Pub Date : 2021-11-29DOI: 10.1177/02645505211064071
This Special Issue of the journal explores the ways in which different countries adapted probation services in response to the public health restrictions imposed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The issue contains contributions from several jurisdictions including Austria, the Netherlands, England and Wales and Scotland. A notable feature is the way probation services, like in many other areas of life, were required to adapt rapidly to restrictions in face-to-face contact, necessitating a move towards online modes of engagement. These included models of ‘blended supervision’ involving phone contacts and door-stop visits, videocalls and other uses of technology. Many of the contributions to the issue note both the potential benefits of more adaptative use of technology (including increased compliance), and more creative approaches to supervision, as well as the downsides in terms of meaningful engagement. Dominey and colleagues explore the implementation of a blended approach to supervision in a Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC) in England in the summer of 2020 following the implementation of an Exceptional Delivery Model (HMIP, 2020). Their research, which focused on staff experiences of the changes in practice during this time, highlights some important findings about the blurring of the boundaries between work and home life, in the context where most people were required to work from home. This theme is also picked up in Phillips’ and colleagues’ research of practice within theNational Probation Service (NPS). As well as having to adapt to different ways of working, staff found themselves in situations where they were dealing with difficult and sensitive information in their own living spaces. This ‘work-life spill over’was particularly difficult in the context of isolation from colleagues and where the space to discuss ongoing challenges or seek support was diminished. In Austria, as Stempkowski andGrafl document, the restrictions led to similar adaptions, and while most probation staff reported the ability to maintain contacts with their clients, there were challenges for some clients because of accessibility (not having a telephone, a suitable residence, or language barriers). In the Netherlands research with staff and supervisees conducted by Sturm and colleagues also showed, differential impacts. Some services users found the move to online supervision to be less intrusive. Less of their time and money was taken up with the requirement to attend meetings, and so some of the ‘pains of supervision’ (see Durnescu, 2011), were Editorial The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice
{"title":"States of exception? Criminal justice systems and the COVID response","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/02645505211064071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211064071","url":null,"abstract":"This Special Issue of the journal explores the ways in which different countries adapted probation services in response to the public health restrictions imposed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The issue contains contributions from several jurisdictions including Austria, the Netherlands, England and Wales and Scotland. A notable feature is the way probation services, like in many other areas of life, were required to adapt rapidly to restrictions in face-to-face contact, necessitating a move towards online modes of engagement. These included models of ‘blended supervision’ involving phone contacts and door-stop visits, videocalls and other uses of technology. Many of the contributions to the issue note both the potential benefits of more adaptative use of technology (including increased compliance), and more creative approaches to supervision, as well as the downsides in terms of meaningful engagement. Dominey and colleagues explore the implementation of a blended approach to supervision in a Community Rehabilitation Company (CRC) in England in the summer of 2020 following the implementation of an Exceptional Delivery Model (HMIP, 2020). Their research, which focused on staff experiences of the changes in practice during this time, highlights some important findings about the blurring of the boundaries between work and home life, in the context where most people were required to work from home. This theme is also picked up in Phillips’ and colleagues’ research of practice within theNational Probation Service (NPS). As well as having to adapt to different ways of working, staff found themselves in situations where they were dealing with difficult and sensitive information in their own living spaces. This ‘work-life spill over’was particularly difficult in the context of isolation from colleagues and where the space to discuss ongoing challenges or seek support was diminished. In Austria, as Stempkowski andGrafl document, the restrictions led to similar adaptions, and while most probation staff reported the ability to maintain contacts with their clients, there were challenges for some clients because of accessibility (not having a telephone, a suitable residence, or language barriers). In the Netherlands research with staff and supervisees conducted by Sturm and colleagues also showed, differential impacts. Some services users found the move to online supervision to be less intrusive. Less of their time and money was taken up with the requirement to attend meetings, and so some of the ‘pains of supervision’ (see Durnescu, 2011), were Editorial The Journal of Community and Criminal Justice","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"391 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48276099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-10DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050870
Jane Dominey, David Coley, K. Devitt, Jess Lawrence
This article is about the experience of telephone supervision from the perspective of practitioners. It is set in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, which changed and challenged the nature of probation supervision and required service users and supervisors to communicate remotely, using the telephone, rather than by meeting face-to-face. The article explores some of the impacts and consequences of telephone contact and examines the extent to which this approach has a part to play in future, post-pandemic, ways of working. The article draws on findings from a research project examining remote supervision practice during the pandemic. Fieldwork (comprising an online survey and a series of semi-structured interviews) was conducted between July and September 2020 in three divisions within an English community rehabilitation company. The article reinforces the importance of face-to-face work in probation practice but suggests that there is scope to retain some use of telephone supervision as part of a future blended practice model. Further thinking about telephone supervision might consider these three themes identified in the research: remote working limits the sensory dimension of supervision, relationships remain at the heart of practice, and good practice requires professional discretion.
{"title":"Putting a face to a name: Telephone contact as part of a blended approach to probation supervision","authors":"Jane Dominey, David Coley, K. Devitt, Jess Lawrence ","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050870","url":null,"abstract":"This article is about the experience of telephone supervision from the perspective of practitioners. It is set in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, which changed and challenged the nature of probation supervision and required service users and supervisors to communicate remotely, using the telephone, rather than by meeting face-to-face. The article explores some of the impacts and consequences of telephone contact and examines the extent to which this approach has a part to play in future, post-pandemic, ways of working. The article draws on findings from a research project examining remote supervision practice during the pandemic. Fieldwork (comprising an online survey and a series of semi-structured interviews) was conducted between July and September 2020 in three divisions within an English community rehabilitation company. The article reinforces the importance of face-to-face work in probation practice but suggests that there is scope to retain some use of telephone supervision as part of a future blended practice model. Further thinking about telephone supervision might consider these three themes identified in the research: remote working limits the sensory dimension of supervision, relationships remain at the heart of practice, and good practice requires professional discretion.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"394 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46143632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1177/02645505211041579
E. M. Norman, L. Wilson, N. Starkey, D. Polaschek
This study aimed to explore, describe, and interpret New Zealand probation officers’ insights into supervisees’ non-compliance with community sentences. Seventeen probation officers participated in two focus groups. Probation officers viewed problems with cognitive skills as a key barrier to sentence compliance. They reported that these problems underpinned other factors linked to compliance, such as meeting basic needs and skill acquisition. Probation officers employed a number of social worker oriented evidenced-based strategies, including building high-quality relationships and being flexible, along with modification of sentence requirements to increase supervisee compliance, especially with supervisees who faced considerable obstacles when engaging with a community sentence.
{"title":"How probation officers understand and work with people on community supervision sentences to enhance compliance","authors":"E. M. Norman, L. Wilson, N. Starkey, D. Polaschek","doi":"10.1177/02645505211041579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211041579","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to explore, describe, and interpret New Zealand probation officers’ insights into supervisees’ non-compliance with community sentences. Seventeen probation officers participated in two focus groups. Probation officers viewed problems with cognitive skills as a key barrier to sentence compliance. They reported that these problems underpinned other factors linked to compliance, such as meeting basic needs and skill acquisition. Probation officers employed a number of social worker oriented evidenced-based strategies, including building high-quality relationships and being flexible, along with modification of sentence requirements to increase supervisee compliance, especially with supervisees who faced considerable obstacles when engaging with a community sentence.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"69 1","pages":"472 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45596937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050871
R. Casey, F. McNeill, Betsy Barkas, N. Cornish, C. Gormley, M. Schinkel
In this paper, we draw on data from a recent study of how Covid-19 and related restrictions impacted on vulnerable and/or marginalised populations in Scotland (Armstrong and Pickering, 2020), including justice-affected people (i.e. people in prison and under supervision, their families and those that work with them; see Gormley et al., 2020). Focusing here mainly on interviews with people released from prison and others under community-based criminal justice supervision, we explore how the pandemic impacted on their experiences. Reflecting upon and refining previous analyses of how supervision is experienced as ‘pervasive punishment’ ( McNeill, 2019), we suggest that both the pandemic and public health measures associated with its suppression have changed the ‘pains’ and ‘gains’ of supervision ( Hayes, 2015), in particular, by exacerbating the ‘suspension’ associated with it. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the pursuit of justice in the recovery from Covid-19.
{"title":"Pervasive punishment in a pandemic","authors":"R. Casey, F. McNeill, Betsy Barkas, N. Cornish, C. Gormley, M. Schinkel","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050871","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we draw on data from a recent study of how Covid-19 and related restrictions impacted on vulnerable and/or marginalised populations in Scotland (Armstrong and Pickering, 2020), including justice-affected people (i.e. people in prison and under supervision, their families and those that work with them; see Gormley et al., 2020). Focusing here mainly on interviews with people released from prison and others under community-based criminal justice supervision, we explore how the pandemic impacted on their experiences. Reflecting upon and refining previous analyses of how supervision is experienced as ‘pervasive punishment’ ( McNeill, 2019), we suggest that both the pandemic and public health measures associated with its suppression have changed the ‘pains’ and ‘gains’ of supervision ( Hayes, 2015), in particular, by exacerbating the ‘suspension’ associated with it. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the pursuit of justice in the recovery from Covid-19.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"476 - 492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48664369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050855
K. Lockwood
The COVID-19 pandemic occurred at a time when families of prisoners were gaining visibility in both academia and policy. Research exploring the experiences of families of prison residents has tended to focus on intimate partners and children, despite parents of those in prison being more likely than partners or children to maintain contact. The small body of work focusing on parents has identified their continued care for their children and highlights the burden of providing this care. With the ethics of care posing an ideological expectation on women to provide familial care, the care for adult children in custody is likely to fall to mothers. However, with restricted prison regimes, the pandemic has significantly impeded mothers’ ability to provide this ‘care’. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this paper explores the accounts of mothers to adult children in custody during the pandemic across two UK prison systems, England and Wales, and Scotland; exploring the negotiation of mothering in the context of imprisonment and the pandemic and highlighting important lessons for policy and practice.
{"title":"‘Lockdown's changed everything’: Mothering adult children in prison in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"K. Lockwood","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050855","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic occurred at a time when families of prisoners were gaining visibility in both academia and policy. Research exploring the experiences of families of prison residents has tended to focus on intimate partners and children, despite parents of those in prison being more likely than partners or children to maintain contact. The small body of work focusing on parents has identified their continued care for their children and highlights the burden of providing this care. With the ethics of care posing an ideological expectation on women to provide familial care, the care for adult children in custody is likely to fall to mothers. However, with restricted prison regimes, the pandemic has significantly impeded mothers’ ability to provide this ‘care’. Adopting a qualitative methodology, this paper explores the accounts of mothers to adult children in custody during the pandemic across two UK prison systems, England and Wales, and Scotland; exploring the negotiation of mothering in the context of imprisonment and the pandemic and highlighting important lessons for policy and practice.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"458 - 475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46288745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050867
J. Phillips, C. Westaby, Sam Ainslie, Andrew Fowler
The Exceptional Delivery Model for probation practice in England and Wales meant that probation practitioners predominantly worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, engaging and supervising service-users remotely. This article explores the impact of the Exceptional Delivery Model on staff and their practice. We begin by considering how probation practice changed because of the implementation of the Exceptional Delivery Model and the impact that this has had on probation staff. The reality of probation work is brought into perspective when there are children in the home and the demarcation of work and home life is easily blurred, especially when considered through the lens of ‘emotional dirty work’. We then present analysis of interviews with 61 practitioners and managers in the National Probation Service. The interviews were primarily focused on staff wellbeing and emotional labour as opposed to the impact of the pandemic, but participants regularly raised the pandemic in discussions. We focus on three key themes: the challenges of working from home and remote communication, experiences of managing risk through doorstep visits and the spill over of probation work into personal lives. The article concludes by considering what the findings tell us about probation work and potential future implications.
{"title":"‘I don't like this job in my front room’: Practising probation in the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"J. Phillips, C. Westaby, Sam Ainslie, Andrew Fowler","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050867","url":null,"abstract":"The Exceptional Delivery Model for probation practice in England and Wales meant that probation practitioners predominantly worked from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, engaging and supervising service-users remotely. This article explores the impact of the Exceptional Delivery Model on staff and their practice. We begin by considering how probation practice changed because of the implementation of the Exceptional Delivery Model and the impact that this has had on probation staff. The reality of probation work is brought into perspective when there are children in the home and the demarcation of work and home life is easily blurred, especially when considered through the lens of ‘emotional dirty work’. We then present analysis of interviews with 61 practitioners and managers in the National Probation Service. The interviews were primarily focused on staff wellbeing and emotional labour as opposed to the impact of the pandemic, but participants regularly raised the pandemic in discussions. We focus on three key themes: the challenges of working from home and remote communication, experiences of managing risk through doorstep visits and the spill over of probation work into personal lives. The article concludes by considering what the findings tell us about probation work and potential future implications.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"426 - 443"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43419399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050863
Monika Stempkowski, C. Grafl
In March 2020 the first lockdown due to COVID-19 was imposed in Austria, forcing NEUSTART, the organisation providing probationary services, to adapt the way of interacting with their clients. An online survey was conducted examining how these changes affected the everyday work of the probation officers. Results indicated that they managed to stay in contact with their clients, although difficulties could be observed concerning specific groups. Further questions concerned areas such as domestic violence, strains due to the restrictions experienced as well as coping strategies used by the clients. Concerning the well-being of the probation officers, differences were found between residents of urban and rural areas respectively as well as between people living with or without children. The lack of personal contact with clients and colleagues proved to be the most important source of discomfort, while at the same time working from home entailed certain advantages.
{"title":"Probationary services in a pandemic. Results from an empirical study in Austria","authors":"Monika Stempkowski, C. Grafl","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050863","url":null,"abstract":"In March 2020 the first lockdown due to COVID-19 was imposed in Austria, forcing NEUSTART, the organisation providing probationary services, to adapt the way of interacting with their clients. An online survey was conducted examining how these changes affected the everyday work of the probation officers. Results indicated that they managed to stay in contact with their clients, although difficulties could be observed concerning specific groups. Further questions concerned areas such as domestic violence, strains due to the restrictions experienced as well as coping strategies used by the clients. Concerning the well-being of the probation officers, differences were found between residents of urban and rural areas respectively as well as between people living with or without children. The lack of personal contact with clients and colleagues proved to be the most important source of discomfort, while at the same time working from home entailed certain advantages.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"444 - 457"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47560175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.1177/02645505211050869
Annelies Sturm, S. Robbers, Renée Henskens, V. de Vogel
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, online supervision has increased markedly, including within the Dutch probation services. In the present research, we systematically collected and analysed both clients and probation officers’ experiences of working online in the prior year. Although the clients were generally positive about remote supervision, some expressed that they missed the personal contact. According to most of the probation officers, remote working is flexible (efficient, saves time, travel costs), appropriate for certain phases of the probation process (especially at a later stage when a working alliance has been established) and particularly suitable for probationers with mild problems and low risk profiles. The general experience was that conversations are both more pragmatic and business-like, which, in turn, can produce both strengths and limitations. Once a foundation has been established, it appears to be possible to continue working remotely with clients, albeit the probation officers stressed that this depended on the type of client, type of offence and risk level.
{"title":"‘Yes, I can hear you now …’ Online working with probationers in the Netherlands: New opportunities for the working alliance","authors":"Annelies Sturm, S. Robbers, Renée Henskens, V. de Vogel","doi":"10.1177/02645505211050869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211050869","url":null,"abstract":"Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, online supervision has increased markedly, including within the Dutch probation services. In the present research, we systematically collected and analysed both clients and probation officers’ experiences of working online in the prior year. Although the clients were generally positive about remote supervision, some expressed that they missed the personal contact. According to most of the probation officers, remote working is flexible (efficient, saves time, travel costs), appropriate for certain phases of the probation process (especially at a later stage when a working alliance has been established) and particularly suitable for probationers with mild problems and low risk profiles. The general experience was that conversations are both more pragmatic and business-like, which, in turn, can produce both strengths and limitations. Once a foundation has been established, it appears to be possible to continue working remotely with clients, albeit the probation officers stressed that this depended on the type of client, type of offence and risk level.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"68 1","pages":"411 - 425"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47436965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-16DOI: 10.1177/02645505211041581
C. Brooker, K. Tocque, Georgia West, Alice Norman-Taylor, J. Fowler
Suicide in probation services is far higher than the general population. This paper presents secondary analysis of data previously used to evaluate the outcome of delivering psychological treatment to probationers in London. A sample of probation service users who screened positive for clinically significant symptoms of distress and were subsequently assessed and offered treatment (n = 274) were allocated retrospectively to one of three groups: those with a history of suicidal ideations but no suicide attempts (ideation group), those with a history of a suicidal act (attempt group) or a control group where suicide was not evident (no history group). Results indicate no significant difference between the ideation and the attempt groups, but significant differences between these and the no history group. The findings are discussed within the context of the suicide ideation-to-action models that have been debated in other offender settings. We conclude that a more nuanced understanding of suicidal acts and suicide attempts is required in probation services including a prospective study that tests the ideation-to-action model.
{"title":"Suicide in probation: Towards the ideation-to-action model","authors":"C. Brooker, K. Tocque, Georgia West, Alice Norman-Taylor, J. Fowler","doi":"10.1177/02645505211041581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/02645505211041581","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide in probation services is far higher than the general population. This paper presents secondary analysis of data previously used to evaluate the outcome of delivering psychological treatment to probationers in London. A sample of probation service users who screened positive for clinically significant symptoms of distress and were subsequently assessed and offered treatment (n = 274) were allocated retrospectively to one of three groups: those with a history of suicidal ideations but no suicide attempts (ideation group), those with a history of a suicidal act (attempt group) or a control group where suicide was not evident (no history group). Results indicate no significant difference between the ideation and the attempt groups, but significant differences between these and the no history group. The findings are discussed within the context of the suicide ideation-to-action models that have been debated in other offender settings. We conclude that a more nuanced understanding of suicidal acts and suicide attempts is required in probation services including a prospective study that tests the ideation-to-action model.","PeriodicalId":45814,"journal":{"name":"PROBATION JOURNAL","volume":"70 1","pages":"6 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43454064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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