Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1177/02697580221116125
J. Clark, P. Jefferies, M. Ungar
Berntsen and Rubin’s Centrality of Event Scale (CES) has been used in many different studies. This interdisciplinary and exploratory article is the first to apply the scale and to analyse event centrality in the context of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV). It draws on a research sample of 449 victims-/survivors of CRSV in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Colombia and Uganda. Existing research on event centrality has mainly focused on the concept’s relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder and/or post-traumatic growth. This article, in contrast, does something new, by examining associations between high event centrality, resilience, well-being and experienced consequences of CRSV, as well as ethnicity and leadership. Its analyses strongly accentuate crucial contextual dimensions of event centrality, in turn highlighting that the concept has wider implications for policy and interventions aimed at supporting those who have suffered CRSV. Ultimately, the article juxtaposes event centrality with a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to CRSV, using the former to argue for a reframing of the latter. This reframing means giving greater attention to the social ecologies (environments) that shape legacies of sexual violence in conflict.
{"title":"Event centrality and conflict-related sexual violence: A new application of the Centrality of Event Scale (CES)","authors":"J. Clark, P. Jefferies, M. Ungar","doi":"10.1177/02697580221116125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221116125","url":null,"abstract":"Berntsen and Rubin’s Centrality of Event Scale (CES) has been used in many different studies. This interdisciplinary and exploratory article is the first to apply the scale and to analyse event centrality in the context of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV). It draws on a research sample of 449 victims-/survivors of CRSV in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Colombia and Uganda. Existing research on event centrality has mainly focused on the concept’s relationship with post-traumatic stress disorder and/or post-traumatic growth. This article, in contrast, does something new, by examining associations between high event centrality, resilience, well-being and experienced consequences of CRSV, as well as ethnicity and leadership. Its analyses strongly accentuate crucial contextual dimensions of event centrality, in turn highlighting that the concept has wider implications for policy and interventions aimed at supporting those who have suffered CRSV. Ultimately, the article juxtaposes event centrality with a ‘survivor-centred approach’ to CRSV, using the former to argue for a reframing of the latter. This reframing means giving greater attention to the social ecologies (environments) that shape legacies of sexual violence in conflict.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48285484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-03DOI: 10.1177/02697580221112436
A. Birze, C. Regehr, Kaitlyn Regehr
As graphic video evidence becomes a standard element in the investigation and prosecution of violent crime, criminal justice organizations must consider and address exposure to and impact of this potentially traumatizing workplace material for criminal justice professionals. Using a discovery-oriented qualitative design and a long-interview method of data collection, this study explores organizational responses to the exposure of criminal justice professionals to a growing volume of video evidence of violent crime. Repeated exposure to high-quality video evidence has the effect of placing criminal justice professionals in the midst of traumatic events, resulting in responses that are akin to trauma contagion. However, organizational awareness and the acceptance of trauma and support systems have not kept pace with the exponential rise in exposure, often being deployed when the person is no longer able to continue in their role. As a result, affected individuals may over-rely on equally affected colleagues for support, intensifying the cycle of trauma contagion. Organizational responses to reduce trauma contagion and the psychological burden on professionals working with video evidence of violent crime should occur at three levels: prevention through moderating exposure; preparation through creating a culture of awareness and acceptance; and intervention through systematic and formal supports.
{"title":"Organizational support for the potentially traumatic impact of video evidence of violent crime in the criminal justice system: ‘We’re almost making more victims’","authors":"A. Birze, C. Regehr, Kaitlyn Regehr","doi":"10.1177/02697580221112436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221112436","url":null,"abstract":"As graphic video evidence becomes a standard element in the investigation and prosecution of violent crime, criminal justice organizations must consider and address exposure to and impact of this potentially traumatizing workplace material for criminal justice professionals. Using a discovery-oriented qualitative design and a long-interview method of data collection, this study explores organizational responses to the exposure of criminal justice professionals to a growing volume of video evidence of violent crime. Repeated exposure to high-quality video evidence has the effect of placing criminal justice professionals in the midst of traumatic events, resulting in responses that are akin to trauma contagion. However, organizational awareness and the acceptance of trauma and support systems have not kept pace with the exponential rise in exposure, often being deployed when the person is no longer able to continue in their role. As a result, affected individuals may over-rely on equally affected colleagues for support, intensifying the cycle of trauma contagion. Organizational responses to reduce trauma contagion and the psychological burden on professionals working with video evidence of violent crime should occur at three levels: prevention through moderating exposure; preparation through creating a culture of awareness and acceptance; and intervention through systematic and formal supports.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"385 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44683723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-14DOI: 10.1177/02697580221107683
D. Gibson, C. Harfield
Loss of control over one’s identity through identity usurpation, or identity theft, results in victimization characterized by multiple species of harm: material harms such as financial loss; medical harms such as psychological distress and consequential physiological illness; and moral harms such as infringement of autonomy. Digital data breaches are a common means by which identity can be usurped and laws have been enacted requiring data-holders to notify data subjects when their personal information held on digital databases has been compromised. The intention is that victims should then be able to undertake their own mitigation measures. This paper explores the efficacy of this approach as a solution and argues that this policy – particularly in the light of new digital criminal methodologies – creates a conflict of victims’ interests. It is an unintended outcome of policy that exacerbates, rather than resolves, identity usurpation and associated victimization in the digital environment.
{"title":"Amplifying victim vulnerability: Unanticipated harm and consequence in data breach notification policy","authors":"D. Gibson, C. Harfield","doi":"10.1177/02697580221107683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221107683","url":null,"abstract":"Loss of control over one’s identity through identity usurpation, or identity theft, results in victimization characterized by multiple species of harm: material harms such as financial loss; medical harms such as psychological distress and consequential physiological illness; and moral harms such as infringement of autonomy. Digital data breaches are a common means by which identity can be usurped and laws have been enacted requiring data-holders to notify data subjects when their personal information held on digital databases has been compromised. The intention is that victims should then be able to undertake their own mitigation measures. This paper explores the efficacy of this approach as a solution and argues that this policy – particularly in the light of new digital criminal methodologies – creates a conflict of victims’ interests. It is an unintended outcome of policy that exacerbates, rather than resolves, identity usurpation and associated victimization in the digital environment.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"341 - 365"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42165234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-08DOI: 10.1177/02697580221109284
Sara Thunberg
Victimization early in life can have several serious consequences, one of which concerns young people’s schoolwork. The present study therefore aims to investigate what support young people need to keep up with their schoolwork, based on their needs following victimization. The material consists of narrative interviews with 19 young people who were the plaintiffs at trials when they were 15–19 years old. The results show that several of the young victims did not want to go to school due to the risk of meeting their perpetrator, and because of that their grades declined when they were not physically present in school, they lost their motivation to study. There is also variation between the young victims about whether they perceive that the schools supported them and/or made adaptations to make sure they could continue with their schoolwork. The schools have a responsibility to make some adaptations, but it is not clear how far this responsibility stretches or to what extent the young victims themselves have been a part of the process. For this reason, they might not have perceived the potential adaptations and support they received from their schools as supportive. Suggestions are given concerning what the schools and other authorities need to think about when working with young victims of crime to make sure they continue with their schoolwork as much as possible.
{"title":"Victimization and school: Young people’s experiences of receiving support to keep up with their schoolwork","authors":"Sara Thunberg","doi":"10.1177/02697580221109284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221109284","url":null,"abstract":"Victimization early in life can have several serious consequences, one of which concerns young people’s schoolwork. The present study therefore aims to investigate what support young people need to keep up with their schoolwork, based on their needs following victimization. The material consists of narrative interviews with 19 young people who were the plaintiffs at trials when they were 15–19 years old. The results show that several of the young victims did not want to go to school due to the risk of meeting their perpetrator, and because of that their grades declined when they were not physically present in school, they lost their motivation to study. There is also variation between the young victims about whether they perceive that the schools supported them and/or made adaptations to make sure they could continue with their schoolwork. The schools have a responsibility to make some adaptations, but it is not clear how far this responsibility stretches or to what extent the young victims themselves have been a part of the process. For this reason, they might not have perceived the potential adaptations and support they received from their schools as supportive. Suggestions are given concerning what the schools and other authorities need to think about when working with young victims of crime to make sure they continue with their schoolwork as much as possible.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"406 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42870965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-05DOI: 10.1177/02697580221104832
P. Cassell
{"title":"Book review: Adversarial Justice and Victims’ Rights: Reconceptualising the Role of Sexual Assault Victims","authors":"P. Cassell","doi":"10.1177/02697580221104832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221104832","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"28 1","pages":"369 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43814502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-28DOI: 10.1177/02697580221101635
Rick A. Matthews
{"title":"Book review: Genocide and Victimology","authors":"Rick A. Matthews","doi":"10.1177/02697580221101635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221101635","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"28 1","pages":"367 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45816562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/02697580221098762
J. Chopin, Eric Beauregard
The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing victim resistance during rape. Specifically, this study aims to understand which factors impact victim resistance using a multivariate approach focused on situational aspects related to offender, victim, and crime context characteristics. The sample includes 2,017 rape cases where victims did not resist, resisted passively, resisted verbally, or resisted physically. The first step of this study uses bivariate analyses to examine the relationship between the different categories of victim resistance and offender, victim, and crime context characteristics. Second, we computed three sequential binomial regressions in order to better understand the impact of each variable in multivariate modeling. The findings suggest that victim resistance is impacted by three main dimensions: victims’ physical and psychological vulnerabilities, the mentalizing of victimization risk, and the analysis of offenders’ vulnerabilities and additional risks to the victim. Both theoretical and practical implications for victims as well as for various actors in the criminal justice system are discussed.
{"title":"Why didn’t you resist? Situational influences on victim resistance during a rape","authors":"J. Chopin, Eric Beauregard","doi":"10.1177/02697580221098762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221098762","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing victim resistance during rape. Specifically, this study aims to understand which factors impact victim resistance using a multivariate approach focused on situational aspects related to offender, victim, and crime context characteristics. The sample includes 2,017 rape cases where victims did not resist, resisted passively, resisted verbally, or resisted physically. The first step of this study uses bivariate analyses to examine the relationship between the different categories of victim resistance and offender, victim, and crime context characteristics. Second, we computed three sequential binomial regressions in order to better understand the impact of each variable in multivariate modeling. The findings suggest that victim resistance is impacted by three main dimensions: victims’ physical and psychological vulnerabilities, the mentalizing of victimization risk, and the analysis of offenders’ vulnerabilities and additional risks to the victim. Both theoretical and practical implications for victims as well as for various actors in the criminal justice system are discussed.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"293 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48502536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-03DOI: 10.1177/02697580221091284
Dylan Reynolds
Identity theft impacts millions of North Americans annually and has increased over the last decade. Victims of identity theft can face various consequences, including losses of time and money, as well as emotional, physical, and relational effects. Scholars have found that institutional messaging surrounding identity theft places responsibility on individuals for their own protection, which can mask institutions’ roles in identity theft’s prevalence. This paper presents findings from interviews with Canadian victims of identity theft and argues that conflicting discourses surround this crime. While identity theft victimizations are viewed as inevitable in the digital age, victims are often simultaneously stereotyped as old, naïve, or non-technologically savvy. Within this context, this research also finds that victims can express varying degrees of self-blame for having provided perpetrators with information or for having not better protected themselves. Finally, this paper argues that victims’ embarrassment and self-blame may impede help-seeking and reporting.
{"title":"Everyone is victimized or only the naïve? The conflicting discourses surrounding identity theft victimization","authors":"Dylan Reynolds","doi":"10.1177/02697580221091284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221091284","url":null,"abstract":"Identity theft impacts millions of North Americans annually and has increased over the last decade. Victims of identity theft can face various consequences, including losses of time and money, as well as emotional, physical, and relational effects. Scholars have found that institutional messaging surrounding identity theft places responsibility on individuals for their own protection, which can mask institutions’ roles in identity theft’s prevalence. This paper presents findings from interviews with Canadian victims of identity theft and argues that conflicting discourses surround this crime. While identity theft victimizations are viewed as inevitable in the digital age, victims are often simultaneously stereotyped as old, naïve, or non-technologically savvy. Within this context, this research also finds that victims can express varying degrees of self-blame for having provided perpetrators with information or for having not better protected themselves. Finally, this paper argues that victims’ embarrassment and self-blame may impede help-seeking and reporting.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"449 - 465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47334539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.1177/02697580211063659
Antoinette Huber
This article sheds a new light on the impact of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) on women. Drawing on findings from 17 in-depth interviews, it details the emotional, physical and social impact of this online victimisation, and how the impact of IBSA manifests in women’s everyday lives. By also using these findings as a basis to examine online victimisation more broadly, this article brings to the fore broader considerations of how technology is facilitating a mutation in forms of sexual violence causing victims to encounter impacts which are specific to, or amplified by, technology. Therefore, it calls for greater attention to be paid to the impacts of IBSA and more research into how the relationships between the online and offline worlds require us to change our understanding of victimisation in an ever-increasing digital society.
{"title":"‘A shadow of me old self’: The impact of image-based sexual abuse in a digital society","authors":"Antoinette Huber","doi":"10.1177/02697580211063659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580211063659","url":null,"abstract":"This article sheds a new light on the impact of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) on women. Drawing on findings from 17 in-depth interviews, it details the emotional, physical and social impact of this online victimisation, and how the impact of IBSA manifests in women’s everyday lives. By also using these findings as a basis to examine online victimisation more broadly, this article brings to the fore broader considerations of how technology is facilitating a mutation in forms of sexual violence causing victims to encounter impacts which are specific to, or amplified by, technology. Therefore, it calls for greater attention to be paid to the impacts of IBSA and more research into how the relationships between the online and offline worlds require us to change our understanding of victimisation in an ever-increasing digital society.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"199 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49663873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-20DOI: 10.1177/02697580221087743
U. Ojedokun, Ayomide Ilori
Despite the growing popularity of the agency banking business in Nigeria, a major problem confronting its operators is criminal victimisation. Thus, this study examined the risk of exposure of agency banking operators in Ibadan city to criminal attacks. Routine activity theory was deployed as the conceptual framework. Data were elicited from 11 operators of the business who were victims of criminal attacks and 20 of their counterparts who were yet to be victimised, using key informant and in-depth interview methods. Results showed that operators of agency banking business were being targeted by lone criminals and gangs of criminals using violent and non-violent tactics. Scamming through fake SMS credit/debit transaction alerts was the most common type of criminal victimisation suffered by people involved in the business. A combination of factors was responsible for their vocational-related victimisation. It is imperative for operators of agency banking business to invest in physical security appliances, such as CCTV surveillance system, protective barriers, and alarm devices.
{"title":"Agency banking business and operators’ risk of exposure to criminal victimisation in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"U. Ojedokun, Ayomide Ilori","doi":"10.1177/02697580221087743","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02697580221087743","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the growing popularity of the agency banking business in Nigeria, a major problem confronting its operators is criminal victimisation. Thus, this study examined the risk of exposure of agency banking operators in Ibadan city to criminal attacks. Routine activity theory was deployed as the conceptual framework. Data were elicited from 11 operators of the business who were victims of criminal attacks and 20 of their counterparts who were yet to be victimised, using key informant and in-depth interview methods. Results showed that operators of agency banking business were being targeted by lone criminals and gangs of criminals using violent and non-violent tactics. Scamming through fake SMS credit/debit transaction alerts was the most common type of criminal victimisation suffered by people involved in the business. A combination of factors was responsible for their vocational-related victimisation. It is imperative for operators of agency banking business to invest in physical security appliances, such as CCTV surveillance system, protective barriers, and alarm devices.","PeriodicalId":45622,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Victimology","volume":"29 1","pages":"507 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45012853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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