Residents in Central Appalachia face the emotional, physical, and financial impacts of the energy independence goal that the United States has been pursuing for the past several decades. In this region, extractive industries have historically been supported by powerful energy lobbies, tax breaks, and legislation that disregard environmental protections, resulting in the construction of a reticular energy infrastructure across Appalachia. We investigate this neoliberal policy environment by sharing the experiences of West Virginian residents living along gas pipelines, gathered via walk-along interviews and photovoice. Two main legal and economic pressures, the extensive legal fees needed to fight efforts to build natural gas pipelines on private land and the threat of eminent domain, emerge from our findings. Using the lens of environmental justice, we show how neoliberal policies strongly endorsed and supported by the state, combined with a deeply rooted nostalgia for energy development, have positioned West Virginia as a site of acceptance for unconventional energy extraction. Ultimately, we argue that neoliberalism has brought about legal and economic stressors that force many West Virginia landowners to accept extraction and its many byproducts.
{"title":"Coercion via Eminent Domain and Legal Fees: The Acceptance of Gas Extraction in West Virginia","authors":"Martina Angela Caretta, Erin Brock Carlson","doi":"10.1089/env.2021.0093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0093","url":null,"abstract":"Residents in Central Appalachia face the emotional, physical, and financial impacts of the energy independence goal that the United States has been pursuing for the past several decades. In this region, extractive industries have historically been supported by powerful energy lobbies, tax breaks, and legislation that disregard environmental protections, resulting in the construction of a reticular energy infrastructure across Appalachia. We investigate this neoliberal policy environment by sharing the experiences of West Virginian residents living along gas pipelines, gathered via walk-along interviews and photovoice. Two main legal and economic pressures, the extensive legal fees needed to fight efforts to build natural gas pipelines on private land and the threat of eminent domain, emerge from our findings. Using the lens of environmental justice, we show how neoliberal policies strongly endorsed and supported by the state, combined with a deeply rooted nostalgia for energy development, have positioned West Virginia as a site of acceptance for unconventional energy extraction. Ultimately, we argue that neoliberalism has brought about legal and economic stressors that force many West Virginia landowners to accept extraction and its many byproducts.","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135568202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we study how dominant ideas on herbicide-dependent agriculture are reappropriated and recreated at different scales in farming towns of the Argentine Pampas. First, we analyze the discourses of national reach, to show how herbicide use is institutionally justified, promoted, and legitimized, while also being downplayed or minimized. Second, and based on our interviews with people who benefit from herbicide-dependent agriculture, we inspect how they interpret and reframe national actors' discourses. Our analysis shows ambivalences toward the risks of agrochemical exposure, a tendency to dilute them by pointing to people's quotidian coexistence with other environmental hazards, and a reinterpretation of the right to use agrochemicals in terms of national sovereignty and individual rights to prosperity. We also identify an understanding of the role of the state that overlapped with the typical neoliberal stance but also departed from it in significant ways. This study contributes to the understanding of “sites of acceptance” and to the environmental justice literature by focusing on understudied places, actors, and processes.
{"title":"Ambiguities at Sites of Acceptance: Agrarian Neoliberalism and Herbicide Exposure in Argentina","authors":"Pablo Lapegna, Johana Kunin","doi":"10.1089/env.2021.0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0104","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we study how dominant ideas on herbicide-dependent agriculture are reappropriated and recreated at different scales in farming towns of the Argentine Pampas. First, we analyze the discourses of national reach, to show how herbicide use is institutionally justified, promoted, and legitimized, while also being downplayed or minimized. Second, and based on our interviews with people who benefit from herbicide-dependent agriculture, we inspect how they interpret and reframe national actors' discourses. Our analysis shows ambivalences toward the risks of agrochemical exposure, a tendency to dilute them by pointing to people's quotidian coexistence with other environmental hazards, and a reinterpretation of the right to use agrochemicals in terms of national sovereignty and individual rights to prosperity. We also identify an understanding of the role of the state that overlapped with the typical neoliberal stance but also departed from it in significant ways. This study contributes to the understanding of “sites of acceptance” and to the environmental justice literature by focusing on understudied places, actors, and processes.","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135658848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Petrochemical pipelines have taken center stage in public debates about the impacts of resource extraction dependencies and calls for greater participation in environmental governance. However, these concerns can run counter to the interests of the petrochemical industry and state security imaginaries that frame critics as threats. These imaginaries are evident in a suite of critical infrastructure (CI) trespass bills introduced by U.S. state legislatures implicating the activities of anti-pipeline protest movements. In a comparative analysis of 51 CI trespass bills, we find significant patterns in how criminal activities are defined across bills, as well as how individuals, aiding organizations, and the tactical practices of activists are positioned as threats. Additional findings show that CI trespass bills are more likely to emerge from states with heavy investments in pipeline infrastructure, states with contested pipelines, and states dominated by conservative political parties. Finally, we illustrate how major components of bills are authored by the American Legislative Exchange Council, a group that supports the interests of petrochemical companies. We argue that, by broadly designating those who resist pipelines as threats, trespass bills serve to strengthen petro-security state powers, thus transforming sites of resistance to petrochemical development into sites of acceptable risk for the externalities of free market industrialism under the pretense of protecting national security. We suggest that these developments may have multiple negative effects, including eroding the public's right to question pipelines and exacerbating patterns of social injustice, as well as unintended positive effects in strengthening organized resistance.
{"title":"Petro-Security State Power and the Imaginaries of Extremism: An Analysis of U.S. Critical Infrastructure Trespass Bills Targeting Anti-Pipeline Advocacy Movements","authors":"Kirk Jalbert, Sherri Wasserman, Homero Garza Navarro, Natalie Florence","doi":"10.1089/env.2021.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2021.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Petrochemical pipelines have taken center stage in public debates about the impacts of resource extraction dependencies and calls for greater participation in environmental governance. However, these concerns can run counter to the interests of the petrochemical industry and state security imaginaries that frame critics as threats. These imaginaries are evident in a suite of critical infrastructure (CI) trespass bills introduced by U.S. state legislatures implicating the activities of anti-pipeline protest movements. In a comparative analysis of 51 CI trespass bills, we find significant patterns in how criminal activities are defined across bills, as well as how individuals, aiding organizations, and the tactical practices of activists are positioned as threats. Additional findings show that CI trespass bills are more likely to emerge from states with heavy investments in pipeline infrastructure, states with contested pipelines, and states dominated by conservative political parties. Finally, we illustrate how major components of bills are authored by the American Legislative Exchange Council, a group that supports the interests of petrochemical companies. We argue that, by broadly designating those who resist pipelines as threats, trespass bills serve to strengthen petro-security state powers, thus transforming sites of resistance to petrochemical development into sites of acceptable risk for the externalities of free market industrialism under the pretense of protecting national security. We suggest that these developments may have multiple negative effects, including eroding the public's right to question pipelines and exacerbating patterns of social injustice, as well as unintended positive effects in strengthening organized resistance.","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135803690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Guinn, K. Baumgartner, S. D. Boone, J. Gaskins, Haifeng Zhang, K. Zierold
{"title":"Association Between Topsoil Lead Concentrations and the Risk of Violent Crime","authors":"B. Guinn, K. Baumgartner, S. D. Boone, J. Gaskins, Haifeng Zhang, K. Zierold","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75609235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Constitutional Environmental Rights and State Violence: Implications for Environmental Justice in Protected Forests","authors":"Tafadzwa Mushonga","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0059","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"146 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83565968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artistic Imaginations of Climate Change: From the Far Away to the Here and Now","authors":"U. Hahn","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85188767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Cohen, J. Cha, Nick Graetz, A. Singhal, Raka Sen
{"title":"Securing Climate Justice Federally:A Political Economy Approach to Targeted Investments","authors":"D. Cohen, J. Cha, Nick Graetz, A. Singhal, Raka Sen","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0047","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80277918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Schmitt, M. Macias, Janice L. Boucher, D. Karwat
{"title":"Project Confluence: Reflections on Addressing Environmental Justice Challenges Through a Hybrid University- and Community-Managed Research Approach","authors":"E. Schmitt, M. Macias, Janice L. Boucher, D. Karwat","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74562173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Finding My Way to Environmental Justice Work","authors":"M. Miranda","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90959390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Saving Our “Common Home” Through Them: A Critical Analysis of the “For Our Common Home” Campaign in Alberta","authors":"C. Kenfack","doi":"10.1089/env.2022.0051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2022.0051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46143,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Justice","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84613294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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