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Loan verb accommodation: a comparison of Old Norse and French in Middle English 借代动词的容纳:中古英语中古挪威语和法语的比较
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674324000029
W. JULIANE ELTER, MARLIEKE SHAW

Recent research shows that, even under direct insertion, loan verbs are subject to constraints: for instance, they enter non-finite categories more readily than finite categories. To deepen our understanding of such loan word accommodation biases we investigate two contact situations to test whether biases hold in contact between closely related languages. A corpus study on Norse and French loan verbs entering Middle English compares the proportions of their finite and non-finite usage to gauge the impact of etymology and temporal distance to direct contact on loan integration. We identify significant bias towards non-finite use for both etymologies, but it is stronger for French than for Norse loan verbs. This suggests that biases are stronger in some contexts than in others: they are more prominent at a smaller temporal distance to direct contact and in contact between languages that are less closely related.

最近的研究表明,即使在直接插入的情况下,借词动词也会受到限制:例如,它们比有限范畴更容易进入非有限范畴。为了加深我们对这种借词容纳偏差的理解,我们研究了两种接触情况,以检验在密切相关的语言之间的接触中是否存在偏差。我们对进入中古英语的北欧语和法语借词进行了语料研究,比较了它们的有限用法和非有限用法的比例,以衡量词源学和与直接接触的时间距离对借词融合的影响。我们发现两种词源都存在明显的非限定词使用偏向,但法语借用动词的这种偏向比北欧语借用动词更强。这表明,在某些情况下,偏误比在其他情况下更严重:在直接接触的时间距离较小的情况下,以及在关系不那么密切的语言之间的接触中,偏误更为突出。
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引用次数: 0
‘When intuitions (don't) fail’: combining syntax and sociolinguistics in the analysis of Scots 当直觉(不)失效时":结合句法学和社会语言学分析苏格兰语
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000679
E JAMIESON, JENNIFER SMITH, DAVID ADGER, CAROLINE HEYCOCK, GARY THOMS

A perennial problem for sociolinguists interested in morphosyntactic variation is that such forms are often low frequency, making quantitative analysis difficult or impossible. However, sociolinguists have been generally reluctant to adopt methodologies from syntax, such as acceptability data gleaned from speaker intuition, due to the belief that these judgments are not necessarily reliable. In this article we present data from the Scots Syntax Atlas, which employs sociolinguistic methodologies in spoken data alongside the results of acceptability judgments. We target three morphosyntactic variables and compare and contrast these across the two data types in order to assess the reliability of the judgment data at community level. The results show that reliability is variable-dependent. For some variables, there is clear correlation; with others, it appears that, as Labov (1996) phrased it, ‘intuitions fail’. We discuss how factors such as salience, social stigma and local identity combine to govern the reliability of judgment data.

对于对形态句法变异感兴趣的社会语言学家来说,一个长期存在的问题是这种形式往往频率很低,因此很难或不可能进行定量分析。然而,社会语言学家一般不愿意采用句法中的方法,例如从说话者直觉中收集的可接受性数据,因为他们认为这些判断并不一定可靠。在本文中,我们介绍了来自苏格兰语法图集的数据,该图集在口语数据中采用了社会语言学方法和可接受性判断结果。我们以三个形态句法变量为研究对象,并在两种数据类型中进行对比,以评估社区层面判断数据的可靠性。结果表明,可靠性取决于变量。对于某些变量,存在明显的相关性;而对于另一些变量,正如拉博夫(1996 年)所说,似乎 "直觉失灵"。我们讨论了显著性、社会耻辱感和地方认同等因素如何共同影响判断数据的可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Morphosyntactic agreement in English: does it help the listener in noise? 英语中的词义一致:它对噪音中的听者有帮助吗?
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674324000066
Marcel Schlechtweg
English morphosyntactic agreement, such as determiner–noun agreement in These cabs broke down and noun–verb agreement in The cabs break down, has a few interesting properties that enable us to investigate whether agreement has a psycholinguistic function, that is, whether it helps the listener process linguistic information expressed by a speaker. The present project relies on these properties in a perception experiment, examines the two aforementioned types of English agreement, and aims at analyzing whether and how native English listeners benefit from agreement. The two types of agreement were contrasted with cases without any overtly agreeing elements (e.g. The cabs broke down). Native speakers of English with normal hearing heard short English sentences in quiet and in more or less intense white noise and were requested to indicate whether the second word of the sentence (e.g. These cabs broke down) was a singular or plural noun. Accuracy was entered as the response variable in the binomial logistic regression model. Results showed that overt determiner–noun agreement clearly increased response accuracy, while noun–verb agreement had at best marginal effects. The findings are interpreted against the background of functional aspects of linguistic structures in English, in the context of unfavorable listening conditions in particular.
英语的语态句法一致,如 These cabs broke down 中的定语-名词一致和 The cabs break down 中的名词-动词一致,具有一些有趣的特性,使我们能够研究一致是否具有心理语言学功能,即是否有助于听者处理说话者所表达的语言信息。本项目在一项感知实验中利用了这些特性,研究了上述两种类型的英语连贯,旨在分析母语为英语的听者是否以及如何从连贯中受益。这两种类型的一致与没有任何明显一致元素的情况(如 The cabs broke down)形成对比。听力正常的英语母语者在安静和或强或弱的白噪声中听到英语短句,并被要求指出句子中的第二个词(如 These cabs broke down)是单数还是复数名词。在二项逻辑回归模型中,准确性被作为反应变量。结果表明,明显的定语-名词一致明显提高了回答的准确性,而名词-动词一致最多只有微不足道的影响。本研究以英语语言结构的功能方面为背景,特别是在不利的听力条件下对研究结果进行了解释。
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引用次数: 0
An exploratory investigation of functional variation in South Asian online Englishes 对南亚在线英语功能变异的探索性研究
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674324000017
Muhammad Shakir

This article conducts an exploratory multidimensional (MD) analysis of four interactive online registers, namely newspaper comments, tweets, web forums and text messages, originating from four South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) and two Inner Circle (Kachru 1985) English-speaking countries (UK and USA). A principal component analysis (PCA) has been performed on the interactive registers using linguistic features tagged by a modified version of the MFTE tagger (Le Foll 2021a). The dimensions resulting from the PCA show that nominal, literate and informational features are generally more common in the South Asian data – which represent varieties belonging to the Outer Circle (Kachru 1985). Additionally, different features are used for expressing persuasion or opinion compared to the two reference varieties.

本文对来自四个南亚国家(孟加拉国、印度、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡)和两个 "内圈"(Kachru,1985 年)英语国家(英国和美国)的报纸评论、推特、网络论坛和文本信息这四种在线互动语篇进行了探索性多维(MD)分析。通过使用改进版 MFTE 标记器(Le Foll 2021a)标记的语言特征,对交互式语域进行了主成分分析(PCA)。主成分分析得出的维度显示,在南亚数据中,名词性、识字性和信息性特征通常更为常见,这些特征代表了属于外圈(Kachru,1985 年)的变体。此外,与两个参照语系相比,南亚语系在表达劝说或意见时使用了不同的特征。
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引用次数: 0
A topic which I want to know more about – preposition placement in finite WH-relative clauses in World Englishes 我想进一步了解的一个话题--世界英语中有限WH关系从句中介词的位置
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000667
VICTORIA MUẞEMANN
The present article analyzes the use of preposition stranding (the world which we live in) and pied-piping (the world in which we live) in finite WH-relative clauses in twelve varieties of English. In the light of previous studies, it assumes that the strength of processing constraints and formality effects that drive speakers’ constructional choices should correlate with Dynamic Model stages (Schneider 2007). However, drawing on data from the International Corpus of English (ICE) and using mixed-effects logistic regression analysis, the study shows that processing factors affect speakers of all Dynamic Model stages in a very similar way. At the same time, clear differences between variety stages are observed with respect to formality and topic, which strongly affect Phases IV and V but not Phase III. These results are interpreted from a Usage-based Construction Grammar perspective.
本文分析了十二种英语的有限WH关系从句中介词 "stranding"(我们生活的世界)和 "pied-piping"(我们生活的世界)的使用情况。根据以往的研究,该研究假定驱动说话人构词选择的加工限制和形式效应的强度应与动态模型阶段相关(Schneider,2007 年)。然而,本研究利用国际英语语料库(ICE)的数据,并采用混合效应逻辑回归分析,结果表明加工因素对所有动态模型阶段的说话者的影响非常相似。同时,在正式性和话题方面,各阶段之间存在明显差异,正式性和话题对第四和第五阶段影响很大,但对第三阶段影响不大。我们将从基于用法的构式语法角度来解释这些结果。
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引用次数: 0
Rhythm in the Kingdom: a variationist analysis of speech rhythm in Tongan English 王国中的节奏:汤加英语语音节奏的变异分析
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000540
DANIELLE TOD

This article presents an analysis of speech rhythm in Tongan English, an emergent variety spoken in the Kingdom of Tonga. The normalised Pairwise Variability Index (nPVI-V) is used to classify the variety and determine the social and stylistic constraints on variation in a corpus of conversational and reading passage data with 48 speakers. Findings reveal a greater tendency towards stress-timing in speakers of the emergent local elite, characterised by white-collar professions and high levels of education, and those with a high index of English use. Variation is discussed as a consequence of proficiency, language contact and L1 transfer. An acoustic analysis of vowels in unstressed syllables of eight speakers confirms that lack of vowel centralisation (higher F1) is an underlying linguistic mechanism leading to more syllable-timed speech. Stark interspeaker variation was identified, highlighting the need to proceed with caution when classifying L2 Englishes based on speech rhythm.

汤加英语是汤加王国的一个新兴语种,本文对汤加英语的语音节奏进行了分析。文章使用归一化对偶变异指数(nPVI-V)对该语种进行分类,并通过 48 位说话者的会话和阅读段落语料库确定社会和文体对变异的限制。研究结果表明,以白领职业和高教育水平为特征的新兴地方精英以及英语使用指数较高的人更倾向于使用重音定时。本文将讨论这种差异是熟练程度、语言接触和母语迁移的结果。对八位说话者非重读音节中元音的声学分析证实,元音不集中(F1 较高)是导致更多音节定时说话的潜在语言机制。研究还发现了说话者之间的差异,这突出表明在根据语音节奏对第二语言英语进行分类时需要谨慎行事。
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引用次数: 0
English comparative modals and their complements 英语比较情态及其补语
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000485
JOANNA NYKIEL, JACOB THAISEN
English comparative modals are combinations of the adverbs rather, sooner and better with an auxiliary. There is recent consensus that the comparative modals rather and sooner have over time developed a different syntax and semantics than better. However, potential differences in the syntax of rather and sooner with respect to patterns of complementation haven’t been explored. This article reports the results of a corpus study of these two modals and finds that rather patterns like object-raising verbs, allowing a range of complements that are unavailable for sooner. Our analysis of these patterns draws on recent work in the Construction Grammar framework, with forays into its formal implementation, Sign-Based Construction Grammar, and we propose that rather differs from sooner in that it constitutes a micro-construction whose features are licensed by both the Modal Construction and the Object-Raising Construction, the latter a subtype of the Transitive Construction.
英语比较语气词是副词 rather、 sooner 和 better 与助词的组合。最近有一种共识认为,比较语气词 rather 和 sooner 随着时间的推移发展出了与 better 不同的语法和语义。然而,"宁可 "和 "早点 "的句法在补语模式方面的潜在差异尚未得到探讨。本文报告了对这两个情态动词进行语料库研究的结果,发现 "宁 "的模式像宾语前置动词,允许一系列补语,而 "早 "则不允许这些补语。我们对这些模式的分析借鉴了构式语法框架的最新研究成果,并对其正式实现--基于符号的构式语法--进行了尝试。我们提出,"宁愿 "与 "更快 "的不同之处在于,它构成了一种微构式,其特征得到了模态构式和宾语提升构式的许可,后者是及物构式的一种子类型。
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引用次数: 0
A social turn for Construction Grammar: double modals on British Twitter 建筑语法的社会转向:英国推特上的双重模态
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000576
CAMERON MORIN, GUILLAUME DESAGULIER, JACK GRIEVE

Construction Grammar is an emerging theory of language, but the analysis of sociolinguistic variation is still relatively underdeveloped in the framework. In this article, we consider the representation of social meaning in Construction Grammar through a corpus-based analysis of double modals in British English on social media. We describe the use of double modals in a large corpus of geolocated Twitter posts, including presenting an inventory of observed double modals and maps showing the regional distribution of each of these forms. We find that double modals show a general northern pattern and are concentrated in the Scottish Borders. We also find various rare double modals that occur more widely across the UK. To account for these results, we propose a Construction Grammar account of double modals. We argue that defining double modals as grammatical constructions requires that aspects of their social meaning be delimited, especially register and region. Furthermore, we argue that double modals may be enregistered as dialect constructions, distinguished from standard constructions of British English. We conclude by considering the importance of incorporating social meaning into Construction Grammar, underlining the value of a Cognitive Sociolinguistic approach to grammatical theory.

构式语法(Construction Grammar)是一种新兴的语言理论,但在这一框架中,对社会语言变异的分析仍相对欠缺。在本文中,我们通过基于语料库的分析,对社交媒体上英国英语中的双重情态动词进行了研究,从而探讨了构式语法中的社会意义表征。我们描述了双模态语在大量有地理位置的 Twitter 帖子语料库中的使用情况,包括列出观察到的双模态语清单和显示每种双模态语形式区域分布的地图。我们发现,双模态语显示出一种普遍的北方模式,并集中在苏格兰边界地区。我们还发现了各种罕见的双模态,这些双模态在英国各地的分布更为广泛。为了解释这些结果,我们提出了双语气词的结构语法解释。我们认为,将双语气词定义为语法结构需要对其社会意义的各个方面进行划分,尤其是语域和地区。此外,我们还认为,双重情态动词可以注册为方言结构,有别于英国英语的标准结构。最后,我们考虑了将社会意义纳入构式语法的重要性,强调了认知社会语言学方法对语法理论的价值。
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引用次数: 0
When to (not) split the infinitive: factors governing patterns of syntactic variation in Twitter-style Philippine English 何时(不)拆分不定式:推特风格菲律宾英语句法变化模式的影响因素
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000631
WILKINSON DANIEL WONG GONZALES
The variability of adverbial placement in the modified infinitive construction (i.e. split infinitives vs. full infinitives with adverbial pre- and post-modification) has been widely discussed in the (American English) literature. Yet a convincing generalized explanation for the variation that simultaneously incorporates language-internal and language-external factors has yet to be found, particularly in English varieties that have not received as much scholarly attention as standardized varieties. This article investigates modified infinitive syntactic variation in Twitter-style Philippine English (PhE) using a 135-million-word Twitter corpus. It adopts a Bayesian approach in conducting a multiple multinomial regression analysis of the said variation, with the help of Deep-Learning-based demographic inference tools. Although the conditioning effects of some factors diverge from patterns discussed in prior work, the results generally show that language-internal (e.g. stress and rhythm, adverb type, adverb length) and language-external factors (i.e. time, age, sex, geography) jointly shape the choice to split the infinitive in this linguistic style of PhE.
在(美国英语)文献中,副词在修饰不定式结构中的位置变化(即带副词前后修饰的分式不定式与全式不定式)已被广泛讨论。然而,对于这种同时包含语言内部因素和语言外部因素的变异,尚未找到令人信服的普遍解释,尤其是在学术界关注度不及标准化变体的英语变体中。本文使用 1.35 亿字的 Twitter 语料库研究了 Twitter 风格菲律宾英语(PhE)中的修饰不定式句法变异。文章采用贝叶斯方法,借助基于深度学习的人口推断工具,对上述变异进行了多元多项式回归分析。尽管某些因素的调节作用与之前研究中讨论的模式有所不同,但研究结果总体上表明,语言内部因素(如重音和节奏、副词类型、副词长度)和语言外部因素(如时间、年龄、性别、地理位置)共同影响了这种语言风格的 PhE 中不定式分拆的选择。
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引用次数: 0
The syntactic status of V-final conjunct clauses in Old English: the role of priming 古英语中 V 结尾连词从句的句法地位:引申的作用
IF 1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.1017/s1360674323000564
ANNA CICHOSZ

This study is a corpus-based investigation of the use of the V-final (VF) order in Old English conjunct (or coordinate) clauses. The aim of the analysis is to determine which of the two hypotheses formulated in earlier studies of the subject finds more convincing data support in the available corpora of Old English. According to one interpretation, conjunct clauses are a subtype of main clauses, and the VF order is used in both groups to signal continuation in discourse, especially with punctual, dynamic and relatively heavy verbs. Under the other view, VF conjunct clauses are syntactically subordinate, with the coordinating conjunction blocking verb movement like a complementiser. The present study shows that while both hypotheses are descriptively adequate, the main mechanism responsible for the use of the VF order in conjunct clauses is syntactic priming, with the VF order activated by a trigger clause (usually subordinate) and spreading to the following conjunct clause(s), which often results in long chains of subsequent VF clauses.

本研究以语料库为基础,调查了古英语连词(或坐标)从句中 V-词尾(VF)顺序的使用情况。分析的目的是确定在早期研究中提出的两种假设中,哪一种能在现有的古英语语料库中找到更有说服力的数据支持。一种解释认为,连词从句是主句的一种子类型,VF 顺序在这两类从句中都被用来表示话语的继续,尤其是在使用定时、动态和相对重的动词时。另一种观点认为,VF 连词从句在句法上属于从句,连词像补语一样阻碍动词的移动。本研究表明,虽然这两种假设在描述上都是充分的,但在连词从句中使用 VF 顺序的主要机制是句法先导,VF 顺序由触发句(通常是从属句)激活,并扩散到后面的连词从句,这往往会导致后面的 VF 从句形成长链。
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引用次数: 0
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English Language & Linguistics
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