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Analysis of Forms and Elements in Architecture 建筑中的形式和元素分析
4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.11648/j.frontiers.20230302.12
Folahan Anthony Adenaike
Studies and analyses of architectural design have become less visible in recent discourses. Current architectural education in Nigerian universities which is guided by a curriculum for Benchmark Academic Standard prescribes theory of architecture in the third year without going into specifics in the undergraduate programme. There is no explicit diet for students to understand designs or analyse them as was done in the past when students were exposed to critiques and meanings of the works of past and present architects. This trend is noticeable globally as a search in Google Scholar revealed very few mentions on the topics. This study seeks to present the analyses of design forms and elements in a concise form to be easily digested by architects and students who may wish to carry out specific analysis of architectural works and compositions. It was carried out by cursory investigations into the few publications on the subject matter and related fields in the Science Citation Index to decipher and extract the classical interpretations of the basic indices for analyzing architectural designs and presenting them in unambiguous terms. The positions held in this presentation are inferred or re-presented from the publications. The indices for analyses presented in the article are fundamental but not exhaustive as so many schools of thought in architecture may have other nuances for understanding of forms and elements in architectural design.
建筑设计的研究和分析在最近的论述中变得越来越不明显。目前尼日利亚大学的建筑教育是在基准学术标准课程的指导下,在第三年规定了建筑理论,而不是在本科课程中具体介绍。在过去,当学生接触到过去和现在建筑师的作品的批评和意义时,学生们没有明确的饮食来理解设计或分析它们。这一趋势在全球范围内都很明显,因为在谷歌学术搜索中发现很少有人提到这些主题。本研究旨在以简洁的形式呈现对设计形式和元素的分析,以便建筑师和希望对建筑作品和组成进行具体分析的学生容易理解。它是通过对科学引文索引中关于主题和相关领域的少数出版物进行粗略调查,以破译和提取用于分析建筑设计的基本指数的经典解释,并以明确的术语呈现它们。本报告中所持的立场是从出版物中推断或重新呈现的。文章中提出的分析指标是基本的,但不是详尽的,因为许多建筑思想流派在理解建筑设计中的形式和元素方面可能有其他细微差别。
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引用次数: 0
“Transgender Frogs Turn Your Son Gay”: Endangered Amphibians, Estrogenic Pollution, and Male Extinction “变性青蛙让你的儿子变成同性恋”:濒危的两栖动物、雌激素污染和雄性灭绝
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0002
M. Perret
Abstract:Scientists, conservationists, and environmentalists argue that the use of Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the US, contributes to global amphibian population declines and extinctions. Researchers have also linked Atrazine to increased rates of cancer and other health complications in humans that disproportionately affect already marginalized communities. However, prevailing public discourse has focused primarily on the speculative risks that Atrazine, as an endocrine disruptor, could pose to normative human gender, sex, and sexuality. These concerns were sparked by experiments in the early 2000s, conducted by Dr. Tyrone Hayes and colleagues, characterizing frogs exposed to Atrazine as “feminized” and “chemically castrated.” I find that scientific and popular discourse surrounding the Atrazine controversy encodes cultural anxieties about the maintenance of normative masculinities and the future of humanity in an increasingly toxic world. Moreover, depending on the context, rhetorical depictions of frogs exposed to Atrazine reify binary sex/gender or, contrastingly, affirm sexual diversity. The case of Atrazine demonstrates that environmental discourse can sustain normalized and naturalized ideas of gender, sex, and sexuality even as the meanings imposed on them are contradictory and contextual.
摘要:科学家、自然资源保护主义者和环境保护主义者认为,阿特拉津是美国最常用的除草剂之一,它的使用导致了全球两栖动物数量的减少和灭绝。研究人员还将阿特拉津与人类癌症和其他健康并发症的发病率上升联系起来,这些疾病对已经被边缘化的社区造成了不成比例的影响。然而,主流的公共话语主要集中在阿特拉津作为内分泌干扰物可能对人类正常性别、性和性行为构成的推测性风险上。21世纪初,泰龙·海耶斯(Tyrone Hayes)博士及其同事进行的实验引发了这些担忧,他们将接触阿特拉津的青蛙描述为“雌性化”和“化学阉割”。我发现,围绕阿特拉津争议的科学和大众话语,编码了对在一个日益有毒的世界中维持规范的男性气概和人类未来的文化焦虑。此外,根据上下文,对暴露于阿特拉津的青蛙的修辞描述具体化了二元性/性别,或者相反,肯定了性别多样性。阿特拉津的案例表明,环境话语可以维持性别、性和性行为的正常化和自然化观念,即使强加给它们的意义是矛盾的和背景的。
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引用次数: 0
Gender and Race in John Stuart Mill’s The Subjection of Women 约翰·斯图尔特·密尔《女性主体》中的性别与种族
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0003
Aurélie Knüfer
Abstract:Focusing on Mill’s The Subjection of Women (1869), this paper adopts the perspective of the feminist and decolonial history of philosophy. It defends the idea that this book may be read as making a contribution to the construction of a Euro-centered white feminism, which developed in the nineteenth century. In this book, Mill dissociates race from gender issues and characterizes feminism and its subject as being indifferent to racial problems. Indeed, the comparisons that the book makes between sexism and racism, between women and slaves, are not used as a way of drawing a connection between feminist and antiracist causes. On the contrary, they are usually used to dissociate the different fights and to separate the defense of English women’s rights from the defense of the rights of non-white men and women. In the first part of the paper, I show that Mill defines anti-Black racism as a non-European problem, unrelated to the domination of women. Next, I argue that he disconnects the subjection of women from slavery by affirming their non-contemporaneity and the exceptionality of the subjection of women in the modern world. Finally, I demonstrate how Mill appropriates and modifies the meaning of “slavery,” applying it primarily to English married women, and establishes a hierarchy that ranks Black enslaved women lower than white women on a scale of subjection. Thus, this paper uncovers and interprets these blind spots in order to allow contemporary feminists to make a cautious and mindful use of Mill’s The Subjection of Women.
摘要:本文以密尔的《女性主体论》(1869)为中心,采用女性主义和非殖民化哲学史的视角。它为这样一种观点辩护,即这本书可以被解读为对19世纪发展起来的以欧洲为中心的白人女权主义的建设做出了贡献。在这本书中,米尔将种族与性别问题脱钩,并将女权主义及其主题描述为对种族问题漠不关心。事实上,这本书对性别歧视和种族主义、妇女和奴隶之间的比较并没有被用来将女权主义和反种族主义事业联系起来。相反,它们通常被用来区分不同的斗争,并将捍卫英国妇女权利与捍卫非白人男女权利分开。在论文的第一部分,我展示了米尔将反黑人种族主义定义为一个非欧洲问题,与女性统治无关。接下来,我认为,他通过肯定女性的非当代性和现代世界女性服从的特殊性,将女性服从与奴隶制割裂开来。最后,我展示了米尔如何挪用和修改“奴隶制”的含义,主要将其应用于英国已婚女性,并建立了一个等级制度,在服从程度上,黑人被奴役女性的排名低于白人女性。因此,本文对这些盲点进行了揭示和解读,以期让当代女权主义者对米尔的《女性主体论》有一个谨慎和审慎的运用。
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引用次数: 0
A Feminist Sexology Perspective on the Multifunctional Clitoris: Dispelling the Sole Purpose Myth 多功能阴蒂的女性主义性学视角:破除唯一目的的神话
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0001
Angela Towne
Abstract:The imposition of gender hierarchy has stigmatized and distorted knowledge about the clitoris. In instances when educators and activists resist the status quo by acknowledging and attempting to celebrate the clitoris, they often assert that the clitoris’s sole function is sexual pleasure. Though recognizing the clitoral role in pleasure supports liberatory progress, the sole function premise is inaccurate. The clitoris has multiple functions. The clitoris receives and transmutes sensation into sexual response psychophysiology: desire, arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Thus, together with the clitoris’s significant role in pleasure, it also functions in bodily protection and safety. Clitoral stimulation can reasonably be acknowledged as a prophylactic health behavior. The clitoris has reproductive functions as well. The clitoris supports reproduction while simultaneously fully functioning outside of reproductive sexuality, i.e., penile vaginal intercourse. The gendered lens through which we view the clitoris had hidden this sexual knowledge. Patriarchal cultures have not been able to conceptualize sexual pleasure, sexual safety, and freedom to participate (or not) in reproductive sexuality as characteristics that might co-occur for women as a sociopolitical identity, be they cisgender, transgender, or intersex women. This article presents evidence of simultaneous clitoral functionality in all these realms.
摘要:性别等级制度的强加使人们对阴蒂的认识变得污名化和扭曲。在教育工作者和活动家通过承认并试图庆祝阴蒂来抵制现状的情况下,他们经常断言阴蒂的唯一功能是性快感。尽管承认阴蒂在快感中的作用支持解放的进步,但唯一的功能前提是不准确的。阴蒂有多种功能。阴蒂接收感觉并将其转化为性反应心理生理学:欲望、唤醒、平台、高潮和解决。因此,除了阴蒂在快乐中的重要作用外,它还起着身体保护和安全的作用。可以合理地认为,刺激阴蒂是一种预防性健康行为。阴蒂也有生殖功能。阴蒂支持生殖,同时在生殖性行为(即阴茎阴道性交)之外充分发挥作用。我们观察阴蒂的性别镜头隐藏了这种性知识。父权文化无法将性快感、性安全和参与(或不参与)生殖性行为的自由概念化为女性作为社会政治身份可能共同出现的特征,无论是顺性别、跨性别还是双性女性。这篇文章提供了在所有这些领域同时具有阴蒂功能的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Pandemic Time: A Critical Introduction 大流行时间:关键导论
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0005
Darius Bost
Whatever it is, coronavirus has made the mighty kneel and brought the world to a halt as nothing else could. Our minds are still racing back and forth, longing for a return to "normality," trying to stitch our future to our past, and refusing to acknowledge the rupture. But the rupture exists. And amid this terrible despair, it offers us a chance to rethink the doomsday machine we have built for ourselves. Nothing could be worse than a return to normality.-Arundhati Roy, "The Pandemic is a Portal"
不管是什么,冠状病毒已经让强者下跪,让世界陷入了前所未有的停顿。我们的思想仍在来回奔波,渴望回归“正常”,试图将我们的未来与过去缝合在一起,并拒绝承认破裂。但破裂是存在的。在这种可怕的绝望中,它为我们提供了一个重新思考我们为自己建造的世界末日机器的机会。没有什么比恢复正常更糟糕的了-Arundhati Roy,“大流行病是一个门户”
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引用次数: 1
On the Lateness of Pandemic Time 论大流行病时间的潜在性
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0008
William G. Mosley
Abstract:This article applies the Black queer vernacular form of “late” to interrogate arrival the of a privileged group into a consciousness of crisis and recasts the actions of Black LGBTQ+ people during the pandemic as part of a longer history of surviving catastrophe. The colloquial usage of late demonstrates Black queer awareness of the interconnection between the definition of time; its variable valuation; and the multiple, sometimes competing temporalities in which Black queers live and die. Racial disparities to the response of policies implemented during the rise of COVID-19, as well as the ways in which the habits and pace of Black LGBTQ+ life remained relatively unaffected by the pandemic, reveal the ways history and time unevenly impact different populations within the same crisis. Using Black studies theories of time, Black feminist theories of touch, and Black queer theories of gender and sex, this article illuminates the continuity between constructions of state-sanctioned notions of progress, a contemporary development of pandemic time, and the timing of whiteness as ontologically late. Through a reconsideration of the habits of Black queer life as always already attending to one urgency or another this article argues for building toward a crisis-oriented futurity with less concern for or and impulse to redress the lateness of other people.
摘要:本文运用黑人酷儿的方言形式“late”,将特权群体的到来质问为一种危机意识,并将LGBTQ+黑人在大流行期间的行动重新塑造为更长的灾难生存历史的一部分。late的口语用法表明黑人酷儿意识到时间的定义;其可变估值;以及黑人酷儿生存和死亡的多重,有时是相互竞争的时间性。在COVID-19兴起期间实施的政策应对方面的种族差异,以及黑人LGBTQ+的生活习惯和节奏相对未受疫情影响的方式,揭示了历史和时间在同一危机中对不同人群的不均匀影响。本文运用黑人研究的时间理论、黑人女性主义的触摸理论和黑人酷儿的性别和性理论,阐明了国家认可的进步概念的构建、流行时间的当代发展以及白人在本体论上的迟到时间之间的连续性。通过对黑人酷儿生活习惯的重新思考,这篇文章认为应该建立一个以危机为导向的未来,减少对他人迟到的关注和纠正的冲动。
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引用次数: 0
Black Feminists on Television in the 1970s 70年代电视上的黑人女权主义者
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0004
M. Kibler
Abstract:In the mid 1970s Black women, and Black feminists in particular, were increasingly visible on television, as they took positions as broadcast journalists and news anchors; starred in dramas and situation comedies, such as Good Times; and appeared as experts on an array of public affairs programs, including shows developed by Black Power leaders and feminists. This essay examines this rise and the constraints on it by analyzing Black feminists’ television activism and their appearances on three programs in the 1970s: two feminist public affairs programs that both aired on PBS stations, Woman (1973–1977) and Woman Alive! (1974, 1975, 1977); and For You Black Woman (1977–1985), a syndicated talk show which was not directly linked to any political movement but was pioneering because it was the first talk show and “public service” program addressed to Black women. Feminist programs—Woman and Woman Alive!—asserted a sisterhood based on gender oppression and encouraged Black women to join it, but they did not consistently address the intersection of race and gender. On the other hand, although For You Black Woman was a more conventional talk show for women, as it focused more on parenting, beauty, and fashion, not feminist or Black Power politics, the show tailored these topics to Black women, discussed race and gender in the distinctive experiences of Black women, and created space for Black women to be experts on a variety of topics. The least explicitly politically program of this triad, For You Black Woman provided a potent political space for Black feminism.
摘要:20世纪70年代中期,黑人女性,尤其是黑人女权主义者,越来越多地出现在电视上,她们担任广播记者和新闻主播;出演电视剧和情景喜剧,如《美好时光》;并以专家身份出现在一系列公共事务节目中,包括由黑人权力领袖和女权主义者制作的节目。本文通过分析黑人女权主义者的电视行动主义及其在20世纪70年代的三个节目中的出现来考察这一崛起及其制约因素:两个女权主义公共事务节目,《女人》(1973-1977)和《女人活着!》(1974,1975,1977);《为了你,黑人女性》(1977-1985),这是一档联合播出的脱口秀节目,与任何政治运动都没有直接联系,但它具有开创性,因为它是第一个针对黑人女性的脱口秀和“公共服务”节目。女权主义项目——女人和活着的女人!——主张建立一个基于性别压迫的姐妹会,并鼓励黑人女性加入,但他们并没有一贯地解决种族和性别的交叉问题。另一方面,尽管《为了你,黑人女性》是一个更传统的女性脱口秀,因为它更关注育儿、美丽和时尚,而不是女权主义或黑人权力政治,但该节目为黑人女性量身定制了这些话题,在黑人女性独特的经历中讨论种族和性别,并为黑人女性创造了成为各种话题专家的空间。《为了你,黑人女性》是这三者中最不明确的政治纲领,为黑人女权主义提供了一个强有力的政治空间。
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引用次数: 0
Language, Water, Dance: An Indigenous Meditation on Time 语言、水、舞蹈:对时间的本土思考
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0009
Kiara M. Vigil
Abstract:This essay, “Language, Water, and Dance,” offers a meditation on pandemic time by engaging with Native American histories in relation to Indigenous epistemologies and theories as well as recent events. Looking to Winter Counts and science fiction by Indigenous authors, this meditation suggests that how we think of time and reality are intimately linked to settler colonialism in the United States. The creative form of the essay mirrors the ways in which Indigenous writers and theorists describe time as a spiral rather than a linear progression of lived experience. Relationality and Dakotaness are at the center of the essay’s stories of activism, performance, and survival. A discussion of the “Native slipstream” connects science fiction to the work of water protectors and the NoDAPL movement. The recordings of events through Winter Counts demonstrate how memory and history are collectively shared processes that were also linked to colonial pressures to assimilate Indigenous peoples living in the Plains during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, further suggesting that the first pandemic to impact Indian Country was a colonial one. Concluding with a brief reading from Cherie Dimaline’s young-adult novel, The Marrow Thieves, suggests that as long as we can dream there is still hope for the world where being a good relative is at the center.
摘要:这篇题为《语言、水和舞蹈》的文章通过与土著认识论和理论以及最近的事件相关的美国原住民历史,对疫情时期进行了思考。从《冬天的计数》和土著作家的科幻小说来看,这种沉思表明,我们对时间和现实的看法与美国的定居者殖民主义密切相关。这篇文章的创造性形式反映了土著作家和理论家将时间描述为生活经历的螺旋而非线性发展的方式。关联性和达科他性是这篇文章关于激进主义、表演和生存的故事的中心。关于“本土滑流”的讨论将科幻小说与水保护者的工作和NoDAPL运动联系起来。通过《冬季计数》对事件的记录表明,记忆和历史是如何共同分享的过程,这也与19世纪末和20世纪初同化生活在平原上的土著人民的殖民压力有关,这进一步表明,影响印度国家的第一次大流行病是殖民地流行病。最后,简要阅读Cherie Dimaline的年轻成人小说《骨髓窃贼》,这表明只要我们能梦想,这个以做一个好亲戚为中心的世界仍然有希望。
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引用次数: 1
The Temporality of Breath: Under Racial Capitalism 呼吸的暂时性:在种族资本主义下
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0011
Stephen Dillon
Abstract:In this essay, the author reflects on how a near death case of COVID in the first weeks of the pandemic informs a larger theory of the relationship between race, temporality, and racial capitalism. By examining the links between race, time, and breathe across time and space—from the plantation to the uprisings of the Black Lives Matter movement—the author argues that the pandemic in not an exception to the normal but as a dispersed amplification of it.
摘要:在这篇文章中,作者反思了新冠肺炎疫情最初几周的一例濒死病例如何为种族、时间性和种族资本主义之间的关系提供了更大的理论依据。通过研究种族、时间和跨时空呼吸之间的联系——从种植园到“黑人的命也是命”运动的起义——作者认为,这场疫情并不是正常情况的例外,而是它的分散放大。
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引用次数: 1
A Meditation on Grief in Pandemic Times 大流行时期对悲伤的思考
IF 1.2 4区 社会学 Q2 WOMENS STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-27 DOI: 10.1353/fro.2023.0010
Karma R. Chávez
Abstract:This essay considers the compounding nature of grief as the author experienced it during the COVID-19 pandemic. The author considers how the pandemic shifted notions of time, alongside those of space and intimacy.
摘要:本文以作者在新冠肺炎疫情期间所经历的悲伤为背景,探讨了悲伤的复合性。作者考虑了大流行如何改变了时间概念,以及空间和亲密关系的概念。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Frontiers-A Journal of Women Studies
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