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The objective of this study was to evaluate secular changes in the Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight status of rural children and adolescents in west-central Poland across decennial surveys spanning 1986 and 2016. Participants were 8,677 boys and girls 7-15 years attending schools in 10 rural communities in 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016. Heights and weights were measured; BMIs were calculated. Weight status was classified using International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. The sample was partitioned into three age groups (7-9, 10-12, 13-15 years) for analysis of secular change in the BMI using sex-specific analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age and age² as covariates, and for comparison of the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe thinness and of overweight and obesity. BMIs increased, on average, across the four surveys, but differences between adjacent surveys varied. Prevalence of severe and moderate thinness was low in both sexes, while mild thinness tended to decline over time, more so among girls. Overweight and obesity increased over time, especially in 2006 and 2016 compared to 1986 and 1996. In conclusion, secular changes in the BMI between 1986 and 2016 were significant. Age-adjusted mean BMIs suggested a gradient, 2016 > 2006 > 1996 > 1986, except in girls 13-15 years. However, changes across the decennial surveys varied. The observed changes in overweight and obesity between 1986 and 2016 were consistent with studies in Poland spanning the past two generations.

The genetic structure, kinship and type of post-marital residence are studied in four native groups of the Gran Chaco, through the analysis of somatometric traits. The sample used was published by Lehmann-Nitsche (1907) and is represented by 158 individuals of both sexes. To meet the objectives, methods and techniques of multivariate statistics and population genetics of quantitative traits were applied. The results show a genetic divergence (F_ST) of 0.047, a greater kinship between chorote and mataco, a significant isolation of the chiriguano, an important interaction of the chorote with the rest of the groups, a greater regional mobility of males than of the women, and a matrilocal or bilocal post-marital residence system.

The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between the age at menarche and adult stature as well as sitting height and Cormic index in adulthood. Analyzed traits included also relative body height, expressed as a percentage of mid parental height, which may be regarded as an indicator of individual target height. Data were collected in a cross-sectional survey among 1257 female university students, aged 19-25 y. Height and sitting height were measured. A survey was used to collect data on the examined females' age at menarche, their socio-economic status and their parents' height. The onset of menstruation before 12 years of age was classified as early, aged 12-14 y. as average, and above 14 years as late. The present study reported statistically significant differences in adult stature in relation to the age at menarche. Women with early menarche reached the shortest stature while women with late menarche - the tallest. The differences were statistically significant also when the analysis considered parents' stature and socio-economic status. No statistically significant differences in sitting height or the Cormic index depending on the age at menarche were found. We may conclude that irrespective of genetic factors (short, medium-height or tall parents) and environmental factors (low, medium or high socio-economic status), women whose first menstruation occurs at a younger age reach shorter stature and lower percentage of mid parental height than women who have their first menstruation at an older age. The absence of differences in sitting height and the Cormic index between individuals of different ages at menarche indicates that the variation in stature results from the length of lower limbs.

Condylus tertius (CT) is a developmental condition affecting the craniovertebral junction. Its prevalence was estimated to be less than 5% and can be asymptomatic or debilitating. This study aims to search for CT in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection (CISC) and to do a bibliographic review of this neglected developmental defect. Two hundred individuals, from both sexes, and with ages at death between 30 and 59 years old from the CISC were observed macroscopically to search for CT. A bibliographic survey of the bioarcheological and clinical literature was conducted. One female individual (0.5%) had CT with irregular margins and porosity. In addition to the CT, the odontoid process of the axis had an increase in its retroversion angle and looked enlarged. The vertebra L1 showed hypoplasia of the right transverse process and the sacrum presented incomplete sacralization of the vertebra L5. In archaeological derived individuals only eight cases of CT were recognized in the literature survey, the oldest dating from the Pleistocene. This study draws attention to this trait and its diagnosis in skeletal individuals and alerts to the possible coexistence with other developmental defects in transitional vertebrae.

Objective. To report the results of dental morphological analysis performed on the remains of two European nobles (Duke Alessandro Farnese and his wife Maria D'Aviz) who lived in the 16^th century, together with hypotheses on their nutrition and oral hygiene habits. Design and results. The remains of Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592) and Princess Maria D'Aviz (1538-1577) were exhumed in Parma, Italy, in the context of an historical investigation into their possible causes of death. The skulls were examined and analysed through direct inspection, high-detailed photographs and radiographs. Ante mortem tooth loss (AMTL), postmortem tooth loss (PMTL), Scott and Smith dental wear indexes and the Kerr periodontal index were used to assess the dental and periodontal status of the couple. Alessandro Farnese suffered from severe dental wear while it was presumed that Maria D'Aviz was affected by periodontal disease and tooth decay. Conclusions. Based on the findings of the present analysis, we hypothesise that Alessandro Farnese's diet was mainly based on hard and unrefined foods, also suggested by limited historical reports. It is likely that Maria D'Aviz's nutrition was based on sugar-enriched foods.

Among the numerous publications on sexual dimorphism as affected by body build, few deal with the somatotype of men and women of the same height. The aim of the study was to determine the share of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy among men and women in different height categories and to determine whether the size of individual components differs between the sexes within the same height category. The research was carried out over the period of 2005-2015 on a cohort of 1,911 individuals, 625 men and 1,286 women, aged 18-25. Somatic measurements were performed according to the currently accepted technique as described by Martin and Saller. Using the results and the Heath-Carter method, the shares of endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy were calculated. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess the relation between sex, individual height category and endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy. Relationships between endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and height were estimated using Pearson correlation and linear regression. In women's body build, regardless of body height, endomorphy prevails, with smaller shares of ectomorphy and mesomorphy while in men's body build mesomorphy and ectomorphy dominate. The analysis of forecasts (using linear regression equations) confirms that mesomorphy and endomorphy decrease in men and women as their height increases. The findings will be used to analyse secular changes in the evolution of male and female body build type over a longer period - which will show increasing or fading dimorphic differences.

The aim of the present study was to get more knowledge of the nature of athlete boy's secular body changes and to differentiate it from the individual acceleration. A positive secular trend was supposed in athlete youth similar to normal population, but with different extent because of the sport selection. In this study some specific trend characteristics of athlete (basketball player) boys between the 1990^th and 2010^th are analyzed and compared to that of the reference values of the Hungarian National Growth Study I and II (HNGS I - 1980's, Eiben et al. 1991; HNGS II - 2003-2006, Bodzsár & Zsákai 2007). The individual data were collected in Budapest (capital) basketball club boys aged 10-15 years (N = 1376). Body measurements were taken by the first author by the request of coaches and parents. Secular trend was characterized by the changes in some of the measured body parameters by three birth cohorts. The secular changes followed a positive trend, though the traditional decade analyses the variables did not follow a balanced, proportional manner of change. The largest difference in body height occurred in 12-years of age, with a total of +8.27 cm height difference between Cohort III and I and +9.31 kg total difference in body mass at the same age, respectively. Some differences in the tendentious changes occurred between the age groups, characteristic shift of the fat content and the trunk/extremity fat ratio increase toward the younger age, and more excessive increase in BMI were found. Though it could be expected to have favourable body composition in young athletes, nowadays some unfavourable changes in the secular growth trend of body structure have been occurred. One explanation could be the less active leisure time spent. Our results can provide more practical information for coaches to enrich their professional attitude towards a better understanding how to choose and modify training methods during the varied growth and developmental process of young athletes.

Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among young adults has increased dramatically in recent decades. The survey examined anthropometric indicators of fat tissue amount in the population of adult males and females from Slovenia from 1950 to 2019. Methods: From a large anthropometric database body height, body mass, seven circumferences (C: waist, hip, relaxed and flexed upper arm, forearm, middle thigh, medial calf) and seven skinfold thicknesses (SFT: triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinale, front thigh and medial calf) were obtained in different combinations for more than 3400 males and almost 4600 females of age 18 to 29 years, measured in the years between 1950 and 2019. To evaluate the secular trend, data were classified into 10-year periods and compared with ANOVA. Results: Body mass, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, waist C, relaxed and flexed upper arm C, calf C, Triceps/subscapular ratio, biceps SFT, supraspinale SFT, front thigh SFT, and medial calf SFT increased (p < 0.001) over the last 70 years, however, thigh C decreased (p < 0.001) over the last 30 years. Body mass index and forearm C increased in males and decreased in females. Triceps and subscapular SFT`s increased till 2009 and then decreased in next decade in both sexes. Body fat % increased over the 70-years observed period from 12% to almost 15% in males and from 24% to more than 26% in females. Conclusion: From 1950 to 2009 or even to 2019, large amount of body fat clearly became more prevalent in young adults from Slovenia, which mostly is in line with secular trend in fat tissue in other parts of the world; however, in many measurements this trend slows down or even reverses after 2009 in Slovenia. Slovenian population appears to be leaner compared to other populations.

Typical patterns of discriminative grandparental investment i.e. high investment provided by the maternal grandmother and low investment provided by the paternal grandfather, are mainly interpreted based on the "paternity uncertainty hypothesis". Accordingly, especially paternal grandfathers are confronted with a double risk of investing in genetically unrelated grandchildren. The present study focuses on the impact of phenotypic resemblance between parents and grandparents on grandparental investment. 94 female and 83 male participants aged 19 to 40 years (x = 27.4; SD = 5.8) were enrolled in the retrospective analysis. An online questionnaire, specifically developed for this study, was used for data collection. In line with predictions, the highest investment, contact frequency and best relationship were found for maternal grandmothers, while paternal grandfathers showed the lowest investment patterns. Phenotypic resemblance between parents and grandfathers enhanced grandfathers' investment significantly, but resemblance had no effect in the case of maternal grandmothers. We conclude that phenotypic similarities can be interpreted as indicators of genetic relatedness and therefore increase grandparental investment among those grandparents, who are confronted with paternity uncertainty, i.e. paternal grandmother and maternal as well as paternal grandfather.

This study aimed to compare the nasofrontal region in metopic and non-metopic cranial series and to assess whether the persistent metopic suture is related to a specific morphology of this part of the cranium. For the purpose of the study, a total of 159 dry crania (control series n = 90 and metopic one n = 69) of contemporary adult males were scanned with a laser scanner. Digital morphometry was accomplished by recording the three-dimensional coordinates of eleven landmarks, 3 bilateral and 5 in the mid-sagittal plane, characterizing the nasofrontal region. Between these landmarks, 43 linear measurements were calculated as Euclidian distances and 25 triangles were constructed. The angles, areas and heights of these triangles were also computed. The results show that the metopic crania have a distinctive nasofrontal morphology as the significant differences are not in the forehead height, but mainly in its configuration and in the nasal bones dimensions. The metopic crania have significantly flattened glabella, broad interorbital distance and wider, shorter and less prominent nasal bones compared to the non-metopic ones.