Abstract In this paper we examine the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany from 1997 to 2013 based on the DZHW (the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies) Absolventenpanel. We focus in particular on the effect of female presence in a subject or occupation on wage inequality. Earlier research has shown not only that female-dominated university subjects or occupations pay less, but also that men face a higher wage penalty than women when they graduated in a female-dominated subject and experience a lower penalty for working in a female-dominated occupation. For the five waves considered, we confirm the very strong negative association between female presence in a subject or occupation and wages. However, no consistent pattern emerges with regard to whether men’s or women’s wages suffer larger penalties. There is also no time trend observable with regard to the wage penalty that is associated with female-dominated fields. We further show that significant gender wage gaps exist within fields of studies, especially in male-dominated fields like engineering and natural science.
{"title":"The Role of Sex Segregation in the Gender Wage Gap Among University Graduates in Germany","authors":"Juliane Ransmayr, Doris Weichselbaumer","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2022-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper we examine the gender wage gap among university graduates in Germany from 1997 to 2013 based on the DZHW (the German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies) Absolventenpanel. We focus in particular on the effect of female presence in a subject or occupation on wage inequality. Earlier research has shown not only that female-dominated university subjects or occupations pay less, but also that men face a higher wage penalty than women when they graduated in a female-dominated subject and experience a lower penalty for working in a female-dominated occupation. For the five waves considered, we confirm the very strong negative association between female presence in a subject or occupation and wages. However, no consistent pattern emerges with regard to whether men’s or women’s wages suffer larger penalties. There is also no time trend observable with regard to the wage penalty that is associated with female-dominated fields. We further show that significant gender wage gaps exist within fields of studies, especially in male-dominated fields like engineering and natural science.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48856851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The IABSE-ADIAB dataset provides the linkage between the most recent case of a hire from the IAB Job Vacancy Survey and the administrative data of the hired person. The data comprise the entire working history of persons who were identified as IAB Job Vacancy Survey hires from 2010 to 2020. The data are processed in a similar manner to the Sample of Integrated Employment Biographies of the IAB and can be linked to the survey data using the provided unique key variable.
{"title":"IABSE-ADIAB – IAB Job Vacancy Survey Data Linked to Administrative Data","authors":"B. Lochner","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The IABSE-ADIAB dataset provides the linkage between the most recent case of a hire from the IAB Job Vacancy Survey and the administrative data of the hired person. The data comprise the entire working history of persons who were identified as IAB Job Vacancy Survey hires from 2010 to 2020. The data are processed in a similar manner to the Sample of Integrated Employment Biographies of the IAB and can be linked to the survey data using the provided unique key variable.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47215964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract How effective are government policy attempts to boost firm exports in the short-run? We answer this question by conducting a review of 33 studies from 26 countries around the world, and provide nine findings. Export boosting policies are defined as a group of public policies that aim to increase firm exports in the short-run. These include policies such as export promotion, export-oriented public grants, public export guarantee schemes and subsidised export loans. Our review provides insights into policy effectiveness with respect to extensive and intensive export margins, as well as firms’ production function inputs and its outputs. The heterogeneity of effects across firm characteristics is emphasised, and the discussion is enriched with new evidence of spillover effects from export boosting policies. Finally, we summarise back-of-the-envelope calculations of the cost-benefit analysis and provide recommendations for future research.
{"title":"Export Boosting Policies and Firm Performance: Review of Empirical Evidence Around the World","authors":"Stjepan Srhoj, Vanja Vitezić, J Wagner","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract How effective are government policy attempts to boost firm exports in the short-run? We answer this question by conducting a review of 33 studies from 26 countries around the world, and provide nine findings. Export boosting policies are defined as a group of public policies that aim to increase firm exports in the short-run. These include policies such as export promotion, export-oriented public grants, public export guarantee schemes and subsidised export loans. Our review provides insights into policy effectiveness with respect to extensive and intensive export margins, as well as firms’ production function inputs and its outputs. The heterogeneity of effects across firm characteristics is emphasised, and the discussion is enriched with new evidence of spillover effects from export boosting policies. Finally, we summarise back-of-the-envelope calculations of the cost-benefit analysis and provide recommendations for future research.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66925002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comment to “Bielefeld May In Fact Not Exist – Empirical Evidence From Official Population Data” (DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0038) by Patrick Winter","authors":"P. Winker","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2023-2001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2023-2001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66925174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reply to the Comments by Peter Winker to “Bielefeld May In Fact Not Exist – Empirical Evidence From Official Population Data” (https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0038)","authors":"Patrick Winter","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2023-2002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2023-2002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66925204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Poor coverage of top incomes in surveys, also referred to as the “missing rich” problem, leads to severe underestimation of income inequality. At the regional level this shortcoming is even more eminent due to small regional sample sizes. Tax records contain more accurate income information at the top and cover all regions equally well. Top-income correction approaches tackle the missing rich problem by imputing top incomes from tax to survey data. While existing methods focus on adjustments at the national level, our paper provides corrections of the regional income distributions in survey data by exploiting the tax data’s regional variability. We impute top incomes in the survey data from the German Microcensus based on region-specific Pareto and generalized Pareto distributions estimated from tax records. The combined survey and tax data provide new estimates of regional income inequality in Germany. Our findings indicate that inequality between and within the regions is much larger than previously understood with the magnitude of the adjustment depending on the federal states’ level of inequality in the tail.
{"title":"Localising the Upper Tail: How Top Income Corrections Affect Measures of Regional Inequality","authors":"Jana Emmenegger, R. Münnich","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2022-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poor coverage of top incomes in surveys, also referred to as the “missing rich” problem, leads to severe underestimation of income inequality. At the regional level this shortcoming is even more eminent due to small regional sample sizes. Tax records contain more accurate income information at the top and cover all regions equally well. Top-income correction approaches tackle the missing rich problem by imputing top incomes from tax to survey data. While existing methods focus on adjustments at the national level, our paper provides corrections of the regional income distributions in survey data by exploiting the tax data’s regional variability. We impute top incomes in the survey data from the German Microcensus based on region-specific Pareto and generalized Pareto distributions estimated from tax records. The combined survey and tax data provide new estimates of regional income inequality in Germany. Our findings indicate that inequality between and within the regions is much larger than previously understood with the magnitude of the adjustment depending on the federal states’ level of inequality in the tail.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66924947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The “Bielefeld conspiracy” has long disputed the existence of Bielefeld, a (supposed) German city. In this paper, an approach is developed to test such a theory empirically by auditing officially reported population numbers, arguing that real cities would not fake these. It is shown that Bielefeld’s data, in fact, violate the Benford law, a statistical law that they should follow if they were genuine. This anomaly is found only for Bielefeld, in contrast to all other tested similar and dissimilar cities, across two decades, and with highest significance by five statistical tests. The Bielefeld conspiracy remains as the most or even only plausible explanation for these findings.
{"title":"Bielefeld May In Fact Not Exist – Empirical Evidence From Official Population Data","authors":"Patrick Winter","doi":"10.1515/jbnst-2022-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2022-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The “Bielefeld conspiracy” has long disputed the existence of Bielefeld, a (supposed) German city. In this paper, an approach is developed to test such a theory empirically by auditing officially reported population numbers, arguing that real cities would not fake these. It is shown that Bielefeld’s data, in fact, violate the Benford law, a statistical law that they should follow if they were genuine. This anomaly is found only for Bielefeld, in contrast to all other tested similar and dissimilar cities, across two decades, and with highest significance by five statistical tests. The Bielefeld conspiracy remains as the most or even only plausible explanation for these findings.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66925289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We examine the link between Internet usage and political ignorance. To do so, we construct a novel index measuring individuals’ indifference with respect to political issues, which determines the degree of individual political ignorance. Our descriptive econometric analysis is based on a rich dataset consisting of six surveys of individuals covering the time period 2001–2014 and being representative for the German electorate. The empirical results show that in earlier years of Internet diffusion, there is a negative link between using the Internet and political ignorance. This link changes sign in later years of Internet diffusion. We discuss potential explanations of this observed change in the link such as information overload and the increase in heterogeneity of Internet users.
{"title":"Political Ignorance and the Internet","authors":"Irene Bertschek, David F. Müller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4031887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4031887","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We examine the link between Internet usage and political ignorance. To do so, we construct a novel index measuring individuals’ indifference with respect to political issues, which determines the degree of individual political ignorance. Our descriptive econometric analysis is based on a rich dataset consisting of six surveys of individuals covering the time period 2001–2014 and being representative for the German electorate. The empirical results show that in earlier years of Internet diffusion, there is a negative link between using the Internet and political ignorance. This link changes sign in later years of Internet diffusion. We discuss potential explanations of this observed change in the link such as information overload and the increase in heterogeneity of Internet users.","PeriodicalId":45967,"journal":{"name":"Jahrbucher Fur Nationalokonomie Und Statistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68681729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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