Pub Date : 2020-07-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1588165
H. Nagpal, A. Staino, B. Basu
ABSTRACT In this work, a new robust controller is proposed for building climate control in presence of parametric uncertainties. The design of the controller is based on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework and it includes time-varying constraints. The robust design is implemented by explicitly considering parametric uncertainty in the synthesis of the control law. Variations of the parameters of the buildings are represented in the form of polytopic uncertainty. The robust control action is obtained by minimizing an appropriate ‘worst-case’ cost function, which leads to the definition of a min–max optimization problem. This optimization problem is formulated using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) that allow for efficient numerical computation of the control command. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is successful in keeping the indoor temperature of the building in the desired range even in presence of large model uncertainties. The proposed controller is also compared with a nominal controller synthesized without accounting for parametric uncertainty. Numerical results confirm 24% better performance of the robust design in comparison with the nominal controller with same conditions. Further, simulation results also demonstrate that the robust control system achieves 17% better performance in the case of severe conditions of uncertainty.
{"title":"Robust model predictive control of HVAC systems with uncertainty in building parameters using linear matrix inequalities","authors":"H. Nagpal, A. Staino, B. Basu","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2019.1588165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1588165","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this work, a new robust controller is proposed for building climate control in presence of parametric uncertainties. The design of the controller is based on the Model Predictive Control (MPC) framework and it includes time-varying constraints. The robust design is implemented by explicitly considering parametric uncertainty in the synthesis of the control law. Variations of the parameters of the buildings are represented in the form of polytopic uncertainty. The robust control action is obtained by minimizing an appropriate ‘worst-case’ cost function, which leads to the definition of a min–max optimization problem. This optimization problem is formulated using Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) that allow for efficient numerical computation of the control command. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is successful in keeping the indoor temperature of the building in the desired range even in presence of large model uncertainties. The proposed controller is also compared with a nominal controller synthesized without accounting for parametric uncertainty. Numerical results confirm 24% better performance of the robust design in comparison with the nominal controller with same conditions. Further, simulation results also demonstrate that the robust control system achieves 17% better performance in the case of severe conditions of uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"338 - 354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2019.1588165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48245924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-21DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1784276
G. Heidarinejad, Samaneh Shokrollahi, H. Pasdarshahri
ABSTRACT The present study investigates underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems by using the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Taguchi optimization algorithm. A multi-objective optimization approach is used to analyze the efficiency of UFAD systems from the viewpoints of thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and energy consumption. The supply air temperature, the air change rate per hour (ACH), and the height of the return air vent factors are considered in order to achieve the optimum operating condition. First, numerical validation has been done for an office room model, and then optimization has been performed for this space. The optimization results state that setting the supply air temperature and ACH at 19°C and 4.0, respectively, and placing the return air vent at the height of 1.6 m would lead to the optimum state. The CFD simulation results for this condition show that the thermal comfort in the occupied zone and the desirable IAQ in the breathing zone are established, corresponding to the predicted mean vote (PMV) and mean age of air (MAA) values equal to 0.13 and 640 s, respectively. Furthermore, energy consumption has a considerable reduction of 21.5%, compared to the conventional mixing ventilation (MV) systems.
{"title":"An investigation of thermal comfort, IAQ, and energy saving in UFAD systems using a combination of Taguchi optimization algorithm and CFD","authors":"G. Heidarinejad, Samaneh Shokrollahi, H. Pasdarshahri","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2020.1784276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1784276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study investigates underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems by using the combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Taguchi optimization algorithm. A multi-objective optimization approach is used to analyze the efficiency of UFAD systems from the viewpoints of thermal comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), and energy consumption. The supply air temperature, the air change rate per hour (ACH), and the height of the return air vent factors are considered in order to achieve the optimum operating condition. First, numerical validation has been done for an office room model, and then optimization has been performed for this space. The optimization results state that setting the supply air temperature and ACH at 19°C and 4.0, respectively, and placing the return air vent at the height of 1.6 m would lead to the optimum state. The CFD simulation results for this condition show that the thermal comfort in the occupied zone and the desirable IAQ in the breathing zone are established, corresponding to the predicted mean vote (PMV) and mean age of air (MAA) values equal to 0.13 and 640 s, respectively. Furthermore, energy consumption has a considerable reduction of 21.5%, compared to the conventional mixing ventilation (MV) systems.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"799 - 817"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2020.1784276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48965393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-18DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1781689
Hajar Benhmidou, Zaid Romani, M. El Mankibi, A. Draoui
ABSTRACT Buildings energy efficiency problems are not limited only to the new buildings. In fact, the existing building is often energy-consuming, mainly due to its envelope. A good estimate of the existing building parameters will allow for a better contribution to define the rehabilitation strategies. This work aims to represent the current energy state of an existing building located in the north of Morocco (Mediterranean climate) using in-situ measurements. Firstly, infrared thermography was used to carry out a building thermal diagnosis and determinate the in-situ thermal transmission coefficient. Afterwards, we have proceeded to the energy modelling of this building using TRNSYS software, where each element of the envelope receives a U-value. A comparative study was carried out of three different cases of the building studied using the theoretical and measured U-value for both buildings without concrete frame and with concrete frame. The obtained cooling energy needs of the building diagnosed with the reinforced concrete framework are higher from about 7% to 48% for cooling and from about 2% to 44% for heating energy needs than those of the diagnostic building without the framework and the building reference.
{"title":"Thermal performance prediction of an existing building with framing system using the IRT method","authors":"Hajar Benhmidou, Zaid Romani, M. El Mankibi, A. Draoui","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2020.1781689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1781689","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Buildings energy efficiency problems are not limited only to the new buildings. In fact, the existing building is often energy-consuming, mainly due to its envelope. A good estimate of the existing building parameters will allow for a better contribution to define the rehabilitation strategies. This work aims to represent the current energy state of an existing building located in the north of Morocco (Mediterranean climate) using in-situ measurements. Firstly, infrared thermography was used to carry out a building thermal diagnosis and determinate the in-situ thermal transmission coefficient. Afterwards, we have proceeded to the energy modelling of this building using TRNSYS software, where each element of the envelope receives a U-value. A comparative study was carried out of three different cases of the building studied using the theoretical and measured U-value for both buildings without concrete frame and with concrete frame. The obtained cooling energy needs of the building diagnosed with the reinforced concrete framework are higher from about 7% to 48% for cooling and from about 2% to 44% for heating energy needs than those of the diagnostic building without the framework and the building reference.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"15 1","pages":"774 - 798"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2020.1781689","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44252384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-27DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1768897
Laura Almeida, V. Tam, K. Le, Zhiyu Huang, S. Forbes
ABSTRACT Surveys were delivered to the occupants of two university buildings in Sydney Australia to collect occupant perceptions related with energy use and the impact of the ‘green’ rating in occupant behaviour. Overall, 100 surveys were delivered in a 6-star building, rated according to the certification system Green Star, and in a non-rated building, from Western Sydney University. Occupants were inquired about their perception and interactions with heating, cooling, lighting, windows/doors opening, windows blinds and plug loads. This made possible to understand if there is a significant difference in energy-related occupant behaviour when comparing a green-rated to a non-green-rated building. Additionally, this study analysed if occupant’s gender, age and work role, as well as the characteristics of the built environment have impact on occupant behaviours and actions. It was possible to conclude that the ‘green’ rating has no impact in the way occupants interact with the buildings’ systems, and variables such as gender, age and the characteristics of the built environment have impact in the way occupants interact with the building features and systems. The results were obtained according to statistical analysis and intend to be a guideline for future research in the field of energy-related occupant behaviour.
{"title":"Survey of energy-related occupant perceptions in a green-rated and in a non-rated building","authors":"Laura Almeida, V. Tam, K. Le, Zhiyu Huang, S. Forbes","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2020.1768897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1768897","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Surveys were delivered to the occupants of two university buildings in Sydney Australia to collect occupant perceptions related with energy use and the impact of the ‘green’ rating in occupant behaviour. Overall, 100 surveys were delivered in a 6-star building, rated according to the certification system Green Star, and in a non-rated building, from Western Sydney University. Occupants were inquired about their perception and interactions with heating, cooling, lighting, windows/doors opening, windows blinds and plug loads. This made possible to understand if there is a significant difference in energy-related occupant behaviour when comparing a green-rated to a non-green-rated building. Additionally, this study analysed if occupant’s gender, age and work role, as well as the characteristics of the built environment have impact on occupant behaviours and actions. It was possible to conclude that the ‘green’ rating has no impact in the way occupants interact with the buildings’ systems, and variables such as gender, age and the characteristics of the built environment have impact in the way occupants interact with the building features and systems. The results were obtained according to statistical analysis and intend to be a guideline for future research in the field of energy-related occupant behaviour.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"36 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2020.1768897","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41392772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-15DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1752799
G. Hemanth, S. Charles Raja, J. Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar, J. Senthil Kumar
ABSTRACT In the present scenario, in order to meet the growing electricity demand, demand side management (DSM) is one among the various approaches used in smart grid. By applying DSM at the customer side, various benefits such as reduction in electricity cost, reduction in peak demand, and improvement in load factor can be achieved. This paper proposes a new architecture, namely, Intelligent Universal Load Management System (IULMS) to implement DSM based on load shifting approach for a residential building in the presence of different classes of loads. In this work, the objective is to minimize the cost of electricity consumption and there are several constraints imposed by the device types operating in the system and it is solved by Binary Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm. The objective function is non-linear in nature because the price of electricity varies each hour. A real-time system involving residential building users of Agrini Apartment in Madurai, Tamilnadu, India is discussed. Further, the potential of DSM is analyzed. The minimization of electricity consumption cost, peak demand, and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) are validated for each test case. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"Cost effective energy consumption in a residential building by implementing demand side management in the presence of different classes of power loads","authors":"G. Hemanth, S. Charles Raja, J. Jeslin Drusila Nesamalar, J. Senthil Kumar","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2020.1752799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1752799","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the present scenario, in order to meet the growing electricity demand, demand side management (DSM) is one among the various approaches used in smart grid. By applying DSM at the customer side, various benefits such as reduction in electricity cost, reduction in peak demand, and improvement in load factor can be achieved. This paper proposes a new architecture, namely, Intelligent Universal Load Management System (IULMS) to implement DSM based on load shifting approach for a residential building in the presence of different classes of loads. In this work, the objective is to minimize the cost of electricity consumption and there are several constraints imposed by the device types operating in the system and it is solved by Binary Grey Wolf Optimization algorithm. The objective function is non-linear in nature because the price of electricity varies each hour. A real-time system involving residential building users of Agrini Apartment in Madurai, Tamilnadu, India is discussed. Further, the potential of DSM is analyzed. The minimization of electricity consumption cost, peak demand, and Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) are validated for each test case. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"145 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2020.1752799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42187001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1752013
K. Inthavong, Kazuhide Ito
The building sector consumes a staggering 40% of the world’s energy and is a significant generator of greenhouse gas as it heats, cools, and ventilates the indoor environment. This makes it a critical target for reducing energy consumption as we face sustainability challenges regarding energy use and environmental damage. High-performance buildings have been in high demand for a long time, as they satisfy thermal comfort and indoor air quality with minimal energy use. Advanced Engineering Designs in buildings can achieve even more significant energy reductions and provide the right thermal comfort for occupants. However, this can only be achieved if there is a collaboration among building engineers, environmental scientists, architects, facility managers, and policy makers. This was the founding spirit of COBEE (International Conference On Energy & Environment). In 2018, the COBEE event was hosted at RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. The conference brought together researchers from all over the world to showcase many advanced engineering designs and to address the negative impact of increased building energy consumption. The quality of submitted papers was exceptional and demonstrated a strong interest in the following fields: Advanced Modelling & CFD, Heat Exchange Systems, Indoor Air Quality & Health, Building Energy, Urban Buildings & Environment, Ventilation, Thermal Comfort. Other topics of interest included Building Envelope & Phase Change Materials, Passive Building Design, Sensors, Controls & Monitoring, Cooling & Air Conditioning, Experimental Measurements, Acoustic & Noise. With this in mind, we decided on a Special Topic Issue of ‘Advanced Engineering Design in Buildings’ to continue to advance the novel and innovative solutions to address the massive energy consumed by the built environment. Highlights of the selected papers include the consideration of HVAC use in buildings which are a source of high energy consumption. In buildings with HVAC, optimization techniques for set-point regulation (Miyata et al., 2019), and multi-stage optimization of local environmental quality accounting for a simulated person as a sensor for HVAC control (Yoo & Ito, 2019) were demonstrated to improve energy efficiency. In historical buildings that inherently exhibit vastly different building principles to modern-day design, the influence of modernized HVAC systems was considered for thermal comfort (Bakhtiari et al., 2019), which is critical for office building occupations. However, in contrast to HVAC systems, passive systems can be used. For example, vernacular strategies and devices in an arid zone habitat in the Biskra Province of Algeria (Berghout & Forgues, 2019) and its effect on ambient comfort were demonstrated. Solar thermal storage tanks can also be used as a component of passive cooling, and a technique to optimize thermal energy storage technology at low temperatures was shown (Roccamena et al., 2019). Undoubtedly, our demands in build
建筑业消耗了世界上惊人的40%的能源，是室内环境供暖、制冷和通风的重要温室气体产生者。这使其成为减少能源消耗的关键目标，因为我们面临着能源使用和环境破坏方面的可持续性挑战。长期以来，高性能建筑的需求一直很高，因为它们以最低的能源消耗满足热舒适性和室内空气质量。建筑中的先进工程设计可以实现更显著的节能，并为居住者提供合适的热舒适性。然而，只有建筑工程师、环境科学家、建筑师、设施经理和政策制定者之间的合作，才能实现这一目标。这就是COBEE（国际能源与环境会议）的创立精神。2018年，COBEE活动在澳大利亚墨尔本皇家墨尔本理工大学举办。会议汇集了来自世界各地的研究人员，展示了许多先进的工程设计，并解决了建筑能耗增加的负面影响。提交的论文质量卓越，表现出对以下领域的浓厚兴趣：高级建模与CFD、热交换系统、室内空气质量与健康、建筑能源、城市建筑与环境、通风、热舒适。其他感兴趣的主题包括建筑围护结构和相变材料、被动建筑设计、传感器、控制和监测、冷却和空调、实验测量、声学和噪声。考虑到这一点，我们决定以“建筑高级工程设计”为专题，继续推进新颖创新的解决方案，以解决建筑环境消耗的巨大能源问题。所选论文的亮点包括考虑建筑中暖通空调的使用，这是高能耗的来源。在有暖通空调的建筑中，设定点调节的优化技术（Miyata等人，2019）和将模拟人作为暖通空调控制传感器的局部环境质量的多阶段优化（Yoo&Ito，2019）被证明可以提高能源效率。在本质上表现出与现代设计截然不同的建筑原理的历史建筑中，现代化暖通空调系统的影响被考虑到了热舒适性（Bakhtiari et al.，2019），这对办公楼的使用至关重要。然而，与暖通空调系统不同，可以使用无源系统。例如，展示了阿尔及利亚比斯拉省干旱区栖息地的当地策略和设备（Berghout&Forgues，2019）及其对环境舒适度的影响。太阳能储热罐也可以用作被动冷却的一个部件，并展示了一种在低温下优化热能存储技术的技术（Roccamena等人，2019）。毫无疑问，我们对建筑热舒适性的需求取决于建筑所处的气候。在夏热冬冷的城市中，季节适应对户外热舒适性的影响就是一个例子（Zhou et al.，2019）。也许，通过在大麻/石灰复合材料上创新使用纳米材料，使用更节能的墙壁设计（O’Flaherty等人，2019）可以支持正在进行的季节性适应。
{"title":"Editorial","authors":"K. Inthavong, Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2020.1752013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2020.1752013","url":null,"abstract":"The building sector consumes a staggering 40% of the world’s energy and is a significant generator of greenhouse gas as it heats, cools, and ventilates the indoor environment. This makes it a critical target for reducing energy consumption as we face sustainability challenges regarding energy use and environmental damage. High-performance buildings have been in high demand for a long time, as they satisfy thermal comfort and indoor air quality with minimal energy use. Advanced Engineering Designs in buildings can achieve even more significant energy reductions and provide the right thermal comfort for occupants. However, this can only be achieved if there is a collaboration among building engineers, environmental scientists, architects, facility managers, and policy makers. This was the founding spirit of COBEE (International Conference On Energy & Environment). In 2018, the COBEE event was hosted at RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. The conference brought together researchers from all over the world to showcase many advanced engineering designs and to address the negative impact of increased building energy consumption. The quality of submitted papers was exceptional and demonstrated a strong interest in the following fields: Advanced Modelling & CFD, Heat Exchange Systems, Indoor Air Quality & Health, Building Energy, Urban Buildings & Environment, Ventilation, Thermal Comfort. Other topics of interest included Building Envelope & Phase Change Materials, Passive Building Design, Sensors, Controls & Monitoring, Cooling & Air Conditioning, Experimental Measurements, Acoustic & Noise. With this in mind, we decided on a Special Topic Issue of ‘Advanced Engineering Design in Buildings’ to continue to advance the novel and innovative solutions to address the massive energy consumed by the built environment. Highlights of the selected papers include the consideration of HVAC use in buildings which are a source of high energy consumption. In buildings with HVAC, optimization techniques for set-point regulation (Miyata et al., 2019), and multi-stage optimization of local environmental quality accounting for a simulated person as a sensor for HVAC control (Yoo & Ito, 2019) were demonstrated to improve energy efficiency. In historical buildings that inherently exhibit vastly different building principles to modern-day design, the influence of modernized HVAC systems was considered for thermal comfort (Bakhtiari et al., 2019), which is critical for office building occupations. However, in contrast to HVAC systems, passive systems can be used. For example, vernacular strategies and devices in an arid zone habitat in the Biskra Province of Algeria (Berghout & Forgues, 2019) and its effect on ambient comfort were demonstrated. Solar thermal storage tanks can also be used as a component of passive cooling, and a technique to optimize thermal energy storage technology at low temperatures was shown (Roccamena et al., 2019). Undoubtedly, our demands in build","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"158 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2020.1752013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47714134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428
H. Bakhtiari, J. Akander, M. Cehlin
ABSTRACT Envelopes with low thermal performance are common characteristics in European historic buildings, causing higher energy demand and insufficient thermal comfort. This paper presents the results of a study on indoor environmental quality (IEQ), with special focus on thermal comfort, in the historic City Hall of Gävle, Sweden, now used as an office building. There are two modern heat recovery ventilation systems with displacement ventilation supply devices. The district heating network heats the building via pre-heat supply air and radiators. Summer cooling comes from electric heat pump ejecting heat into the exhaust ventilation air. A building management system (BMS) controls the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The methodology included on-site measurements, BMS data logging and evaluating the occupants’ perception of a summer and a winter period indoor environment using a standardized questionnaire. In conclusion, indoor environmental quality in this historic building is unsatisfactory. Stuffy air, too high, too low and varying room temperatures, lighting problems and noise are constant issues. Although it is equipped with modern ventilation systems, there are still possibilities for improving thermal comfort by improved control strategies, since upgrading the building’s envelope is not allowed according to the Swedish Building Regulations in historic buildings with heritage value.
{"title":"Evaluation of thermal comfort in a historic building refurbished to an office building with modernized HVAC systems","authors":"H. Bakhtiari, J. Akander, M. Cehlin","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Envelopes with low thermal performance are common characteristics in European historic buildings, causing higher energy demand and insufficient thermal comfort. This paper presents the results of a study on indoor environmental quality (IEQ), with special focus on thermal comfort, in the historic City Hall of Gävle, Sweden, now used as an office building. There are two modern heat recovery ventilation systems with displacement ventilation supply devices. The district heating network heats the building via pre-heat supply air and radiators. Summer cooling comes from electric heat pump ejecting heat into the exhaust ventilation air. A building management system (BMS) controls the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment. The methodology included on-site measurements, BMS data logging and evaluating the occupants’ perception of a summer and a winter period indoor environment using a standardized questionnaire. In conclusion, indoor environmental quality in this historic building is unsatisfactory. Stuffy air, too high, too low and varying room temperatures, lighting problems and noise are constant issues. Although it is equipped with modern ventilation systems, there are still possibilities for improving thermal comfort by improved control strategies, since upgrading the building’s envelope is not allowed according to the Swedish Building Regulations in historic buildings with heritage value.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"218 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2019.1604428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41640099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1588167
S. Yoo, Kazuhide Ito
ABSTRACT Recently, we developed a comprehensive computer simulated person (CSP) based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique that integrates a computational human body model and respiratory tract model for indoor air quality assessment. Here, we focus on the application of this CSP as an air quality and thermal comfort sensor in an indoor environment, and report the numerical procedure for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control by using this CSP as the objective function for indoor environmental optimization. We conducted sensitivity analyses in a simple model room with a standing CSP. The analyses of flow, temperature, humidity, and contaminant transfers were coupled with CFD-CSP scheme. Human thermal comfort was evaluated by thermoregulatory analysis and inhalation exposure risk, which was represented by the concentration of contaminants in the inhaled air in the respiratory tract, and was precisely analyzed as a feedback parameter for HVAC control. Compared with the conventional HVAC control method using a point value in a room as the representative value, the HVAC control method integrated with CSP analysis showed potential for precise indoor environmental quality control for local zones around the human body.
{"title":"Multi-stage optimization of local environmental quality by comprehensive computer simulated person as a sensor for HVAC control","authors":"S. Yoo, Kazuhide Ito","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2019.1588167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1588167","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recently, we developed a comprehensive computer simulated person (CSP) based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique that integrates a computational human body model and respiratory tract model for indoor air quality assessment. Here, we focus on the application of this CSP as an air quality and thermal comfort sensor in an indoor environment, and report the numerical procedure for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) control by using this CSP as the objective function for indoor environmental optimization. We conducted sensitivity analyses in a simple model room with a standing CSP. The analyses of flow, temperature, humidity, and contaminant transfers were coupled with CFD-CSP scheme. Human thermal comfort was evaluated by thermoregulatory analysis and inhalation exposure risk, which was represented by the concentration of contaminants in the inhaled air in the respiratory tract, and was precisely analyzed as a feedback parameter for HVAC control. Compared with the conventional HVAC control method using a point value in a room as the representative value, the HVAC control method integrated with CSP analysis showed potential for precise indoor environmental quality control for local zones around the human body.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"171 - 188"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2019.1588167","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41522558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1607775
Belkacem Berghout, D. Forgues
ABSTRACT Up until the industrial revolution, energy consumption was relatively linear, and almost exclusively renewable. The exponential industrial and economic development that began with the industrial revolution became increasingly energy-intensive, and since the switch to fossil fuels that energy consumption has been based on non-renewable resources. Satisfying the energy needs of the present without harming future generations remains a complicated problem, especially at the habitat level. This article proposes a methodology for building designers, building upon research on converging towards a global optimum, more specifically, it investigates the feasibility of integrating mezzanines and vaults as vernacular devices to improve the energy performance of buildings in arid zones, while to ensuring the comfort of the occupants. This level of comfort and energy performance is based on the morphological structure of the proposed building type. Combined, these devices result in a higher reduction of thermal in energy ratio load of up to 20.84%. These reductions in energy needs were achieved by applying the methodology developed for the architectural design of a building located in Biskra, Algeria, a design that takes into account both the comfort aspects of the occupants and the need for reduced energy consumption.
{"title":"Passive ambient comfort and the interaction of vernacular strategies and devices in arid zone habitat design: case of Biskra, Algeria","authors":"Belkacem Berghout, D. Forgues","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2019.1607775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1607775","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Up until the industrial revolution, energy consumption was relatively linear, and almost exclusively renewable. The exponential industrial and economic development that began with the industrial revolution became increasingly energy-intensive, and since the switch to fossil fuels that energy consumption has been based on non-renewable resources. Satisfying the energy needs of the present without harming future generations remains a complicated problem, especially at the habitat level. This article proposes a methodology for building designers, building upon research on converging towards a global optimum, more specifically, it investigates the feasibility of integrating mezzanines and vaults as vernacular devices to improve the energy performance of buildings in arid zones, while to ensuring the comfort of the occupants. This level of comfort and energy performance is based on the morphological structure of the proposed building type. Combined, these devices result in a higher reduction of thermal in energy ratio load of up to 20.84%. These reductions in energy needs were achieved by applying the methodology developed for the architectural design of a building located in Biskra, Algeria, a design that takes into account both the comfort aspects of the occupants and the need for reduced energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"277 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2019.1607775","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42891869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-02DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2019.1600584
Zeng Zhou, Qinli Deng, Wei Yang, Junli Zhou
ABSTRACT In China, little research on outdoor thermal comfort has been conducted in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone where occupants are in the state of thermal discomfort for most time of the year. This paper presents results from both field measurement and questionnaire survey in the city of Wuhan in both summer and winter seasons about seasonal adaptation effect on outdoor thermal comfort. A total of 417 samples were collected in summer and 426 samples were collected in winter. The neutral standard effective temperature (SET*) in winter and summer was found to be 24.7°C and 25.6°C, respectively. Occupants achieved thermal comfort when their thermal sensation was slightly cool in summer and slightly warm in winter. The SET* with 100% thermal acceptance rate in summer and winter was found to be 27.9°C, 23.4°C, respectively. The results reveal large seasonal differences in achieving outdoor thermal comfort for people in hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone. This research can add more database to outdoor thermal comfort research in China and provide more insights into the thermal adaptation of seasonal effect on outdoor thermal comfort. Its findings can also assist urban designers to create thermally comfortable urban spaces in different seasons.
{"title":"Effect of seasonal adaptation on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-summer and cold-winter city","authors":"Zeng Zhou, Qinli Deng, Wei Yang, Junli Zhou","doi":"10.1080/17512549.2019.1600584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2019.1600584","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In China, little research on outdoor thermal comfort has been conducted in the hot-summer and cold-winter zone where occupants are in the state of thermal discomfort for most time of the year. This paper presents results from both field measurement and questionnaire survey in the city of Wuhan in both summer and winter seasons about seasonal adaptation effect on outdoor thermal comfort. A total of 417 samples were collected in summer and 426 samples were collected in winter. The neutral standard effective temperature (SET*) in winter and summer was found to be 24.7°C and 25.6°C, respectively. Occupants achieved thermal comfort when their thermal sensation was slightly cool in summer and slightly warm in winter. The SET* with 100% thermal acceptance rate in summer and winter was found to be 27.9°C, 23.4°C, respectively. The results reveal large seasonal differences in achieving outdoor thermal comfort for people in hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone. This research can add more database to outdoor thermal comfort research in China and provide more insights into the thermal adaptation of seasonal effect on outdoor thermal comfort. Its findings can also assist urban designers to create thermally comfortable urban spaces in different seasons.","PeriodicalId":46184,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Building Energy Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"202 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17512549.2019.1600584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43320073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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