microbes have become ubiquitous in detergents and other cleaning products, as well as in food production. They are also now being adapted for an even bigger cleaning task: remediating pollution. Examining how these humble proteins and the biochemical reactions they catalyze became so indispensable reveals a little-noticed history of industrialization underlying modern everyday life.
{"title":"Enzyme Power","authors":"Hannah Landecker","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.847.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.847.283","url":null,"abstract":"Thanks to scientific discoveries and commercial efforts to harness the processes of fermentation going back to the nineteenth century, enzymes harvested from microbes have become ubiquitous in detergents and other cleaning products, as well as in food production. They are also now being adapted for an even bigger cleaning task: remediating pollution. Examining how these humble proteins and the biochemical reactions they catalyze became so indispensable reveals a little-noticed history of industrialization underlying modern everyday life.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"364 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135112418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.277
Kristy Ironside
In Russia, attempts at liberalizing state finances have long run up against the autocratic desire for control of the money supply.
在俄罗斯，开放国家财政的尝试长期以来一直与控制货币供应的专制愿望相抵触。
{"title":"The Ruble and Russian Autocracy","authors":"Kristy Ironside","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.277","url":null,"abstract":"In Russia, attempts at liberalizing state finances have long run up against the autocratic desire for control of the money supply.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.249
Anna Wylegała
Ukrainians displaced by the current Russian invasion frequently turn to family memories of a previous war to understand and cope with their situation. In an oral history project, Ukrainian refugees often compared Russian actions to World War II–era war crimes perpetrated in Ukraine by Nazi Germany—and many assert that the Russians today are worse. These experiences have fueled an intense hatred of the Russians, even among Russian-speakers. For these Ukrainians, the idea of the Russkii mir, or “Russian world,” binding post-Soviet countries in a common civilization, has been discredited.
{"title":"How Family History Helps Ukrainians Face the War","authors":"Anna Wylegała","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.249","url":null,"abstract":"Ukrainians displaced by the current Russian invasion frequently turn to family memories of a previous war to understand and cope with their situation. In an oral history project, Ukrainian refugees often compared Russian actions to World War II–era war crimes perpetrated in Ukraine by Nazi Germany—and many assert that the Russians today are worse. These experiences have fueled an intense hatred of the Russians, even among Russian-speakers. For these Ukrainians, the idea of the Russkii mir, or “Russian world,” binding post-Soviet countries in a common civilization, has been discredited.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.255
Lia Tsuladze
In Georgia, the current ruling party has exploited the European integration process for both discursive and strategic purposes since it came to power in 2012. Georgia Dream’s seemingly recent deviation from the European course in fact has a longer history; it was already visible in 2014. This process further intensified in 2019, and escalated after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, when the party refused to join the EU’s sanctions against Russia and started openly criticizing European officials, while escalating attacks on liberal values.
{"title":"Georgia’s Contested European Trajectory","authors":"Lia Tsuladze","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.255","url":null,"abstract":"In Georgia, the current ruling party has exploited the European integration process for both discursive and strategic purposes since it came to power in 2012. Georgia Dream’s seemingly recent deviation from the European course in fact has a longer history; it was already visible in 2014. This process further intensified in 2019, and escalated after Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, when the party refused to join the EU’s sanctions against Russia and started openly criticizing European officials, while escalating attacks on liberal values.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136079722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.243
Pavel K. Baev
The Russian military has failed the tests of the Ukraine war, and its leadership and chain of command are seriously compromised. A costly modernization program failed to deliver the promised superiority in key weapon systems, offensive capabilities are exhausted, and the quality of manpower has deteriorated. The ill-fated reliance on the Wagner Group was a result of this degradation. Nuclear weapons cannot be used to break the pattern of slow-moving defeat, and the resource base for sustaining the long war is being depleted. In the medium term, Russia cannot count on rehabilitating its capacity for threatening its neighbors.
{"title":"The Russian War Machine Fails the Tests of War","authors":"Pavel K. Baev","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.243","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian military has failed the tests of the Ukraine war, and its leadership and chain of command are seriously compromised. A costly modernization program failed to deliver the promised superiority in key weapon systems, offensive capabilities are exhausted, and the quality of manpower has deteriorated. The ill-fated reliance on the Wagner Group was a result of this degradation. Nuclear weapons cannot be used to break the pattern of slow-moving defeat, and the resource base for sustaining the long war is being depleted. In the medium term, Russia cannot count on rehabilitating its capacity for threatening its neighbors.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.261
Johan Engvall
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has backfired, weakening Moscow economically, politically, and militarily, and these setbacks have undermined Moscow’s strategic position in its so-called near abroad. Russia had considered Central Asia one of its most secure regions of influence, thanks to a multitude of linkages developed over a long period. But the war and its repercussions are altering Russia’s relations with its five former colonies in Central Asia, which are looking to end old dependencies and form alternative partnerships with other powers.
{"title":"Central Asia Moves Beyond Russia","authors":"Johan Engvall","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.261","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has backfired, weakening Moscow economically, politically, and militarily, and these setbacks have undermined Moscow’s strategic position in its so-called near abroad. Russia had considered Central Asia one of its most secure regions of influence, thanks to a multitude of linkages developed over a long period. But the war and its repercussions are altering Russia’s relations with its five former colonies in Central Asia, which are looking to end old dependencies and form alternative partnerships with other powers.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.273
Oxana Shevel
The Euromaidan revolution was the start of a process of profound change in Ukrainian identity. Russian aggression has completed this turn to a pro-Western, anti-Russian orientation.
亲欧盟运动革命是乌克兰身份发生深刻变化过程的开端。俄罗斯的侵略完成了向亲西方、反俄罗斯方向的转变。
{"title":"A Decade of Dramatic Change in Ukrainian Society","authors":"Oxana Shevel","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.273","url":null,"abstract":"The Euromaidan revolution was the start of a process of profound change in Ukrainian identity. Russian aggression has completed this turn to a pro-Western, anti-Russian orientation.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.268
Aksana Ismailbekova
Despite the violence of Soviet rule, Soviet policies improved the status of women in Central Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union ushered in a restoration of revival of Islam and patriarchal customs. In Kyrgyzstan, Islamic organizations are taking an increasingly active role in public life, often delivering necessary services that the state no longer provides. But here, female-run Islamic groups have gained influence, and pious women are challenging both patriarchal and secular norms.
{"title":"Women’s Islamic Activism Rises in Kyrgyzstan","authors":"Aksana Ismailbekova","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.846.268","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the violence of Soviet rule, Soviet policies improved the status of women in Central Asia. The collapse of the Soviet Union ushered in a restoration of revival of Islam and patriarchal customs. In Kyrgyzstan, Islamic organizations are taking an increasingly active role in public life, often delivering necessary services that the state no longer provides. But here, female-run Islamic groups have gained influence, and pious women are challenging both patriarchal and secular norms.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"148 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135367485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.217
M. Weiss
Paralleling dramatic shifts in Malaysian politics since the 1980s have been the twists and turns in the life of Anwar Ibrahim, who became prime minister after decades of striving in November 2022. From student firebrand to wily political strategist, Anwar has been both insider and outsider, balancing principles and ambition, from the streets to prison to parliament, and back around again. Throughout, he has done surely more than anyone else to coax Malaysia along new sociopolitical paths, helping to elevate both conservative Islamism and progressive political liberalism, in novel combinations. His critics are fierce; his fans at least as much so—but his legacy is undeniable.
{"title":"Malaysia’s Anwar, Anwar’s Malaysia","authors":"M. Weiss","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.217","url":null,"abstract":"Paralleling dramatic shifts in Malaysian politics since the 1980s have been the twists and turns in the life of Anwar Ibrahim, who became prime minister after decades of striving in November 2022. From student firebrand to wily political strategist, Anwar has been both insider and outsider, balancing principles and ambition, from the streets to prison to parliament, and back around again. Throughout, he has done surely more than anyone else to coax Malaysia along new sociopolitical paths, helping to elevate both conservative Islamism and progressive political liberalism, in novel combinations. His critics are fierce; his fans at least as much so—but his legacy is undeniable.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81172639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.230
I. Baird
Although it is commonly thought that the war in Laos ended in 1975 when the communist Pathet Lao took over the country, in fact the takeover stirred up considerable military and political opposition, leading to civil war. For a variety of reasons, the conflict diminished in the 1990s and 2000s. The improved security situation allowed the government to adopt a new policy allocating large-scale land concessions for use in developing commercial plantations. These concessions inflicted social and environmental violence on the people who lost their land. These two types of violence in Laos, war and dispossession, are linked more closely than is generally recognized.
{"title":"Land Concessions and Postwar Conflict in Laos","authors":"I. Baird","doi":"10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.2023.122.845.230","url":null,"abstract":"Although it is commonly thought that the war in Laos ended in 1975 when the communist Pathet Lao took over the country, in fact the takeover stirred up considerable military and political opposition, leading to civil war. For a variety of reasons, the conflict diminished in the 1990s and 2000s. The improved security situation allowed the government to adopt a new policy allocating large-scale land concessions for use in developing commercial plantations. These concessions inflicted social and environmental violence on the people who lost their land. These two types of violence in Laos, war and dispossession, are linked more closely than is generally recognized.","PeriodicalId":45614,"journal":{"name":"Current History","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74861112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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